Metabolic functions

Question 1

A’s main function

Answer 1

control of cell differentiation/cell turnover

Question 2

5 total functions of A at a glance

Answer 2

reproduction
eyes
differentiation
immunity
erythropoiesis

Question 3

As effect on reproduction

Answer 3

embryonic development

foetal organ formation

Question 4

As effect on eyes

Answer 4

health of retina, vision

Question 5

As effect on differentiation

Answer 5

differentiation of almost all cells in the body, esp epithelial tissues & mucous membranes
regulation of gene expression

Question 6

As effect on immunity

Answer 6

activates immune cells

Question 7

As effect on erythropoiesis

Answer 7

facilitates iron mobilisation from storage to developing RBCs for incorporation into haemoglobin

Question 8

Thiamin’s main function

Answer 8

Energy yielding metabolism

Essential for electron transport chain

Question 9

Which vital molecules in the ETC can we not produce without B1

Answer 9

NADH

FADH2

Question 10

What does B1 create at the beginning of the Krebs cycle

Answer 10

AcetylCOA

Question 11

B1 also has a function in X conduction

Answer 11

Nerve conduction

Question 12

What do FAD & FMN do

Answer 12

Function as electron carriers in
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport chain
Fatty acid & amino acid oxidation

Question 13

Riboflavin has what relationship with the liver

Answer 13

Main cofactor for enzyme P450

Phase 1 liver detox

Question 14

Describe antioxidant function of riboflavin

Answer 14

Regenerates glutathione via enzyme glutathione reductase

Question 15

3 metabolic reactions that NADH & NADPH are involved in

Answer 15

electron transport chain
citric acid cycle
fatty acid/steroid synthesis

Question 16

primary function pantothenic aid

Answer 16

ENERGY
part of coenzyme A > forms acetyl CoA
main factor in krebs cycle, which produces NADH & FAD2 which produce ATP in ETC = ENERGY!

Question 17

coenzyme A also involved in

Answer 17

synthesis of lipids
neurotransmitters
steroid hormones
haemoglobin

Question 18

functions pyridoxal phosphate

Answer 18

inv with methylation of methionine (with B9 & 12) keeps homocysteine down
tryptophan > serotonin & niacin
regulation of steroid hormones
amino acid metabolism
helps maintain blood sugar - releases glucose from glycogen

Question 19

main function D

Answer 19

calcium & phosphate homeostasis

Question 20

which hormone stimulates calcitriol synthesis

Answer 20

parathyroid hormone

Question 21

calcitriols effect on blood calcium levels

Answer 21

increases them

Question 22

how does calcitriol increase blood calcium 3

Answer 22

stimulates reabsorption from kidneys
stimulates osteoclasts to take it up from bones
promotes calcium absorption in GIT

Question 23

what effect does high blood calcium have on calcitriol formation

Answer 23

inhibits

Question 24

calcitriols effect on blood phosphate levels

Answer 24

increases them

Question 25

other 2 functions vit D

Answer 25

enhances immune system - enhances innate/prevents development auto-imminuty
control of cell proliferation, stimulates differentiation

Question 26

what conditions might D be useful for as it controls cell proliferation/stimulates differentiation

Answer 26

auto-immune diseases

cancer - inhibits angiogenisis

Question 27

E’s main function

Answer 27

antioxidant

Question 28

3 things to think for E

Answer 28

antioxidant
heart
skin

Question 29

main function of K

Answer 29

aids in formation of blood clotting factors

Question 30

other function of K

Answer 30

brings D to bones to improve calcium absorption

Question 31

TETRAHYDROFOLATE (THF) is key for many reactions metabolising amino acids & nucleotides: (5)

Answer 31

synthesis/repair of DNA - crucial in maintaining gene stability - low folate = tumours!
conversion of amino acids
provides methyl groups for synthesis of methionine from homocysteine (also B12)
Key for formation of red & white blood cells & maturation in bone marrow
Crucial in formation of haem