Metabolic functions Flashcards
A’s main function
control of cell differentiation/cell turnover
5 total functions of A at a glance
reproduction eyes differentiation immunity erythropoiesis
As effect on reproduction
embryonic development
foetal organ formation
As effect on eyes
health of retina, vision
As effect on differentiation
differentiation of almost all cells in the body, esp epithelial tissues & mucous membranes
regulation of gene expression
As effect on immunity
activates immune cells
As effect on erythropoiesis
facilitates iron mobilisation from storage to developing RBCs for incorporation into haemoglobin
Thiamin’s main function
Energy yielding metabolism
Essential for electron transport chain
Which vital molecules in the ETC can we not produce without B1
NADH
FADH2
What does B1 create at the beginning of the Krebs cycle
AcetylCOA
B1 also has a function in X conduction
Nerve conduction
What do FAD & FMN do
Function as electron carriers in
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport chain
Fatty acid & amino acid oxidation
Riboflavin has what relationship with the liver
Main cofactor for enzyme P450
Phase 1 liver detox
Describe antioxidant function of riboflavin
Regenerates glutathione via enzyme glutathione reductase
3 metabolic reactions that NADH & NADPH are involved in
electron transport chain
citric acid cycle
fatty acid/steroid synthesis
primary function pantothenic aid
ENERGY
part of coenzyme A > forms acetyl CoA
main factor in krebs cycle, which produces NADH & FAD2 which produce ATP in ETC = ENERGY!
coenzyme A also involved in
synthesis of lipids
neurotransmitters
steroid hormones
haemoglobin
functions pyridoxal phosphate
inv with methylation of methionine (with B9 & 12) keeps homocysteine down
tryptophan > serotonin & niacin
regulation of steroid hormones
amino acid metabolism
helps maintain blood sugar - releases glucose from glycogen
main function D
calcium & phosphate homeostasis
which hormone stimulates calcitriol synthesis
parathyroid hormone
calcitriols effect on blood calcium levels
increases them
how does calcitriol increase blood calcium 3
stimulates reabsorption from kidneys
stimulates osteoclasts to take it up from bones
promotes calcium absorption in GIT
what effect does high blood calcium have on calcitriol formation
inhibits
calcitriols effect on blood phosphate levels
increases them
other 2 functions vit D
enhances immune system - enhances innate/prevents development auto-imminuty
control of cell proliferation, stimulates differentiation
what conditions might D be useful for as it controls cell proliferation/stimulates differentiation
auto-immune diseases
cancer - inhibits angiogenisis
E’s main function
antioxidant
3 things to think for E
antioxidant
heart
skin
main function of K
aids in formation of blood clotting factors
other function of K
brings D to bones to improve calcium absorption
TETRAHYDROFOLATE (THF) is key for many reactions metabolising amino acids & nucleotides: (5)
synthesis/repair of DNA - crucial in maintaining gene stability - low folate = tumours!
conversion of amino acids
provides methyl groups for synthesis of methionine from homocysteine (also B12)
Key for formation of red & white blood cells & maturation in bone marrow
Crucial in formation of haem
