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Vitamins > absorption/metabolism > Flashcards

absorption/metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

how much lipid do you need to absorb A

A

usually enough in a balanced meal - 3-5g

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2
Q

what impact could a low fat diet have on A status

A

possible deficiency

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3
Q

how much animal bit A/preformed/retinol is absorbed

A

70-90% - liver toxicity!

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4
Q

how are provitamin A/carotenes metabolised in small intestine

A

converted to retinol

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5
Q

are carotenes potentially toxic

A

no, body regulates

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6
Q

what relationship are carotenes to carotenoids

A

carotenes are carotenoids

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7
Q

where is A stored

A

in the liver

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8
Q

what is retinol (alcohol) oxidised to in body

A

retinal (aldehyde) and retinoid acid (acid)

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9
Q

3 carotenoids that are converted into A

A

beta-carotene
alpha-carotene
beta-cryptoxanthin

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10
Q

3 carotenoids not converted into A

A

lycopene
lutein
zeaxanthin (antioxidants)

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11
Q

what are the vitamins of A

A

retinol
retinal
retinoid acid

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12
Q

b1 absorption inhibited by

A

alcohol

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13
Q

b1 is lost in your own

A

sweat/urine

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14
Q

is thiamin stored in your body

A

v little

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15
Q

What turns urine bright yellow

A

Excess riboflavin

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16
Q

What is our absorption of riboflavin like

A

Limited

Impaired by alcohol, antacids etc

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17
Q

What are the cofactor/coenzyme forms of riboflavin that the body can use

A

FAD

FMN

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18
Q

What is long for FAD

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

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19
Q

What is long for FMN

A

Flavin mononucleotide

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20
Q

how should you take riboflavin for better absorption

A

with food

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21
Q

can niacin be synthesised in the body

A

yes from amino acid tryptophan

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22
Q

how much tryptophan makes 1mg niacin

A

60mg

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23
Q

what must niacin be converted into for the body to use

A

coenzyme/cofactor forms:
NADH
NADPH

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24
Q

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
and
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate are cofactor forms of what

A

niacin
NADH
NADPH

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25
Q

which effective form of which vitamin can cause a flush

A

‘flushing’ niacin - flush is good - really works

26
Q

can niacin be synthesised in the body

A

yes from amino acid tryptophan

27
Q

how much tryptophan makes 1mg niacin

A

60mg

28
Q

what must niacin be converted into for the body to use

A

coenzyme/cofactor forms:
NADH
NADPH

29
Q

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
and
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate are cofactor forms of what

A

niacin
NADH
NADPH

30
Q

which effective form of which vitamin can cause a flush

A

‘flushing’ niacin - flush is good - really works

31
Q

2 other forms pyroxidine

A

pyridoxal

pyridoxamine

32
Q

all 3 form of pyridoxine converted to

A

pyridoxal phosphate PLP

33
Q

two types & long names of vit D

A

D2 - ergocalciferol

D3 - cholecalciferol

34
Q

ergocalciferol what source

made from what

A

plant source

made from steroid

35
Q

source of cholecalciferol

made from what

A

source - sun exposure/animal source

made from cholesterol

36
Q

D2 or D3 more potent

A

D3 much more potent

37
Q

is much D stored

A

v little stored in blood as CALCIFEROL

38
Q

what must happen to D3/2 so body can use

A

must be HYDROXYLATED (converted)

39
Q

which 2 hydroxylations must any D go through

A

1 - in liver - converts to CALCIDIOL

2 - in kidney - converts to CALCITRIOL

40
Q

calcidiol long name

A

25-hydroxyvitamin D3

41
Q

calcitriol long name

A

1-25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

42
Q

which is active form of D

A

calcitriol

1-25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

43
Q

2 families of vit E compounds

A

tocopherols

tocotrienols

44
Q

E primarily stored where

A

in cell lipid membranes

and adipose tissue

45
Q

action of tocopherols and most active

A

a-tocopherol most active

mainly antioxidants, skin

46
Q

action of tocotrienols

A

mainly cholesterol-lowering similar to statin

47
Q

3 types & long names K

A

K1 - phylloquinone
K2 - menaquinone
K3 - menadione

48
Q

K1 source

A

green leafy veg

49
Q

K2 source

A

synthesised in our intestinal bacteria

50
Q

K3 source

A

synthetic compound - can be made into K1

51
Q

how much K1 is absorbed

A

80%

52
Q

where is K2 absorbed and how well

A

partly

into lymphatic system

53
Q

3 types & long names K

A

K1 - phylloquinone
K2 - menaquinone
K3 - menadione

54
Q

K1 source

A

green leafy veg

55
Q

K2 source

A

synthesised in our intestinal bacteria

56
Q

K3 source

A

synthetic compound - can be made into K1

57
Q

how much K1 is absorbed

A

80%

58
Q

where is K2 absorbed and how well

A

partly

into lymphatic system

59
Q

folate is a family of compounds called

A

pteroglutamates

60
Q

the primary active form of folate in the body is

A

THF - tetrahydrofolate

61
Q

by how much is synthetic folate more bioavailable than natural folate

A

1.7 as available

62
Q

What is added, then removed from folate after absorption

A

a methyl group (-CH3)

its is removed by B12 - which activates both vitamins

Vitamins (13 decks)

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