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NPTE other systems > metabolic & endocrine system anatomy > Flashcards

metabolic & endocrine system anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

key functions of the metabolic system

A
  • governs chemical & physical changes that take place within the body enabling it to grow and function
  • facilitated by enzymes
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2
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown of organic compouds

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3
Q

anabolism

A

combines simple molecules for tissue growth

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4
Q

key functions of the endocrine system

A

endocrine glands that secrete hormones that travel through the blood stream to signal specific target cells throughout the body to target organs upon which they act

  • works with the nervous system for homeostasis, capable of working alone or in concert of each other
  • regulate metabolism, respond to stress, sexual reproduction, blood pressure, water & salt balances
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5
Q

hypothalamus action

A

responsible for regulation of autonomic nervous system & other glans through its impact on the pituitary gland
- temperature, appetite, sweating, thirst, sexual behavior, rage, fear, BP, sleep

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6
Q

hypothalamus location

A

diencephalon, located below the thalamus and cerebral hemisphere- connects to the pituitary gland

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7
Q

pituitary gland location

A

size of a pea, located at the base of the brain just beneath the hypothalamus

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8
Q

which gland is considered the master gland?

A

pituitary gland

- b/c it regulates many other endocrine glands

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9
Q

the pituitary gland is influenced by factors such as

A

seasonal changes or emotional stress

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10
Q

pituitary gland action

A
  • secretes endorphins that act on the NS and reduce a persons sensitivity to pain
  • it also controls ovulation and works as a catalyst for the testes and ovaries to create sex hormones
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11
Q

thyroid gland location

A

anterior and lateral surfaces of the trachea, immediately below the larynx (shaped like a bow- tie)

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12
Q

thyroid gland action

A

produces thyroxine and triiodothyronine that act to control the rate at which cells burn the fuel from food

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13
Q

an increase in thyroid hormones will …

A

increase the rate of chemical reactions within the body

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14
Q

parathyroid gland location

A

4 glands found on the posterior surface of the thyroids lateral lobes

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15
Q

parathyroid action

A

produce parathyroid hormone, functions as an antagonist to calcitonin and is important for the maintenance of normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate
- increases reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bones to blood

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16
Q

normal clotting, neuromuscular excitability and cell membrane are dependent on

A

normal calcium levels

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17
Q

adrenal glands location

A

top of each kidney

  • outer = adrenal cortex
  • inner = adrenal medulla
  • –> secrete different hormones
18
Q

adrenal cortex

A

produces corticosteroids that regulate water and sodium balance, the body’s response to stress, immune system, sexual development/ function, and metabolism

19
Q

adrenal medulla

A

produces epinephrine that increase HR and BP when there is an increase in stress

20
Q

pancreas is located

A

in the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity, duodudenum to spleen

21
Q

hormone producing cells of the pancreas

A

islets of Langerhans- produce alpha cells and beta cells

22
Q

alpha cells produce

A

glucagon

23
Q

beta cells produce

A

insulin

24
Q

alpha cells and beta cells work together to ensure

A

consistent level of glucose within the blood stream and properly maintain stores of energy within the body

25
Q

ovaries

A

produce estrogen and progesterone that contribute to regulation of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy

26
Q

testes

A

secrete androgens, testosterone that regulate body changes associated with sexual development and support the production of sperm

27
Q

steroid hormones

A

prostaglandins

  • all cells create prostaglandins from the phospholipids of the cell membrane
  • they are unique from other hormones since they do not circulate in the blood and instead exert their effects only when they are produced
28
Q

prostaglandins effects

A

inflammation, pain mechanisms, vasodilation, vasoconstriction nutrient metabolism and blood clotting

29
Q

amine hormones

A

catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine) released into the bloodstream with sympathetic NS stimulation
- increase cardiac contraction, constriction of blood vessels, activation of glycogen breakdown blocking of insulin secretion, increasing metabolic rate, and dilating airways within the lungs

30
Q

peptide hormones

A

insulin

  • released when there is an elevation in the level of blood glucose, produces a cellular uptake of glucose for metabolism (main goal is to reduce blood glucose levels)
  • also stimulates the skeletal muscle and liver to store the glucose and increase amino acid transport across tissues
31
Q

right upper quadrant

A 
liver
right kidney 
gall bladder 
colon 
pancreas
32
Q

left upper quadrant

A 
stomach 
left kidney 
spleen 
colon 
pancreas
33
Q

right lower quadrant

A

appendix
colon
sm. intestine
urerter

34
Q

left lower quadrant

A

colon
sm. intestine
urerter

35
Q

pineal gland

A
  • secretes the hormone melatonin which targets melanocytes

- The gland functions to cause drowsiness and to help regulate the sleep-wake cycle.

36
Q

aerobic metabolism

A

metabolic functions that do require oxygen transported via the circulatory system, provide energy for low intensity. longer duration activities

37
Q

anabolism

A

metabolic process in which simple molecules (nucleic acids, polysaccharides, amino acids) Are combined to create the complex molecules (proteins) needed for tissue and organ growth

38
Q

anaerobic metabolism

A

metabolic functions that do not require the presence of O2 and produce energy for high intensity, short duration activities

39
Q

catabolism

A

the metabolic process in which complex molecules (proteins, lipids) are broken down in the body for the purpose of created and releasing heat and energy

40
Q

osteopenia

A

low bone mass, not severe enough to qualify as osteoporosis

41
Q

osteopetrosis

A

group of conditions characterized by impaired osteoclast function which causes bone to become thickened but fragile
- inherited condition, can vary widely in symptoms and severity

42
Q

Dowager’s hump

A

is characterized by a kyphotic curvature of the thoracic spine secondary to the osteoporotic process that occurs in postmenopausal women. Compression of the anterior portion of the vertebrae due to osteoporosis leads to the forward bending (i.e., kyphosis) posture.

NPTE other systems (16 decks)

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