metabolic & endocrine system anatomy Flashcards
key functions of the metabolic system
- governs chemical & physical changes that take place within the body enabling it to grow and function
- facilitated by enzymes
catabolism
breakdown of organic compouds
anabolism
combines simple molecules for tissue growth
key functions of the endocrine system
endocrine glands that secrete hormones that travel through the blood stream to signal specific target cells throughout the body to target organs upon which they act
- works with the nervous system for homeostasis, capable of working alone or in concert of each other
- regulate metabolism, respond to stress, sexual reproduction, blood pressure, water & salt balances
hypothalamus action
responsible for regulation of autonomic nervous system & other glans through its impact on the pituitary gland
- temperature, appetite, sweating, thirst, sexual behavior, rage, fear, BP, sleep
hypothalamus location
diencephalon, located below the thalamus and cerebral hemisphere- connects to the pituitary gland
pituitary gland location
size of a pea, located at the base of the brain just beneath the hypothalamus
which gland is considered the master gland?
pituitary gland
- b/c it regulates many other endocrine glands
the pituitary gland is influenced by factors such as
seasonal changes or emotional stress
pituitary gland action
- secretes endorphins that act on the NS and reduce a persons sensitivity to pain
- it also controls ovulation and works as a catalyst for the testes and ovaries to create sex hormones
thyroid gland location
anterior and lateral surfaces of the trachea, immediately below the larynx (shaped like a bow- tie)
thyroid gland action
produces thyroxine and triiodothyronine that act to control the rate at which cells burn the fuel from food
an increase in thyroid hormones will …
increase the rate of chemical reactions within the body
parathyroid gland location
4 glands found on the posterior surface of the thyroids lateral lobes
parathyroid action
produce parathyroid hormone, functions as an antagonist to calcitonin and is important for the maintenance of normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate
- increases reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bones to blood
normal clotting, neuromuscular excitability and cell membrane are dependent on
normal calcium levels
adrenal glands location
top of each kidney
- outer = adrenal cortex
- inner = adrenal medulla
- –> secrete different hormones
adrenal cortex
produces corticosteroids that regulate water and sodium balance, the body’s response to stress, immune system, sexual development/ function, and metabolism
adrenal medulla
produces epinephrine that increase HR and BP when there is an increase in stress
pancreas is located
in the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity, duodudenum to spleen
hormone producing cells of the pancreas
islets of Langerhans- produce alpha cells and beta cells
alpha cells produce
glucagon
beta cells produce
insulin
alpha cells and beta cells work together to ensure
consistent level of glucose within the blood stream and properly maintain stores of energy within the body
ovaries
produce estrogen and progesterone that contribute to regulation of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy
testes
secrete androgens, testosterone that regulate body changes associated with sexual development and support the production of sperm
steroid hormones
prostaglandins
- all cells create prostaglandins from the phospholipids of the cell membrane
- they are unique from other hormones since they do not circulate in the blood and instead exert their effects only when they are produced
prostaglandins effects
inflammation, pain mechanisms, vasodilation, vasoconstriction nutrient metabolism and blood clotting
amine hormones
catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine) released into the bloodstream with sympathetic NS stimulation
- increase cardiac contraction, constriction of blood vessels, activation of glycogen breakdown blocking of insulin secretion, increasing metabolic rate, and dilating airways within the lungs
peptide hormones
insulin
- released when there is an elevation in the level of blood glucose, produces a cellular uptake of glucose for metabolism (main goal is to reduce blood glucose levels)
- also stimulates the skeletal muscle and liver to store the glucose and increase amino acid transport across tissues
right upper quadrant
liver right kidney gall bladder colon pancreas
left upper quadrant
stomach left kidney spleen colon pancreas
right lower quadrant
appendix
colon
sm. intestine
urerter
left lower quadrant
colon
sm. intestine
urerter
pineal gland
- secretes the hormone melatonin which targets melanocytes
- The gland functions to cause drowsiness and to help regulate the sleep-wake cycle.
aerobic metabolism
metabolic functions that do require oxygen transported via the circulatory system, provide energy for low intensity. longer duration activities
anabolism
metabolic process in which simple molecules (nucleic acids, polysaccharides, amino acids) Are combined to create the complex molecules (proteins) needed for tissue and organ growth
anaerobic metabolism
metabolic functions that do not require the presence of O2 and produce energy for high intensity, short duration activities
catabolism
the metabolic process in which complex molecules (proteins, lipids) are broken down in the body for the purpose of created and releasing heat and energy
osteopenia
low bone mass, not severe enough to qualify as osteoporosis
osteopetrosis
group of conditions characterized by impaired osteoclast function which causes bone to become thickened but fragile
- inherited condition, can vary widely in symptoms and severity
Dowager’s hump
is characterized by a kyphotic curvature of the thoracic spine secondary to the osteoporotic process that occurs in postmenopausal women. Compression of the anterior portion of the vertebrae due to osteoporosis leads to the forward bending (i.e., kyphosis) posture.
