Met SAQs Flashcards
Which of the following is a glycogenolytic enzyme?
A.ACC
B.Phosphorylase kinase
C.PFK-1
D.PDH phosphatase
Which of the following is a glycogenolytic enzyme?
A.ACC
B.Phosphorylase kinase
C.PFK-1
D.PDH phosphatase
how do high levels of acetyl co-a influence gluconeogenesis? [2]
high levels of Acetyl Co-A:
activates pyruvate carboxylase (used in step 1 of malate cycle: drives gluconeogenesis from pyruuvate -> PEP & eventually glucose)
inhibits: pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (prevents pyruvate being turned into acteyl co A & sparing it, leaving for gluconeogenesis)
insulin causes glucose to be taken up by which GLUT receptor?
GLUT1
GLUT2
GLUT3
GLUT4
GLUT5
insulin causes glucose to be taken up by which GLUT receptor?
GLUT1
GLUT2
GLUT3
GLUT4
GLUT5
alcohol metabolism produces increased what? (2)
NADH & Acetyl coA
which of the following lipoproteins has apo protein B48?
chylomicron
very low density lipo
intermediate DL
LDL
HDL
which of the following lipoproteins has apo protein B48?
chylomicron
very low density lipo
intermediate DL
LDL
HDL
During the course of a radical gastrectomy the surgeons detach the omentum and ligate the right gastro-epiploic artery. From which vessel does it originate?
SMA
IMA
Coeliac axis
Common hepatic artery
Gastroduodenal artery
During the course of a radical gastrectomy the surgeons detach the omentum and ligate the right gastro-epiploic artery. From which vessel does it originate?
SMA
IMA
Coeliac axis
Common hepatic artery
Gastroduodenal artery
which of the following cover cover lymphoid nodules
- enterocytes
- goblet cells
- paneth cells
- enteroendocrine cells
- m cells
which of the following cover cover lymphoid nodules
- enterocytes
- goblet cells
- paneth cells
- enteroendocrine cells
- *- m cells**
Which one of the peritoneal ligaments contains the right and left gastric artery?
Splenorenal ligament
Falciform ligament
Hepatogastric ligament
Hepatoduodenal ligament
Gastrosplenic ligament
Gastrocolic ligament
Which one of the peritoneal ligaments contains the right and left gastric artery?
Splenorenal ligament
Falciform ligament
Hepatogastric ligament
Hepatoduodenal ligament
Gastrosplenic ligament
Gastrocolic ligament
While on placement on a gastro ward one of your patients develops profuse diarrhoea. Where in the gastrointestinal tract is the majority of water absorbed?
Jejunum
Colon
Ileum
Duodenum
Rectum
While on placement on a gastro ward one of your patients develops profuse diarrhoea. Where in the gastrointestinal tract is the majority of water absorbed?
Jejunum
Colon
Ileum
Duodenum
Rectum
where is the endocrine function of pancreas located? [1]
islet of langerhans
Where is the majority of norepinephrine secreted from?
D cells in the pancreas & stomach
Parafollicular cells of the thyroid
Zona reticularis of adrenal cortex
Posterior pituitary
Adrenal medulla
Zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex
Where is the majority of norepinephrine secreted from?
D cells in the pancreas & stomach
Parafollicular cells of the thyroid
Zona reticularis of adrenal cortex
Posterior pituitary
Adrenal medulla
Zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex
Why does excessive alcohol consumption impair the TCA cycle?
A.Depletes ATP stores
B.Depletes NADH stores
C.Leads to an NADH excess
D.Leads to the inhibition of ACC
Why does excessive alcohol consumption impair the TCA cycle?
A.Depletes ATP stores
B.Depletes NADH stores
C.Leads to an NADH excess
D.Leads to the inhibition of ACC
Increases gluconeogenesis:
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
Leptin
Cortisol
Renin
CCK
Antidiuretic hormone
Increases gluconeogenesis:
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
Leptin
Cortisol
Renin
CCK
Antidiuretic hormone
which of the cells of the immune system recognise gluten and cause CD?
CD4 T cells (Th1)
glutamine –> glutamate –> a-ketoglutarate generates lots of:
a) ATP
b) NH3
c) NH4
d) NADH
e) NAD
glutamine –> glutamate –> a-ketoglutarate generates lots of:
a) ATP
b) NH3
* *c) NH4**
d) NADH
e) NAD
palatoglossus muscle is innervated by?
a) glossopharnygeal
b) trigeminal
c) vagus nerve
d) hypoglossal
e) facial nerve
palatoglossus muscle is innervated by?
a) glossopharnygeal
b) trigeminal
* *c) vagus nerve**
d) hypoglossal
e) facial nerve
A 35-year-old man presents to the emergency department with hypotension following a road traffic accident. How does angiotensin II act to increase the filtration fraction in the kidney?
Vasoconstriction of the efferent glomerular arteriole
Vasoconstriction of the afferent glomerular arteriole
Vasodilationo of the efferent glomerular arteriole
Vasodilation of the afferent glomerular arteriole
Vasoconstriction of the renal artery
A 35-year-old man presents to the emergency department with hypotension following a road traffic accident. How does angiotensin II act to increase the filtration fraction in the kidney?
Vasoconstriction of the efferent glomerular arteriole
Vasoconstriction of the afferent glomerular arteriole
Vasodilationo of the efferent glomerular arteriole
Vasodilation of the afferent glomerular arteriole
Vasoconstriction of the renal artery
sublingual gland recieves parasympathetic innervation from which nerve?
a) glossopharnygeal
b) trigeminal
c) vagus nerve
d) hypoglossal
e) facial nerve
sublingual gland recieves parasympathetic innervation from which nerve?
a) glossopharnygeal
b) trigeminal
c) vagus nerve
d) hypoglossal
* *e) facial nerve**
A 61-year-old man is brought to the Emergency Department with confusion, nystagmus, and ataxia. Blood tests show a thiamine deficiency, confirming the suspected diagnosis of Wernicke’s encephalopathy.
What enzyme’s synthesis is dependent on this vitamin?
Amylase
Lysyl hydroxylase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Retinoic acid
Transaminase
A 61-year-old man is brought to the Emergency Department with confusion, nystagmus, and ataxia. Blood tests show a thiamine deficiency, confirming the suspected diagnosis of Wernicke’s encephalopathy.
What enzyme’s synthesis is dependent on this vitamin?
Amylase
Lysyl hydroxylase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Retinoic acid
Transaminase
which vitamins are normally excreted in urine and which vitamins can be stored by the body in the liver? [5]
excreteed in urine = vitamin B & K
stored in liver = vitamin ADEK
A 47-year-old lady is diagnosed as suffering from a phaeochromocytoma. From which of the following amino acids are catecholamines primarily derived?
aspatime
glutamine
arginine
tyrosine
alanine
A 47-year-old lady is diagnosed as suffering from a phaeochromocytoma. From which of the following amino acids are catecholamines primarily derived?
aspatime
glutamine
arginine
tyrosine
alanine
acetyl co-A is the input for TCA. acetyl co-A can be produced by three ways. What are they? [3]
1.Glycolysis of glucose to pyruvate
•Converted to acetyl-CoA using pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC)
•Produces 2 reduced NAD molecules per glucose
•1 reduced NAD per pyruvate
2.Transamination of glucogenic amino acids to pyruvate
• Converted to acetyl-CoA using pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC)
3.Beta-oxidation of fatty acids directly to acetyl-CoA
•Produces 1 NADH and 1 FADH2 per acetyl-CoA
During vigorous exercise, the body cannot intake enough oxygen to maintain the respiratory needs of all its muscles in an aerobic state. At this point, anaerobic metabolism begins and this relies on glycolysis for the production of energy.
Which of the following enzymes is responsible for catalysing the rate limiting step in this process?
Hexokinase
PFK-1
Pyruvate kinase
PDH
Glucose phosphorylase
During vigorous exercise, the body cannot intake enough oxygen to maintain the respiratory needs of all its muscles in an aerobic state. At this point, anaerobic metabolism begins and this relies on glycolysis for the production of energy.
Which of the following enzymes is responsible for catalysing the rate limiting step in this process?
Hexokinase
PFK-1
Pyruvate kinase
PDH
Glucose phosphorylase
The afferent limb of the gag reflex is supplied by which nerve?
a) facial nerve
b) trigeminal nerve
c) glossopharyngeal nerve
d) hypoglossal nerve
e) vagus nerve
The afferent limb of the gag reflex is supplied by which nerve?
a) facial nerve
b) trigeminal nerve
c) glossopharyngeal nerve
d) hypoglossal nerve
e) vagus nerve
Where is the majority of secretin secreted from?
S cells in upper small intestine
Zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex
I cells in upper small intestine
D cells in the pancreas & stomach
Sertoli cells
G cells in antrum of the stomach
Where is the majority of secretin secreted from?
S cells in upper small intestine
Zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex
I cells in upper small intestine
D cells in the pancreas & stomach
Sertoli cells
G cells in antrum of the stomach
which of the following would cause cardiomyopathy if a patient had a deficiency?
phosphorous
iron
selenium
zinc
copper
which of the following would cause cardiomyopathy if a patient had a deficiency?
phosphorous
iron
selenium
zinc
copper
Name two symptoms of PKU (2 marks)
Symptoms can be split based on their causes for example individuals with PKU have fair skin, blonde hair –> due to reduction in the production of melanin.
CNS abnormalities –> due to reduced neurotransmitter production and can lead to jerking, tremors, seizures
Which vitamin is involved in the formation of collagen?
Vit A
Vit B
Vit C
Vit D
Vit E
Which vitamin is involved in the formation of collagen?
Vit A
Vit B
Vit C
Vit D
Vit E
which vitamin causes production of CCR9 & a4b9 in gut honing T cells?
vitamin A
vitamin B
vitamin C
vitamin D
vitamin E
which vitamin causes production of CCR9 & a4b9 in gut honing T cells?
vitamin A
vitamin B
vitamin C
vitamin D
vitamin E
which nerve innervates sensation to the face?
a) trigeminal nerve
b) facial nerve
c) glossopharnyngeal
d) vagus nerve
e) hypoglossal
which nerve innervates sensation to the face?
- *a) trigeminal nerve**
b) facial nerve
c) glossopharnyngeal
d) vagus nerve
e) hypoglossal
which vagus nerve (left or right), innervates the
i) anterior stomach wall? [1]
ii) posterior stomach wall? [2]
Left vagus innervates anterior wall [1]
Right vagus innervates posterior wall []1
Which one of the following actions is directly caused by gastrin?
Increases pancreatic secretions rich in digestive enzymes
Increases pepsinogen secretion
Decreases gastric emptying
Stimulates aldosterone release
Increases plasma phosphate
Increases proximal tubule Na+/H+ activity
Which one of the following actions is directly caused by gastrin?
Increases pancreatic secretions rich in digestive enzymes
Increases pepsinogen secretion
Decreases gastric emptying
Stimulates aldosterone release
Increases plasma phosphate
Increases proximal tubule Na+/H+ activity
Which one of the peritoneal ligaments contains the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein and common bile duct?
Gastrocolic ligament
Hepatoduodenal ligament
Splenorenal ligament
Hepatogastric ligament
Gastrosplenic ligament
Falciform ligament
Which one of the peritoneal ligaments contains the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein and common bile duct?
Gastrocolic ligament
Hepatoduodenal ligament
Splenorenal ligament
Hepatogastric ligament
Gastrosplenic ligament
Falciform ligament
which intermediary is needed for transamination to occur? [1]
which enzyme is needed for transamination to occur? [1]
intermediary= **pyridoxal phosphate (from vitamin B6)** enzyme = **transaminase**
Von Gierkes disease is caused by a mutation in which gene?
a) PYGT
b) PYGL
c) G6PC
d) HGD
e) G1PC
Von Gierkes disease is caused by a mutation in which gene?
a) PYGT
b) PYGL
* *c) G6PC**
d) HGD
e) G1PC
which nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?
a) trigeminal nerve
b) facial nerve
c) glossopharnyngeal
d) vagus nerve
e) hypoglossal
which nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?
a) trigeminal nerve
* *b) facial nerve**
c) glossopharnyngeal
d) vagus nerve
e) hypoglossal
what is role of paneth cells? [1]
where located? [1]
- paneth cells: secrete antimicrobe substances; H&E= pink
Which layer of the gastrointestinal tract contains Meissners plexus?
Muscularis externa
Submucosa
Serosa
Mucosa
Which layer of the gastrointestinal tract contains Meissners plexus?
Muscularis externa
Submucosa
Serosa
Mucosa
A 39-year-old lady has recurrent attacks of biliary colic. What is the approximate volume of bile to enter the duodenum per 24 hours?
500 mL
50 mL
100 mL
2000 mL
150 mL
A 39-year-old lady has recurrent attacks of biliary colic. What is the approximate volume of bile to enter the duodenum per 24 hours?
500 mL
50 mL
100 mL
2000 mL
150 mL
Which one of the following inhibits gastric acid secretion?
Histamine
Nausea
Calcium
Parasympathetic vagal stimulation
Gastrin
Which one of the following inhibits gastric acid secretion?
Histamine
Nausea
Calcium
Parasympathetic vagal stimulation
Gastrin
which metabolic disease is caused by mutation in glycogen phosphorylase in liver?
a) McArdles Disease
b) Hers Disease
c) von Gierkes
d) Maple syrup disease
which metabolic disease is caused by mutation in glycogen phosphorylase in liver?
a) McArdles Disease
* *b) Hers Disease**
c) von Gierkes
d) Maple syrup disease
where do u find hormone receptors (3)
- nucleus (typically steroid hormones)
- cytoplasm
- plasma membrane
which metabolic disorder means that the following reaction cant occur?
pyruvate –> glucose-6-P –> glucose
a) von Gierkes
b) Hers
c) McArdles
d) Galactosaemia
e) hereditary fructose intolerance
which metabolic disorder means that the following reaction cant occur?
pyruvate –> glucose-6-P –> glucose
- *a) von Gierkes**
b) Hers
c) McArdles
d) Galactosaemia
e) hereditary fructose intolerance
A 17-year-old lady presents with right iliac fossa pain and diagnosed as having acute appendicitis. You take her to theatre to perform a laparoscopic appendicectomy. During the procedure the scrub nurse distracts you and you inadvertently avulse the appendicular artery. The ensuing haemorrhage is likely to be supplied directly from which vessel?
IMA
SMA
Ileo-colic artery
Internal iliac artery
None of the above
A 17-year-old lady presents with right iliac fossa pain and diagnosed as having acute appendicitis. You take her to theatre to perform a laparoscopic appendicectomy. During the procedure the scrub nurse distracts you and you inadvertently avulse the appendicular artery. The ensuing haemorrhage is likely to be supplied directly from which vessel?
IMA
SMA
Ileo-colic artery
Internal iliac artery
None of the above
the coeliac trunk arises from the abdominal aorta at which vertebral level?
T12
L1
L2
L3
L4
the coeliac trunk arises from the abdominal aorta at which vertebral level?
T12
L1
L2
L3
L4
Which one of the following actions is directly caused by renin?
Stimulates ADH release
Stimulates thirst
Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
Inhibits glucagon secretion
Decreases appetite
Vasoconstriction of vascular smooth muscle
Which one of the following actions is directly caused by renin?
Stimulates ADH release
Stimulates thirst
Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
Inhibits glucagon secretion
Decreases appetite
Vasoconstriction of vascular smooth muscle
A 22-year-old male presents to his general practitioner with a 4-month history of headaches, palpitations, and heavy sweating. He also reports some non-intentional weight loss. On examination, the patient is sweating heavily and is tachycardic. It is suspected that the man may have a malignancy affecting the tissue responsible for the secretion of adrenaline.
Where is the most likely site of the malignancy?
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
Medulla oblongata
Parathyroid gland
Thyroid
A 22-year-old male presents to his general practitioner with a 4-month history of headaches, palpitations, and heavy sweating. He also reports some non-intentional weight loss. On examination, the patient is sweating heavily and is tachycardic. It is suspected that the man may have a malignancy affecting the tissue responsible for the secretion of adrenaline.
Where is the most likely site of the malignancy?
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
Medulla oblongata
Parathyroid gland
Thyroid
which gastric cell produces histamine in to activate stomach acid creation?
a) parietal cells
b) G cells
c) chief cells
d) ECL likes
e) mucous secreting cells
which gastric cell produces histamine in to activate stomach acid creation?
a) parietal cells
b) G cells
c) chief cells
d) ECL cells
e) mucous secreting cells
which vitamin deficiency is associated with beri beri?
- vit. A
- vit B1
- vit. B2
- vit. B3
- vit. B4
which vitamin deficiency is associated with beri beri?
- vit. A
- *- vit B1**
- vit. B2
- vit. B3
- vit. B4
what is the equation for converting pyruvate to acetyl co A?
- pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ –> acetyl Co-A + Co2 + NADH
An 18-year-old male is admitted with confusion and myoclonus. A blood test reveals a high ammonium level. He has a family history of a urea cycle disorder.
What enzyme deficiency is present?
Carbomyl phosphate synthetase I
Glycogen phosphorylase
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
PFK-1
Glyocgen synthase
An 18-year-old male is admitted with confusion and myoclonus. A blood test reveals a high ammonium level. He has a family history of a urea cycle disorder.
What enzyme deficiency is present?
Carbomyl phosphate synthetase I
Glycogen phosphorylase
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
PFK-1
Glyocgen synthase
A 6-year-old male patient presents with signs and symptoms of severe fasting hypoglycaemia. On examination, he has hepatomegaly. His blood lactate levels, uric acid and triglycerides are raised. After extensive investigations, he is diagnosed with glycogen storage disease I (Von Gierke disease).
Which enzyme is deficient in this condition?
Glucose-6-phosphatase
Glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase
a-1,6 glucosidase
Myophosphorylase
Glucocerebrosidase
A 6-year-old male patient presents with signs and symptoms of severe fasting hypoglycaemia. On examination, he has hepatomegaly. His blood lactate levels, uric acid and triglycerides are raised. After extensive investigations, he is diagnosed with glycogen storage disease I (Von Gierke disease).
Which enzyme is deficient in this condition?
Glucose-6-phosphatase
Glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase
a-1,6 glucosidase
Myophosphorylase
Glucocerebrosidase
what are two seperate roles of aldosterone? [2]
- restores BP, reabsorbed salt & water lvls (not excrete as much) [1]
- restores K loss [1]
(two totally differnet systems! )
which are the only two hormones that are released frm posterior pituitary gland? [2]
ADH
Oxytocin
the hepatoduodenal ligament is found which of the following:
a) greater omentum
b) lesser omentum
c) mesocolon
d) mesentary
the hepatoduodenal ligament is found which of the following:
a) greater omentum
b) lesser omentum
c) mesocolon
d) mesentary
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/372/601/661/a_image_thumb.png?1644523092)
does the spleen develop in the dorsal or ventral mesogastrium?
does the spleen develop in the dorsal or ventral mesogastrium?
: dorsal mesogastrium
what do the suprahyoid muscles do to the hyoid bone when swallowing?
what do the infrahyoid muscles do to the hyoid bone when swallowing?
what do the suprahyoid muscles do to the hyoid bone when swallowing?
elevate hyoid
what do the infrahyoid muscles do to the hyoid bone when swallowing?
depress hyoid
Which of the following is true during exercise?
A.Glycogenesis and lipogenesis are favoured
B.Glycogenolysis and lipolysis are inhibited
C.ATP is the primary driver of increased glycolysis
D.Ca2+ and AMP promote glycolysis
Which of the following is true during exercise?
A.Glycogenesis and lipogenesis are favoured
B.Glycogenolysis and lipolysis are inhibited
C.ATP is the primary driver of increased glycolysis
D.Ca2+ and AMP promote glycolysis: Drop in pH due to lactic acid accumulation inhibits glycolysis + oxidative phosphorylation
which Ig is the only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to the fetus?
a) IgG
b) IgM
c) IgA
d) IgE
e) IgD
which Ig is the only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to the fetus?
- *a) IgG**
b) IgM
c) IgA
d) IgE
e) IgD
growth hormone is released from anterior pituitary gland after stimulation by growth hormone releasing hormone. which hormone does it indirectly cause the release of to increase bone and muscle mass?
- AMP
- cAMP
- IP3
- IGF-1
- DAG
growth hormone is released from anterior pituitary gland after stimulation by growth hormone releasing hormone. which hormone does it indirectly cause the release of to increase bone and muscle mass?
- AMP
- cAMP
- IP3
- *- IGF-1**
- DAG
which one of the followings statements is true of glucagon?
- produced in response to hyperglycaemia
- released by beta cells
- inhibits gluconeogenesis
- produced in response to an increase in amino acids
- composed of 2 alpha polypeptide chains linked by H bonds
which one of the followings statements is true of glucagon?
- produced in response to hyperglycaemia
- released by beta cells
- inhibits gluconeogenesis
- *- produced in response to an increase in amino acids**
- composed of 2 alpha polypeptide chains linked by H bonds
- What is the gene responsible for the mutation of which can induce osmotic diarrhea to the patient?
- SLC5A1
- SLC5A2
- SLC5A3
- SLC5A4
•What is the gene responsible for the mutation of which can induce osmotic diarrhea to the patient?
•SLC5A1
- SLC5A2
- SLC5A3
- SLC5A4
Latency on a nerve conduction study describes:
a) distance between 2 different stimulation sites
b) height of electrical activity
c) distance betwen stimulation site and muscle sensor
d) time from stimulation to start of electrical activity
Latency on a nerve conduction study describes:
a) distance between 2 different stimulation sites
b) height of electrical activity
c) distance betwen stimulation site and muscle sensor
* *d) time from stimulation to start of electrical activity**
Which cycle is used in gluconeogenesis to ger pyruvate –> phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) ?
a) Krebs Cycle
b) Cori Cycle
c) Malate Cycle
d) Glyoxylate cycle
e) Carnitine shuttle
Which cycle is used in gluconeogenesis to ger pyruvate –> phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) ?
a) Krebs Cycle
b) Cori Cycle
* *c) Malate Cycle**
d) Glyoxylate cycle
e) Carnitine shuttle
gliadin binds to which antibody in the gut with a patient with CD?
- IgA
- IgD
- IgG
- IgM
- IgE
gliadin binds to which antibody in the gut with a patient with CD?
- *- IgA**
- IgD
- IgG
- IgM
- IgE
•IN COELIAC DISEASED PATIENTS, the IgA along with gliadin do not get broken down and are transferred from the apical membrane of the enterocytes down to the basolateral membrane
A 52-year-old male is brought to the emergency department with frank haematemesis by the ambulance. Urgent resuscitation measures are taken and an urgent oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD) is performed. An active bleed is seen in the distal part of the lesser curvature of the stomach and is controlled with endoclips and adrenaline. He has a past medical history of gastric ulcers.
Which artery is the most likely cause of the bleed
Left gastric artery
Right gastric artery
Left gastroepiploic artery
Right gastroepiploic artery
Short gastric artery
A 52-year-old male is brought to the emergency department with frank haematemesis by the ambulance. Urgent resuscitation measures are taken and an urgent oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD) is performed. An active bleed is seen in the distal part of the lesser curvature of the stomach and is controlled with endoclips and adrenaline. He has a past medical history of gastric ulcers.
Which artery is the most likely cause of the bleed
Left gastric artery
Right gastric artery
Left gastroepiploic artery
Right gastroepiploic artery
Short gastric artery
adrenal glands are able to produce highly different enzymes from which starting molecule? [1]
cholesterol
What forms the the borders of Hesselbach’s triangle?
- Inguinal ligament laterally, inferior epigastric vessels laterally, pubic tubercle medially
- Inguinal ligament laterally, inferior epigastric vessels laterally, umibilicus medially
- Inguinal ligament laterally, ASIS laterally, pubic tubercle medially
- Inguinal ligament laterally, inferior epigastric vessels laterall, lateral border of the rectus sheath medially
- Inguinal ligament laterally, ASIS laterally, lateral border of the rectus sheath medially
What forms the the borders of Hesselbach’s triangle?
- Inguinal ligament laterally, inferior epigastric vessels laterally, pubic tubercle medially
- Inguinal ligament laterally, inferior epigastric vessels laterally, umibilicus medially
- Inguinal ligament laterally, ASIS laterally, pubic tubercle medially
- *- Inguinal ligament laterally, inferior epigastric vessels laterally, lateral border of the rectus sheath medially**
- Inguinal ligament laterally, ASIS laterally, lateral border of the rectus sheath medially
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/374/935/077/a_image_thumb.png?1646042573)
which of the following is not a role of micronutrients
- co-factors
- co-enzymes
- antioxidants
- control of gene expression
5 oxidants
which of the following is not a role of micronutrients
- co-factors
- co-enzymes
- antioxidants
- control of gene expression
* *5 oxidants**
Where is the majority of aldosterone secreted from?
Posterior pituitary
Zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex
Zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex
Zona reticularis of adrenal cortex
Juxtaglomerular cells
Adrenal medulla
Where is the majority of aldosterone secreted from?
Posterior pituitary
Zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex
Zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex
Zona reticularis of adrenal cortex
Juxtaglomerular cells
Adrenal medulla
growth hormone is released from anterior pituitary gland after stimulation by growth hormone releasing hormone. which hormone works to inhibit this reaction? [1]
growth hormone is released from anterior pituitary gland after stimulation by growth hormone releasing hormone. which hormone works to inhibit this reaction? [1]
somatostatin
bile salts are secreted by:
a) parietal cells
b) enterocytes
c) goblet cells
d) chief cells
e) hepatocytes
bile salts are secreted by:
a) parietal cells
b) enterocytes
c) goblet cells
d) chief cells
e) hepatocytes
Name and briefly explain two properties of MHC genes that help maximise the likelihood that any particular peptide can be presented by MHC molecules for recognition by T cells.
MHC genes are:
polygenic – more than one type of both class I and class II ( 1 mark)
polymorphic – multiple alleles in population means most individuals are heterozygous ( 1 mark)
•Which are the three primary histological characteristics of celiac disease?
- Lymphatic infiltration
- Crypt hyperplasia
- Flattened villi
what does this describe: ‘directly anterior to the sulcus terminalis and extend in a V-shaped line across the root of the tongue’
- foliate papillae
- lingual tonsil
- palatine tonsil
- vallate papillae
- foramen cecum of tongue
what does this describe: ‘directly anterior to the sulcus terminalis and extend in a V-shaped line across the root of the tongue’
- foliate papillae
- lingual tonsil
- palatine tonsil
- vallate papillae
- foramen cecum of tongue
Which one of the following actions is directly caused by gastrin?
Stimulates aldosterone release
Increases pancreatic secretions rich in digestive enzymes
Increases gastric H+ secretion
Decreases gastric emptying
Increases pancreatic bicarbonate secretion
Increases gut absorption of calcium
Which one of the following actions is directly caused by gastrin?
Stimulates aldosterone release
Increases pancreatic secretions rich in digestive enzymes
Increases gastric H+ secretion
Decreases gastric emptying
Increases pancreatic bicarbonate secretion
Increases gut absorption of calcium
What type of cells line the villi of the small intestine?
•Simple columnar epithelial cells (enterocytes)
which metabolism disorder causes a second wind of exercise?
a) von Gierkes
b) Hers
c) McArdles
d) Galactosaemia
e) hereditary fructose intolerance
which metabolism disorder causes a second wind of exercise?
a) von Gierkes
b) Hers
* *c) McArdles**
d) Galactosaemia
e) hereditary fructose intolerance
what are the two differing roles of ADH :)
ADH:
- regulates osmolality of blood serum (increases reabsorbtion & causes dilution of blood serum)
- vasoconstriction of arterial BP
which cells do you find lining peyers patches?
a) G cells
b) D cells
c) T cells
d) M cells
e) B cells
which cells do you find lining peyers patches?
a) G cells
b) D cells
c) T cells
* *d) M cells**
e) B cell
where is Fe absorbed in the body?
a) duodenum
b) jejenum
c) ileum
d) ascending colon
e) transverse colon
where is Fe absorbed in the body?
- *a) duodenum**
b) jejenum
c) ileum
d) ascending colon
e) transverse colon
Which muscle fiber type is more abundant in a marathon runner? What features make this fiber type suitable for this chosen sport? [4]
Type I Slow Oxidative
- High mitochondrial content -> good TCA cycle capabilities therefore lots of ATP produced aerobically
- High myoglobin content -> good oxygen delivery
- Good for frequent and prolonged contraction, suitable for a marathon run.
A 55-year-old man is admitted with a brisk haematemesis. He is taken to the endoscopy department and an upper GI endoscopy is performed by the gastroenterologist. He identifies an ulcer on the posterior duodenal wall and spends an eternity trying to control the bleeding with all the latest haemostatic techniques. He eventually asks the surgeons for help. A laparotomy and anterior duodenotomy are performed, as the surgeon opens the duodenum a vessel is spurting blood into the duodenal lumen. From which of the following does this vessel arise?
Left gastric artery
Common hepatic artery
Right hepatic artery
SMA
Splenic artery
A 55-year-old man is admitted with a brisk haematemesis. He is taken to the endoscopy department and an upper GI endoscopy is performed by the gastroenterologist. He identifies an ulcer on the posterior duodenal wall and spends an eternity trying to control the bleeding with all the latest haemostatic techniques. He eventually asks the surgeons for help. A laparotomy and anterior duodenotomy are performed, as the surgeon opens the duodenum a vessel is spurting blood into the duodenal lumen. From which of the following does this vessel arise?
Left gastric artery
Common hepatic artery
Right hepatic artery
SMA
Splenic artery
what type of disease if famial hypercholeserolemia?
a) X linked recessive
b) autosomal dom
c) autosomal rec
d) Y-linked
e) X-linked dom
what type of disease if famial hypercholeserolemia?
a) X linked recessive
* *b) autosomal dom**
c) autosomal rec
d) Y-linked
e) X-linked dom
What is the treatment for coeliac disease?
•Elimination of gluten-containing food (e.g. wheat, rye, barley) from the diet
Filtration fraction:
Can be estimated using creatinine clearance
GFR * plasma concentration
Plasmacreatinine / urinarycreatinine
Glomerular filtration rate / renal blood flow
Renal plasma flow / (1 - Haematocrit)
Is typically around 0.20
Filtration fraction:
Can be estimated using creatinine clearance
GFR * plasma concentration
Plasmacreatinine / urinarycreatinine
Glomerular filtration rate / renal blood flow
Renal plasma flow / (1 - Haematocrit)
Is typically around 0.20
name for the electron carrier in ETC? [1]
ubiqunione
which nerve is being tested here?
a) median
b) ulnar
c) radius
d) axillary
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/372/566/789/q_image_thumb.png?1644515420)
which nerve is being tested here?
- *a) median**
b) ulnar
c) radius
d) axillary
What is the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis?
PFK1
Glycogen synthase
Glyocgen phosphorylase
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
What is the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis?
PFK1
Glycogen synthase
Glyocgen phosphorylase
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
where do steroid hormones most commonly bind to cell? [1]
in nucleus - alter gene expression
what type of bacteria is H. pylori?
gram-postive
gram-negative
what type of bacteria is H. pylori?
gram-postive
gram-negative
Hers Disease and von Gierkes disease are both types of glycogen storage diseases that result in hypoglycaemia. Which of these diseases would result in more mild hypoglycaemia and why? (4)
Hers disease result in more mild hypoglycemia (1)
Hers disease PYGL gene is defected, so defect in glycogen phoshporylase means can break down liver glycogen (1)
But can still undergo gluconeogensis (1)
von Gierkes disease is defect in glucose-6-phosphatase, so cant break down glycogen –> glucose at all. (1)
Which one of the following actions is directly caused by CCK?
Decreases gastric emptying
Decreases pepsinogen secretion
Decreases gallbladder contraction
Increases gastric motility
Decreases appetite
Decreases gastric H+ secretion
Which one of the following actions is directly caused by CCK?
Decreases gastric emptying
Decreases pepsinogen secretion
Decreases gallbladder contraction
Increases gastric motility
Decreases appetite
Decreases gastric H+ secretion
which type of cells are bile salts secreted from?
- goblet cells
- paneth cells
- enteroendocrine cells
- hepatocytes
- parietal cells
which type of cells are bile salts secreted from?
- goblet cells
- paneth cells
- enteroendocrine cells
- *- hepatocytes**
- parietal cells
Glomerular filtration rate:
Urine flow rate * urine concentration
Is typically around 100 ml/min
UPAH * V / PPAH
GFR * plasma concentration
Is typically around 0.20
Renal plasma flow / (1 - Haematocrit)
Glomerular filtration rate:
Urine flow rate * urine concentration
Is typically around 100 ml/min
UPAH * V / PPAH
GFR * plasma concentration
Is typically around 0.20
Renal plasma flow / (1 - Haematocrit)
how is fructose absorbed in the mucosal phase of carbohydrate digestion?
a) primary active transport
b) secondary active transport
c) simple diffusion
d) faciliated diffusion
e) paracellular transport
how is fructose absorbed in the mucousal phase of digestion?
a) primary active transport
b) secondary active transport
c) simple diffusion
* *d) faciliated diffusion**
e) paracellular transport
glucose and galactose go via 2 AT through SGLT but fructose does fac d.
the anterior and posterior pituitary gland are both controlled by which structure? [1]
hypothalamus !
What is the best way to describe a silent mutation
A single base mutation that changes the amino acid, but there is no obvious clinical effect
A single base mutation that changes the amino acid, but there is no obvious clinical effect at birth
A single base mutation that changes the amino acid, causing changes in 2 & 3 structure of protein
A single base mutation that does not change the amino acid and does not affect the phenotype or transcription of that gene
A single base mutation that does not change the AA but may affect transcription or translation of the gene
What is the best way to describe a silent mutation
A single base mutation that changes the amino acid, but there is no obvious clinical effect
A single base mutation that changes the amino acid, but there is no obvious clinical effect at birth
A single base mutation that changes the amino acid, causing changes in 2 & 3 structure of protein
A single base mutation that does not change the amino acid and does not affect the phenotype or transcription of that gene
A single base mutation that does not change the AA but may affect transcription or translation of the gene
which type of receptor is insulin receptor?
a) enzyme-linked
b) GPCR
c) ion channel
d) tyrosine-kinase
which type of receptor is insulin receptor?
a) enzyme-linked
b) GPCR
c) ion channel
* *d) tyrosine-kinase**
which cells found in the small intestine that are modified enterocytes that cover lymphoid nodules
- parietal cells
- goblet cells
- paneth cells
- enteroendocrine cells
- m cells
which cells found in the small intestine that are modified enterocytes that cover lymphoid nodules
- parietal cells
- goblet cells
- paneth cells
- enteroendocrine cells
- *- m cells**
Which ligament is at risk in this boy?
- radial collateral ligament
- ulnar collateral ligament
- annular ligament
- deltoid ligament
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/372/565/871/q_image_thumb.png?1644514913)
Which ligament is at risk in this boy?
- radial collateral ligament
- ulnar collateral ligament
- *- annular ligament**
- deltoid ligament
A 64-year-old man is admitted with a COPD exacerbation. He is hypoxic on admission with an SpO2 of 72%. He has a lactic acidosis on blood analysis.
What is the rate limiting enzyme of the process which has resulted in the lactic acidosis?
HMG-CoA reductase
Fructose-1,6 biphosphatase
PFK1
Glycgen synthase
Glucose 6 P deH
A 64-year-old man is admitted with a COPD exacerbation. He is hypoxic on admission with an SpO2 of 72%. He has a lactic acidosis on blood analysis.
What is the rate limiting enzyme of the process which has resulted in the lactic acidosis?
HMG-CoA reductase
Fructose-1,6 biphosphatase
PFK1 - The rate limiting enzyme for glycoloysis is phosphofructokinase (PFK1)
Glycgen synthase
Glucose 6 P deH
Which substance can be used to achieve the most accurate measurement of the glomerular filtration rate?
Glucose
Protein
Inulin
Creatitine
PAH acid
Which substance can be used to achieve the most accurate measurement of the glomerular filtration rate?
Glucose
Protein
Inulin
Creatitine
PAH acid
which antibody protects agaisnt parasitic worms?
a) IgG
b) IgM
c) IgA
d) IgE
e) IgD
which antibody protects agaisnt parasitic worms?
a) IgG
b) IgM
c) IgA
* *d) IgE**
e) IgD
glutamate is an amino acid that also acts as an important …
a) steroid hormone
b) neurotransmitter
c) secondary messenger
d) source of metabolic energy
glutamate is an amino acid that also acts as an important …
a) steroid hormone
b) neurotransmitter
c) secondary messenger
d) source of metabolic energy
TAG transport is mediated by:
a) chylomicrons & IDLs
b) chylomicrons & VLDLs
c) chylomicrons & LDLs
d) chylomicrons & HDLs
e) VLDLs and LDLs
TAG transport is mediated by:
a) chylomicrons & IDLs
* *b) chylomicrons & VLDLs**
c) chylomicrons & LDLs
d) chylomicrons & HDLs
e) VLDLs and LDLs
which of the following messengers are use paracrine siginalling in to control stomach acid secretions?
a) histamine only
b) acetylcholine only
c) gastrin & histamine
d) somatostatin & gastrin
e) somatostain & histamine
which of the following messengers are use paracrine siginalling in to control stomach acid secretions?
a) histamine only
b) acetylcholine only
c) gastrin & histamine
d) somatostatin & gastrin
* *e) somatostain & histamine**
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/371/491/433/a_image_thumb.png?1643792500)
You are developing a new drug for diabetes which acts to decrease synthesis of glucose in the liver from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. You want to develop a drug which targets the the rate limiting enzyme.
What enzyme will you target?
Fructose 1,6 biphosphatase
HMG-CoA synthase
HMG-CoA reductase
Glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
You are developing a new drug for diabetes which acts to decrease synthesis of glucose in the liver from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. You want to develop a drug which targets the the rate limiting enzyme.
What enzyme will you target?
Fructose 1,6 biphosphatase The rate limiting enzyme for gluconeogenesis is fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase
HMG-CoA synthase
HMG-CoA reductase
Glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
Which one of the following actions is directly caused by somatostatin?
Increases pancreatic bicarbonate secretion
Decreases pancreatic secretions
Stimulates release of insulin-like growth factors
Increases glycogenolysis
Increases gut absorption of calcium
Stimulates thirst
Which one of the following actions is directly caused by somatostatin?
Increases pancreatic bicarbonate secretion
Decreases pancreatic secretions
Stimulates release of insulin-like growth factors
Increases glycogenolysis
Increases gut absorption of calcium
Stimulates thirst
which dietary molecule is essential for transmination to occur?
vitamin B6
vitamin B12
vitamin C
vitamin B3
which dietary molecule is essential for transmination to occur?
vitamin B6
vitamin B12
vitamin C
vitamin B3
statins reduce circulating blood cholesterol in two ways. what are these? (2)
statins block the activity of HMG-Co A reductase. so less cholesterol is made from acetly co-A (acetyl co-A –> cholesterol) (1)
causes more LDL receptors to be made & take in MORE LDLs -> reducing blood LDLs
which is the sensory nerve innervation for gagging?
a) trigeminal nerve
b) facial nerve
c) glossopharnyngeal
d) vagus nerve
e) hypoglossal
which is the sensory nerve innervation for gagging?
a) trigeminal nerve
b) facial nerve
c) glossopharnyngeal
d) vagus nerve
e) hypoglossal
which of the following is correct?
glucagon works on the liver and muscles to build up glycogen stores
insulin works on liver to build glycogen stores
insulin works on the muscle and liver to build glycogen stores
glucagon works on the liver and muscles to break down glycogen stores
insulin works on the muscle and liver to break down glycogen stores
which of the following is correct?
glucagon works on the liver and muscles to build up glycogen stores
insulin works on liver to build glycogen stores
insulin works on the muscle and liver to build glycogen stores
glucagon works on the liver and muscles to break down glycogen stores
insulin works on the muscle and liver to break down glycogen stores
1. insulin: muscle and liver - builds glycogen stores
2. glucagon: only liver - breaks down glyocgen stores to release glucose
3. adrenaline: muscles via a & b adrergic receptors - release glucose
4 calcium: muscles via a & b adrergic receptors - release glucose
Increases pepsinogen secretion:
VIP
Renin
CCK
Gastrin
Secretin
Ghrelin
Increases pepsinogen secretion:
VIP
Renin
CCK
Gastrin
Secretin
Ghrelin
Which one of the following actions is directly caused by antidiuretic hormone?
Increases Na+ reabsorption in the renal distal tubule
Stimulates aldosterone release
Up-regulates alpha-1 receptors on arterioles
Increases plasma calcium
Vasoconstriction of vascular smooth muscle
Promotes water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidneys by the insertion of aquaporin-2 channels
Which one of the following actions is directly caused by antidiuretic hormone?
Increases Na+ reabsorption in the renal distal tubule
Stimulates aldosterone release
Up-regulates alpha-1 receptors on arterioles
Increases plasma calcium
Vasoconstriction of vascular smooth muscle
Promotes water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidneys by the insertion of aquaporin-2 channels
Which one of the following stimulates gastric acid secretion?
CCK
Gastric inhibitory peptide
Secretin
Histamine
Somatostatin
Which one of the following stimulates gastric acid secretion?
CCK
Gastric inhibitory peptide
Secretin
Histamine
Somatostatin
if you bang your elbow and get pins & needles running down you hand, which nerve is most likely affected?
a) median
b) radial
c) ulnar
d) musculocutaneous
if you bang your elbow and get pins & needles running down you hand, which nerve is most likely affected?
a) median
b) radial
* *c) ulnar**
d) musculocutaneous
Which one of the following is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord?
Adrenaline
Glutamate
Serotonin
Dopamine
Glycine
Which one of the following is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord?
Adrenaline
Glutamate
Serotonin
Dopamine
Glycine
Glycine is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter of the spinal cord
A 52-year-old male presents to his general practitioner with a two-month history of abdominal pain, occasional haematemesis and significant weight loss. He is sent for a gastroscopy, which identifies multiple gastric ulcers and thickened gastric folds. It is therefore suspected that the patient may have a gastrinoma and is sent for a secretin stimulation test (involves exogenous secretin administration) to confirm the diagnosis.
What is the mechanism of action of this exogenous hormone?
Carbohydrate digestion
Decreases gastric acid secretion
Stimulates gallbladder contractin
Stimulates gastric acid secretion
Stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion
A 52-year-old male presents to his general practitioner with a two-month history of abdominal pain, occasional haematemesis and significant weight loss. He is sent for a gastroscopy, which identifies multiple gastric ulcers and thickened gastric folds. It is therefore suspected that the patient may have a gastrinoma and is sent for a secretin stimulation test (involves exogenous secretin administration) to confirm the diagnosis.
What is the mechanism of action of this exogenous hormone?
Carbohydrate digestion
Decreases gastric acid secretion
Stimulates gallbladder contractin
Stimulates gastric acid secretion
Stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion
A patient has pins and needles in this distribution, which nerve is compressed?
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/372/567/035/q_image_thumb.png?1644515748)
a) ulnar
b) median
c) radius
d) musculocutanous
A patient has pins and needles in this distribution, which nerve is compressed?
a) ulnar
* *b) median**
c) radius
d) musculocutanous
which enzyme is not present in skeletal muscle?
a) debranching enzyme
b) phosphoglucomutase
c) glucose-6-phosphatase
d) glycogen phosphorylase
e) pyruvate dehydrogenase
which enzyme is not present in skeletal muscle?
a) debranching enzyme
b) phosphoglucomutase
* *c) glucose-6-phosphatase**
d) glycogen phosphorylase
e) pyruvate dehydrogenase
what are the two different pathways molecules that insulin activates to cause overall activation of glycogen synthase/ [2]
insulin
- *- activates phosphodiesterase**
- *- activates protein phosphastase**
which nerve innervates the muscles that causes gagging?
a) trigeminal nerve
b) facial nerve
c) glossopharnyngeal
d) vagus nerve
e) hypoglossal
which nerve innervates the muscles that causes gagging?
a) trigeminal nerve
b) facial nerve
c) glossopharnyngeal
d) vagus nerve
e) hypoglossal
which nerve plexi do u find in the oesphagus? [2] and where do find them?
- meissner plexus: submucosal tissue
- auerbach’s plexus: myenteric - betweeen circ and long. muscle layer
during the mechanism of T cell gut honing, what do gut dendritic cells secrete?
a) CCR9
b) retinoic acid
c) a4B7
d) MADCAM
e) IgA
during the mechanism of T cell gut honing, what do gut dendritic cells secrete?
a) CCR9
b) retinoic acid - activates T cells to make a4B7 & CCR9
c) a4B7
d) MADCAM
e) IgA
which nerve provides special sensory innervation to anterior portion of tongue?
a) glossopharnygeal
b) trigeminal
c) vagus nerve
d) hypoglossal
e) facial nerve
which nerve provides special sensory innervation to anterior portion of tongue?
a) glossopharnygeal
b) trigeminal
c) vagus nerve
d) hypoglossal
* *e) facial nerve**
what is the difference between McArdles Disease and Hers Disease? [2]
Hers disease: glycogen phosphorylase in liver [1]
McArdles caused by: deficiency in glycogen phosophorylase gene: PYGM. cant breakdown glycogen in the muscle = muscle weakness [1]
Which of the following best describes the mechanism of the body’s response to a decrease in blood pressure?
Decreased HR and vasoconstriction
Decreased epithelial sodium channels in DCT
Increased bradykinin
Insertion of AQP-2 channels in CD
Insertion of AQP-2 channels in thick ascending loop of Henle
Which of the following best describes the mechanism of the body’s response to a decrease in blood pressure?
Decreased HR and vasoconstriction
Decreased epithelial sodium channels in DCT
Increased bradykinin
Insertion of AQP-2 channels in CD
Insertion of AQP-2 channels in thick ascending loop of Henle
intermediate density lipoproteins cause left over chylomicrons to become:
a) HDLs & LDLs
b) VLDL & HDLs
c) VLDL & LDLs
d) HDLs
e) LDLs
intermediate density lipoproteins cause left over chylomicrons to become:
a) HDLs & LDLs
b) VLDL & HDLs
c) VLDL & LDLs
d) HDLs
e) LDLs
the receptive reflex in the proximal part of the stomach causes what to be released?
a) Ach
b) CCK
c) NO
d) Ca2+
e) cAMP
the receptive reflex in the proximal part of the stomach causes what to be released?
a) Ach
* *b) CCK - vagal-vagal interaction that causes proximal stomach stretch so not immediatly full**
c) NO
d) Ca2+
e) cAMP
fats (& cholesterol) absorbed from GI tract, turn into chylomicrons and go into lymphatic system:
here they interact with HDLs - how? (2)
fats (& cholesterol) absorbed from GI tract, turn into chylomicrons and go into lymphatic system:
here they interact with HDLs
- ApoC2 added: allows chylomicrons to give its triglycerides to peripheral cells
- ApoE added: allows chylomicron remenant to be taken up by the liver to deliver FA & cholesterol
what is insulin initially synthesised as? [1]
preproinsulin
gets turned into proinsulin, then at GA = insulin
A 6-day-old child is referred to a community paediatrician by a general physician for poor feeding, vomiting and increasing lethargy. The child was born at term via spontaneous vaginal delivery, and his antenatal scans report no complications.
On examination, the baby looks floppy and tired. His nappy is wet and has a characteristic maple syrup odour.
Given the most likely diagnosis, which of the following is a known complication if left untreated?
Metabolic and resp acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Resp alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Resp acidosis
A 6-day-old child is referred to a community paediatrician by a general physician for poor feeding, vomiting and increasing lethargy. The child was born at term via spontaneous vaginal delivery, and his antenatal scans report no complications.
On examination, the baby looks floppy and tired. His nappy is wet and has a characteristic maple syrup odour.
Given the most likely diagnosis, which of the following is a known complication if left untreated?
Metabolic and resp acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Resp alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Resp acidosis
If left untreated, alpha-ketoacids build up in the blood resulting in metabolic acidosis (ketoacidosis).
what type of transport do proteins undergo during mucosal phase of digestion?
- facilitated diffusion
- primary active transport
- secondary active transport
- endocytosis
what type of transport do proteins undergo during mucosal phase of digestion?
- facilitated diffusion
- primary active transport
- *- secondary active transport**
- endocytosis
A 60-year-old male patient experiences uncontrolled hepatic bleeding during liver resection surgery. The ‘Pringle manoeuvre’ is performed whereby the hepatic artery, portal vein and common bile duct are clamped, thus interrupting the blood flow. The structures mentioned form the anterior boundary of the epiploic foramen.
Which other vessel forms a boundary to this region?
Abdominal aorta
IVC
Thoracic aorta
Common hepatic artery
Right renal artery
A 60-year-old male patient experiences uncontrolled hepatic bleeding during liver resection surgery. The ‘Pringle manoeuvre’ is performed whereby the hepatic artery, portal vein and common bile duct are clamped, thus interrupting the blood flow. The structures mentioned form the anterior boundary of the epiploic foramen.
Which other vessel forms a boundary to this region?
Abdominal aorta
IVC
Thoracic aorta
Common hepatic artery
Right renal artery
You are designing a research project looking at the effects of prolonged fasting on lipid stores. You want to study the effects of diet on breakdown of fats. You decide to monitor the concentrations of the rate limiting enzyme of this process in response to a high glucose load.
What enzyme will you measure?
Glycogen phosphorylase
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
PFK-1
Glycogen synthase
Cartinine-palmitoyl transferase
You are designing a research project looking at the effects of prolonged fasting on lipid stores. You want to study the effects of diet on breakdown of fats. You decide to monitor the concentrations of the rate limiting enzyme of this process in response to a high glucose load.
What enzyme will you measure?
Glycogen phosphorylase
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
PFK-1
Glycogen synthase
Cartinine-palmitoyl transferase -
The rate limiting enzyme for lipolysis is carnitine-palmitoyl transferase I
- Commonest HLA in people with celiac disease is..
- HLA-DQ1
- HLA-DQ2
- HLA-DQ3
- HLA-DQ4
- Commonest HLA in people with celiac disease is..
- HLA-DQ1
•HLA-DQ2
- HLA-DQ3
- HLA-DQ4
Give 3 mechanisms by which absorption is achieved in the small intestine?
- Simple diffusion
- Active transport e.g. Na+/K+ATPase for absorption of glucose
- Facilitated diffusion (a carrier-mediated transport system to allow faster absorption compared with simple diffusion e.g. proteins)
Which one of the following actions is directly caused by growth hormone?
Inhibits glucagon secretion
Increases gluconeogenesis
Increases glycogenolysis
Inhibits insulin secretion
Decreases gastric H+ secretion
Increases renal reabsorption of calcium
Which one of the following actions is directly caused by growth hormone?
Inhibits glucagon secretion
Increases gluconeogenesis
Increases glycogenolysis
Inhibits insulin secretion
Decreases gastric H+ secretion
Increases renal reabsorption of calcium
what is the intermediate used in transamination? [1]
which vitamin is used as an intermediate in transamination? [1]
pyroxidal phosphate
derived from vitamin B6
With regards to the gastrointestinal tract, submucosa:
Contains the lamina propria
Contains Auerbach’s (myenteric) plexus
Contains Meissner’s plexus
Contains the muscularis mucosae
With regards to the gastrointestinal tract, submucosa:
Contains the lamina propria
Contains Auerbach’s (myenteric) plexus
Contains Meissner’s plexus
Contains the muscularis mucosae
Why does late onset of coeliac disease occur?
•A change in the composition of gut flora (e.g. due to infection, stress, hormones etc.) can trigger the activation of the genes for coeliac disease
which enzyme breaks alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds?
a) debranching enzyme
b) phosphoglucomutase
c) glucose-6-phosphatase
d) glycogen phosphorylase
e) pyruvate dehydrogenase
which enzyme breaks alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds?
a) debranching enzyme
b) phosphoglucomutase
c) glucose-6-phosphatase
* *d) glycogen phosphorylase**
e) pyruvate dehydrogenase
Which one of the following actions is directly caused by somatostatin?
Increases gastric motility
Increases growth hormone secretion
Increases appetite
Promotes water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidneys by the insertion of aquaporin-2 channels
Increases renal conversion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
Decreases gallbladder contraction
Which one of the following actions is directly caused by somatostatin?
Increases gastric motility
Increases growth hormone secretion
Increases appetite
Promotes water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidneys by the insertion of aquaporin-2 channels
Increases renal conversion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
Decreases gallbladder contraction
where in the GI tract are bile acids mostly absorbed?
a) duodenum
b) jejunum
c) ileum
d) ascending colon
e) transverse colon
where in the GI tract are bile acids mostly absorbed?
a) duodenum
b) jejunum
c) ileum
d) ascending colon
e) transverse colon
(also absorbed in colon, but less so)
movement of water in gut crypt cells is controlled by which transporters?
a) aquaporins
b) ENAC
c) ROMK
d) CFTR
e) Na/K/Cl2
movement of water in gut crypt cells is controlled by which transporters?
a) aquaporins
b) ENAC
c) ROMK
* *d) CFTR**
e) Na/K/Cl2
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/372/288/236/a_image_thumb.png?1644337253)