Histology Flashcards
1
Q
what is the name of the ring that connects between tracheal cartilage? [1]
A
trachealis muscle
2
Q
which part of the male reproductive system is this?
epididymis
tubulus rectus
vas deferens
efferent ductules
A
which part of the male reproductive system is this?
epididymis
tubulus rectus
vas deferens
efferent ductules: saw toothed !
3
Q
which of the following is largest in veins?
tunica intima
tunica adventitia
tunica media
A
which of the following is largest in veins?
tunica intima
tunica adventitia
tunica media
4
Q
what type of cell is A?
schwann cell
satellite cell
fibroblast
nerve axon
oligodendrocyte
A
what type of cell is A?
schwann cell
satellite cell
fibroblast
nerve axon
oligodendrocyte
5
Q
what cells are the arrows pointing to?
A
osteoclasts !!
6
Q
which type of gland is this?
Simple tubular
Simple coiled tubular glands
Simple branched tubular glands
Simple acinar glands
Simple branched acinar gland
Compound branched tubular gland
Compound acinar gland
Compound tubulo-acinar gland
A
which type of gland is this?
Simple tubular
Simple coiled tubular glands
Simple branched tubular glands
Simple acinar glands
Simple branched acinar gland
Compound branched tubular gland
Compound acinar gland
Compound tubulo-acinar gland
7
Q
how does respiratory and olfactory epithelium differ? / how can you tell the difference? (2)
A
olfactory epithelium has pseudostrat thicker (but still not stratified)!!
AND
nerve fibres in olfactory lamina propria
8
Q
what is the cellular layer highlighted called? [1]
A
periosteum
9
Q
which type of gland is this?
Simple tubular
Simple coiled tubular glands
Simple branched tubular glands
Simple acinar glands
Simple branched acinar gland
Compound branched tubular gland
Compound acinar gland
Compound tubulo-acinar gland
A
which type of gland is this?
Simple tubular
Simple coiled tubular glands
Simple branched tubular glands
Simple acinar glands
Simple branched acinar gland
Compound branched tubular gland
Compound acinar gland
Compound tubulo-acinar gland
10
Q
what is A?
A
melanocytes
11
Q
at the end of each seminfierous tubule there is a transition to straight tubules (aka WHAT)? [1]
what is the histological change that occurs here? [1]
what do the tubules empty into? [1]
A
at the end of each seminfierous tubule there is a transition to straight tubules (aka WHAT)? [1] tubuli recti
what is the histological change that occurs here?
changes to simple cuboidal epi
what do the tubules empty into? [1]
rete testis
12
Q
what type of cells line the nasal cavity respiratory system - respiratory mucosa?
what are the 3 different types?^
what is role? (2)
A
respiratory mucosa:
- ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium
a) goblet cells - tall columnar cells producing mucous
b) brush cells - bear short microvilli
c) basal cells - stem cells
role:
warms, moistens and filters the inspired air
13
Q
what do you find eitherside of the tunica media in muscular arteries? [2]
A
internal elastic lamina
tunica media
external elastic lamina
14
Q
label A & B
A
A: Leydig cells
B: Reinke crystals
15
Q
label A & B
A
A: osteoblasts
B: osteocytes
16
Q
what cell type is this? [1]
brown adipose tissue
white adipose tissue
loose connective tisue
elastin
dense connective tissue
A
what cell type is this? [1]
brown adipose tissue
white adipose tissue
loose connective tisue
elastin
dense connective tissue
17
Q
label A-E
A
A: epiphysis
B: centre of secondary ossification
C: epiphysial growth plate
D: diaphysis
E: cortical bone
18
Q
what are the 4 layers of the epidermis?
A
basal layer: stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum corneum
19
Q
what is D?
proteoglycans
fibroblasts
elastin
adipocytes
collagen
A
what is D?
proteoglycans
fibroblasts
elastin
adipocytes
collagen
20
Q
which of the following allows heart muscle cells to contract more forcefully by synchronising calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum throughout the cell
A
B
C
D
E
A
which of the following allows heart muscle cells to contract more forcefully by synchronising calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum throughout the cell
A
B
C
D
E
21
Q
which of the following are contain cadherins?
tight junction
desmosome
hemidesmosome
gap junction
A
which of the following are contain cadherins?
tight junction
desmosome
hemidesmosome
gap junction
22
Q
Which histological landmarks of the sarcomere shrink when a muscle contracts? [3]
A
The I-band and the H-band decrease in size; [2]
the A-band remains the same.
23
Q
what is this?
A
adipocytes
24
Q
what is this highlighted?
A
basament membrane
25
which of the following control paracellular diffusion & prevents exchange of intrinsic proteins and lipids between apical and basolateral plasma membrane?
tight junction
desmosome
hemidesmosome
gap junction
adherens
which of the following control paracellular diffusion & prevents exchange of intrinsic proteins and lipids between apical and basolateral plasma membrane?
**tight junction**
desmosome
hemidesmosome
gap junction
adhering belt / zonula adherens
26
what type of cells does the genital ducts become when it gets to the efferent ductules? [1]
what type of cells does the genital ducts become when it gets to the efferent ductules? [1]
**pseudostratified columnar epi**
looks **saw toothed !**
27
what type of cell is A?
astrocyte
satellite
ependymal
oligodendrocyte
goblet
what type of cell is A?
astrocyte
**satellite: surrounds ganglion**
ependymal
oligodendrocyte
goblet
28
which part of the heart is this?
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
which part of the heart is this?
epicardium
myocardium
**endocardium: has a surface layer of flattened endothelial cells.
(p = purkinje fibres)**
29
label A-H of the lymph node
A = afferent lymphatic, B =subcapsular sinus, C = cortex, D = medullary cords, E = medulla, F = efferent lymphatic, G = hilus, H = secondary follicles
30
label A-E of the synovial joint
A: **middle phalanx**
B: **terminal phalanx**
C: **hyaline cartilage**
D:
31
which of the following is a hemidesmosome?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is a hemidesmosome?
A
B
C
D
**E**
32
what is A?
proteoglycans
fibroblasts
elastin
adipocytes
collagen
what is A?
proteoglycans
fibroblasts
**elastin**
adipocytes
collagen
33
what region of the GI tract is this? [1]
how can you tell? [1]
duodenum [1]
brunners glands [1]
34
which of the following is a desmosome?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is a desmosome?
A
B
**C**
D
E
35
label A & B of seminiferous tubule
A: **sertoli cell**
B: **leydig cell**
36
which type of gland is this?
Simple tubular
Simple coiled tubular glands
Simple branched tubular glands
Simple acinar glands
Simple branched acinar gland
Compound branched tubular gland
Compound acinar gland
Compound tubulo-acinar gland
which type of gland is this?
Simple tubular
**Simple coiled tubular glands**
Simple branched tubular glands
Simple acinar glands
Simple branched acinar gland
Compound branched tubular gland
Compound acinar gland
Compound tubulo-acinar gland
37
what are the sertoli cells function? [2]
where are they located? [1]
what are nuclei like? [2]
what are the sertoli cells function? [1]
* *- form blood-testis barrier:** act as a bridge between interbular space and lume of tubule
- **nourishment of spermatogenic cells**
where are they located? [1]
**- seminiferous tubules:** span from the **basement membrane to the lumen. **
what are nuclei like? [2]
**ovoid or triangular**
38
label a & B
A: **testis**
B: **epididymis**
39
what are the 4 anatomically distinct zones of prostate glands? [4]
–**Central zone:** surrounds the ejaculatory ducts with mucosal glands. Resistant to carcinoma. Cells have larger nuclei and basophilic cytoplasm.
–**Peripheral zone:** Surrounds central zone with branched tubuloalveolar glands. _Most carcinomas arise from this zone._
–**Transitional zone:** Surrounds the prostatic urethra with mucosal glands. In older individuals there is hyperplasia (BPH).
**Periurethral zone**: Contains mucosal and submucosal glands
40
what type of muscle cell is this?
cardiac
smooth
skeletal
what type of muscle cell is this?
cardiac
**smooth**
skeletal
41
which type of gland is this?
Simple tubular
Simple coiled tubular glands
Simple branched tubular glands
Simple acinar glands
Simple branched acinar gland
Compound branched tubular gland
Compound acinar gland
Compound tubulo-acinar gland
which type of gland is this?
Simple tubular
Simple coiled tubular glands
Simple branched tubular glands
**Simple acinar glands**
Simple branched acinar gland
Compound branched tubular gland
Compound acinar gland
Compound tubulo-acinar gland
42
what is this?
lymphatic vessel
lymphatic channels become larger, the **muscle layer ML becomes thicker** and its contraction makes a greater contribution to the movement of lymph along the vessel. Backflow of lymph fluid is prevented by valves (not illustrated here).
43
what type of nerve ending is this? how can you tell?
Sympathetic nerve endings: **Noradrenaline** (norepinephrine) is the main postganglionic neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system.
When **noradrenaline combines with formalin** (and some other compounds) it becomes **_fluorescent_** and can be visualised by fluorescence microscopy.
44
which of the following is the vas deferens?
1
2
3
4
5
which of the following is the vas deferens?
1
2
3
4
**5**
45
which cells outline here? [1]
**ependymal cells (**surround the choroid plexus)
46
what is C?
proteoglycans
fibroblasts
elastin
adipocytes
collagen
what is C?
proteoglycans
fibroblasts
**elastin**
adipocytes
collagen
47
what cell type is this? [1]
brown adipose tissue
48
which of the following is a tight junction?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is a tight junction?
**A**
B
C
D
E
49
what type of collagen is this?
type 1
type 2
type 3
type 4
type 5
what type of collagen is this?
type 1
type 2
**type 3**
type 4
type 5
50
which part of the male reproductive system is this?
epididymis
tubulus rectus
vas deferens
efferent ductules
which part of the male reproductive system is this?
**epididymis**
tubulus rectus
vas deferens
efferent ductules: saw toothed !
51
which cells are outlined in brown stained processes?
schwann cells
oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
ependymal
endothelium
which cells are outlined in brown stained processes?
schwann cells
oligodendrocytes
**astrocytes**
ependymal
endothelium
## Footnote
**Externally, the basement membranes are covered by the perivascular foot processes of astrocytes, shown in micrograph (c), where brown-stained processes form a continuous layer.**
52
what type of cell is this? [1]
goblet cell
53
which of the following is the rete testis?
1
2
3
4
5
which of the following is the rete testis?
1
**2**
3
4
5
54
label 1-5 of trachea
1. Endothelium of trachea
2. Seromucous glands
3. Lamina propria and submucosa
4. Hyaline cartilage
5 adventita
55
label A-D
A: **secondary ossification centre**
B: **epiphysial cartilage**
C: **growth plate**
D: **diaphysis bone**
56
label A-E
```
A = **enterocyte brush border**
B = **lacteal**
C = **goblet cell**
D = **immune cells (lymphocytes)**
E = **lamina propria**
```
57
in the heart tissue, in areas containing artery branches, there is normally a variable layer of which type of tissue? [1]
**adipose tissue**
58
what is A? [1]
what is B? [1]
what is C [1]
A: **axon**
B: **mesaxon:** a pair of parallel plasma membranes of a Schwann cell
C: **schwann cell**
59
which of the following would you find stratified squamous cells?
colon
lower urinary tract
epidermis
oesophagus
collecting tubules of kidney
nose
alveoli
which of the following would you find stratified squamous cells?
colon
lower urinary tract
epidermis
**oesophagus**
collecting tubules of kidney
nose
alveoli
60
which of the following is a layer of cuboidal cells?
stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum corneum
which of the following is a layer of cuboidal cells?
**stratum basale**
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum corneum
61
which of the following would you find keratinised stratified squamous cells?
colon
lower urinary tract
epidermis
oesophagus
collecting tubules of kidney
nose
alveoli
which of the following would you find keratinised stratified squamous cells?
colon
lower urinary tract
**epidermis**
oesophagus
collecting tubules of kidney
nose
alveoli
62
which part of the lymph node is where T lymphocytes interact with antigen presenting cells in the paracortex and undergo a similar process of activation and clonal expansion?
A
B
C
D
E
which part of the lymph node is where T lymphocytes interact with antigen presenting cells in the paracortex and undergo a similar process of activation and clonal expansion?
A
B
C
**D: paracortex**
E
63
which of the following allow the passage of ions and small molecules between cells?
tight junction
desmosome
hemidesmosome
gap junction
adhering belt / zonula adherens
which of the following allow the passage of ions and small molecules between cells?
tight junction
desmosome
hemidesmosome
**gap junction**
adhering belt / zonula adherens
64
which of the following is the tubulus rectus?
1
2
3
4
5
which of the following is the tubulus rectus?
**1**
2
3
4
5
65
label each of the following to their muscle type
```
1 = smooth
2= skeletal
3 = cardiac
```
66
what type of cells are A and where would you find them? [2]
Transitional epithelium - **umbrella or dome cells**
This epithelial type is so named because it has some features intermediate (transitional) between stratified cuboidal and stratified squamous epithelia. I**n the non-distended state, transitional epithelium appears to be about four to five cell layers thick**. The basal cells are roughly cuboidal, the intermediate cells are polygonal and the surface cells (umbrella or dome cells U) are large and rounded and may contain two nuclei. In the **stretched state, transitional epithelium often appears only two or three cells thick** (although the actual number of layers remains constant) and the intermediate and surface layers are extremely flattened.
67
label A-C
what is PM?
A: **epicardium**
B: **myocardium**
C: **endocardium
PM:**
**papillary muscles**
68
what is difference of nuclei between early spermatids and late spermatids? [1]
early: **less condense**
late: **condensed nuclei - becomes elongated**
69
what is A? [1]
**purkinje fibres**
70
what is A?
what is B?
(from dermal layer)
A: **papillary layer**
B: **reticular layer**
The dermis contains the vascular supply (see
Fig. 9.16) and innervation of the skin and has two layers, a superficial papillary dermis beneath the epidermis and a deeper reticular dermis which borders the subcutis
Lymphocytes, mast cells and macrophages are present but are scarce in normal dermis,
71
which of the following would you find transitional cells?
colon
lower urinary tract
epidermis
oesophagus
collecting tubules of kidney
nose
alveoli
which of the following would you find transitional cells?
colon
**lower urinary tract**
epidermis
oesophagus
collecting tubules of kidney
nose
alveoli
72
what forms the bulk of the subcutis?
(epidermis--\> dermins --\> subdermis)
**adipose tissue**
73
Occasional flattened cells called WHAT embrace the capillary endothelial cells and may have a contractile function?
nt. Occasional flattened cells called **_pericytes_** embrace the capillary endothelial cells and may have a contractile function.
74
what type of cell is A? [1]
how can you tell? [1]
what is the function of A? [1]
what type of cell is A? [1]
**leydig**
how can you tell? [1]
**clear cytoplasm**
what is the function of A? [1]
**The Leydig cells make and secrete testosterone, in response to lutenising hormone from the pituitary.**
75
label A & B [2]
A: **myelinated axons**
B: **unmyelinated axons**
76
which type of gland is this?
Simple tubular
Simple coiled tubular glands
Simple branched tubular glands
Simple acinar glands
Simple branched acinar gland
Compound branched tubular gland
Compound acinar gland
Compound tubulo-acinar gland
which type of gland is this?
Simple tubular
Simple coiled tubular glands
**Simple branched tubular glands**
Simple acinar glands
Simple branched acinar gland
Compound branched tubular gland
Compound acinar gland
Compound tubulo-acinar gland
77
label A-C
A: **epineurium**
B: **perineurium**
C: **nerve fasicles**
78
which of the following link cells to underlying basement membrane?
tight junction
desmosome
hemidesmosome
gap junction
adherens / zonula adherens
which of the following link cells to underlying basement membrane?
tight junction
desmosome
**hemidesmosome**
gap junction
adherens / zonula adherens
79
which of the following is the epididymis?
1
2
3
4
5
which of the following is the epididymis?
1
2
3
**4**
5
80
which type of gland is this?
Simple coiled tubular glands
Simple branched tubular glands
Simple acinar glands
Simple branched acinar gland
Compound branched tubular gland
Compound acinar gland
Compound tubulo-acinar gland
which type of gland is this?
Simple coiled tubular glands
Simple branched tubular glands
Simple acinar glands
Simple branched acinar gland
Compound branched tubular gland
Compound acinar gland
**Compound tubulo-acinar gland**
81
what type of cell is pictured?
simple columnar ciliated epithelium
simple columnar epithelium
pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
what type of cell is pictured?
**simple columnar ciliated epithelium**
simple columnar epithelium
pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
82
how does bone remodelling or repair occur?
a site of fracture: blood clot initially forms
replced by collagenoius tissue (granulation tissue)
becomes more fibrous
mesenchymal cells then differentiate into chondroblasts and replaces granulation tissue with hyaline cartilage
Meanwhile, **osteoprogenitor** cells in the **endosteum** and **periosteum** are activated and lay down a **meshwork** of **woven bone**
Bony union is achieved when the fracture site is completely **bridged by woven bone**
83
how do purkinje fibres connect other purkinje fibre cells? [1]
**no T tubule or intercalated discs! - instead have desmosomes & gap junctions**
84
what is B?
myelin sheat
nissl body
fibroblast
nerve axon
dendrite
what is B?
myelin sheat
nissl body
fibroblast
**nerve axon**
dendrite
85
which of the following is plasma cell?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is plasma cell?
A
**B: Plasma cells PC have eccentric round nuclei, abundant amphophilic cytoplasm and a pale-stained perinuclear area (hof) which represents a well-developed Golgi apparatus**
C
D
E
F
86
what type of cartilage is this?
fibrocartilage
hyalinecartilage
elastic cartialge
where do you find this type of cartilage [2]
what type of cartilage is this?
fibrocartilage
hyalinecartilage
**elastic cartialge**
where do you find this type of cartilage [2]
**external ear
epiglottis
walls of eustachain tube**
87
which layer forms the majority of the epidermis?
stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum corneum
which layer forms the majority of the epidermis?
stratum basale
**stratum spinosum**
stratum granulosum
stratum corneum
88
which of the following is a lymphocyte?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is a lymphocyte?
A
B
C
D
**E**
F
89
what is distincitve features of vas deferens?
pseudostratified columnar epi
tall columnar cells with long microvilli
**circular and long layers smooth muscle**
90
which of the following is a gap junction?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is a gap junction?
A
B
C
**D**
E
91
what is A and B?
A: **desmosome**
B: **cadherin molecule**
Desmosomes are composed of desmosome-intermediate filament complexes (DIFC), which is a network of cadherin proteins
92
which of the following constitutes the main intracellular calcium store in striated muscle and plays an important role in the regulation of excitation-contraction-coupling (ECC) and of intracellular calcium concentrations during contraction and relaxation.
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following constitutes the main intracellular calcium store in striated muscle and plays an important role in the regulation of excitation-contraction-coupling (ECC) and of intracellular calcium concentrations during contraction and relaxation.
**A**
B
C
D
E
93
what is A? [1]
what type of cells make A? [1]
* *perineurium**
* *fibroblasts**
94
where is A and B from?
A: scalp
B: sole of foot
dont need to know just to make you think about regional variations in skin !!
95
what is histology of penis like?
- what is the name of the two masses of erectile tissue? [2]
- what is the name of the fibroelastic layer called? [1]
- what is the name of the two masses of erectile tissue? [2]
**coprora cavernosa
corpora spongiosum**
- what is the name of the fibroelastic layer called? [1]
* *tunica albuginea**
96
what is the name for the description of this cell type?
'are smooth muscle-like cells that surround blood vessels'
**pericytes**
97
is this a:
fenestrated endothelium
continous endothelium
discontinous endothelium
is this a:
**fenestrated endothelium**
continous endothelium
discontinous endothelium
98
what type of cell is this?
plasma cell
mast cell
dendritic cell
basophil
neutrophil
what type of cell is this?
plasma cell
**mast cell**
dendritic cell
basophil
neutrophil
99
what type of cartilage is this?
fibrocartilage
hyalinecartilage
elastic cartialge
where do you find this type of cartilage [2]
what type of cartilage is this?
**fibrocartilage**
hyalinecartilage
elastic cartialge
where do you find this type of cartilage [2]
**invert. discs
pubic symphysis
ligaments**
100
name this region of the intestine [1]
how can you tell [1]
**jejunum
plicae circularis**
Plicae circulares are out foldings of both the mucosa and submucosa. Projecting from these folds are numerous villi that are outfoldings of the mucosa.
101
what type of cell is pictured?
simple columnar ciliated epithelium
simple columnar epithelium
pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
what type of cell is pictured?
simple columnar ciliated epithelium
simple columnar epithelium
pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
**stratified squamous epithelium (keratinased)**
102
which part of the thymus contains blood vessels radiate into the substance of the organ?
A
B
which part of the thymus contains blood vessels radiate into the substance of the organ?
**A**
B
103
which of the following would you find pseuodstratified cells?
colon
lower urinary tract
epidermis
oesophagus
collecting tubules of kidney
nose
alveoli
which of the following would you find pseuodstratified cells?
colon
lower urinary tract
epidermis
oesophagus
collecting tubules of kidney
**nose & upper resp tract**
alveoli
104
what type of tissue is this?
proteoglycans
fibroblasts
elastin
adipocytes
collagen
what type of tissue is this?
proteoglycans
fibroblasts
**elastin**
adipocytes
collagen
105
what are joints called that are connected by:
- Dense fibrous tissue [1] and when replaced by bone? [1]
- Hyaline cartilage [1]
- Fibrocartilage [1]
what are joints called that are connected by:
- Dense fibrous tissue: **syndesmoses.** when replaced by bone: **synostoses** [1]
- Hyaline cartilage: **synchondrosis**
- Fibrocartilage: **symphyses**
106
where are the purkinje fibres located in the heart? [1]
immediately under the endocardium, before penetrating the myocardium
107
Identify the blood vessel
arteriole
venule
large vein
medium artery
medium vein
Identify the blood vessel
arteriole
venule
large vein
medium artery
**medium vein**
108
which of the following would you find simple cuboidal cells?
colon
lower urinary tract
epidermis
oesophagus
collecting tubules of kidney
nose
which of the following would you find simple cuboidal cells?
colon
lower urinary tract
epidermis
oesophagus
**collecting tubules of kidney**
nose
109
what type of cell junctions do u find in intercalated disc? [3]
fascia adherens
desmosomes
gap junctions
110
which of the following link cytoskeletons of adjacent cells to form strong cohesive epithelium? [2]
tight junction
desmosome
hemidesmosome
gap junction
adherens
which of the following link cytoskeletons of adjacent cells to form strong cohesive epithelium?
tight junction
**desmosome**
hemidesmosome
gap junction
**adhering belt / zonula adherens**
111
label a-e
112
what are the cell types / form (squamous etc) normally found in prostate gland? [1]
what are the cell types / form (squamous etc) normally found in prostate gland? [1]
**normally simple columnar - but can change to all other others**
older men have **prostatic concretions: corporoa amylacea**
113
Name the cells bordering the lumen [1]
**paneth cell**
114
seminal vesicles histology?
function?
**high folding mucosa** with primary folds folding into secondary and tertiary folds
supported by **smooth muscle & LCT**
function: contribute about 75% of volume of semen - including proteins like fructose
115
which of the following contain connexins?
tight junction
desmosome
hemidesmosome
gap junction
which of the following contain connexins?
tight junction
desmosome
hemidesmosome
**gap junction**
116
what is A?
Schmidt-Lanterman cleft
117
which of the following is an adherens molecule?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is a gap junction?
A
B
C
D
E
118
what type of cell is this?
plasma cell
mast cell
dendritic cell
basophil
neutrophil
what type of cell is this?
plasma cell
**mast cell**
dendritic cell
basophil
neutrophil
119
which of the following contain claudlins?
tight junction
desmosome
hemidesmosome
gap junction
which of the following contain claudlins?
**tight junction**
desmosome
hemidesmosome
gap junction
120
what type of tissue is this?
proteoglycans
fibroblasts
elastin
adipocytes
collagen
what type of tissue is this?
proteoglycans
fibroblasts
**elastin**
adipocytes
collagen
121
122
whats each zone? [6]
**Zone of reserve cartilage** R. This consists of typical hyaline cartilage (see Fig. 10.1) with the chondrocytes arranged in small clusters surrounded by a large amount of moderately stained matrix.
**Zone of proliferation P.** The clusters of cartilage cells undergo successive mitotic divisions to form columns of chondrocytes separated by strongly stained matrix, rich in proteoglycans.
**Zone of maturation M.** Cell division has ceased and the chondrocytes increase in size.
Zone of hypertrophy and calcification H. The chondrocytes become greatly enlarged and vacuolated and the matrix becomes calcified.
**Zone of cartilage degeneration CD**. The chondrocytes degenerate and the lacunae of the calcified matrix are invaded by osteogenic cells and capillaries from the marrow cavity of the diaphysis.
**Osteogenic zone O.** The osteogenic cells differentiate into osteoblasts which congregate on the surface of the spicules of calcified cartilage matrix where they commence bone formation. This transitional zone is known as the metaphysis.
123
which of the following contain integrins?
tight junction
desmosome
hemidesmosome
gap junction
which of the following contain integrins?
tight junction
desmosome
**hemidesmosome**
gap junction
124
is this a:
fenestrated endothelium
continous endothelium
discontinous endothelium
is this a:
fenestrated endothelium
**continous endothelium**
discontinous endothelium
125
which of the following is eoisnophil?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is eoisnophil?
**_A_**
B
C
D
E
F
126
how do you differentiate betweeen melanocytes and keratinocytes?
* *melanocytes**: smaller nucleus, cytoplasm looks like halo
* *keratinocytes**: brown looking
127
which of the following is macrophage?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is macrophage?
A
B
C
**D**
E
F
128
what is B?
proteoglycans
fibroblasts
elastin
adipocytes
collagen
what is B?
proteoglycans
fibroblasts
elastin
adipocytes
**collagen**
129
what type of cartilage is this?
fibrocartilage
hyalinecartilage
elastic cartialge
where do you find this type of cartilage [2]
what type of cartilage is this?
fibrocartilage
**hyalinecartilage**
elastic cartialge
where do you find this type of cartilage [2]
**It is found in the nasal septum, larynx, tracheal rings, most articular surfaces and the sternal ends of the ribs**
130
what is the name for intra-epidermal antigen presening cells? [1]
**langerhan cells**
131
what type of collagen is this?
type 1
type 2
type 3
type 4
type 5
what type of collagen is this?
**type 1**
type 2
type 3
type 4
type 5
132
label A-E of the lymph node
A
B
C
D
E
label A-E of the lymph node
A: subcapsular sinus (dont need to know)
B: **medulla**
C: **hilum**
D: **paracortex**
E: **trabecula**
133
which cells make collagen fibres? [1]
fibroblasts
134
which cell types do you find in the epididymis? [3]
_which cell types do you find in the epididymis? [3]_
pseudo strat columnar epi
principal cells: have s**tereocilia!!**
basal cells
135
which type of gland is this?
Simple tubular
Simple coiled tubular glands
Simple branched tubular glands
Simple acinar glands
Simple branched acinar gland
Compound branched tubular gland
Compound acinar gland
Compound tubulo-acinar gland
which type of gland is this?
Simple tubular
Simple coiled tubular glands
Simple branched tubular glands
Simple acinar glands
Simple branched acinar gland
**Compound branched tubular gland**
Compound acinar gland
Compound tubulo-acinar gland
136
label A-B of neuromuscular spindle
A: **extrafusal spindles**
B: **intrafusal spindles**
137
what is A?
proteoglycans
fibroblasts
elastin
adipocytes
collagen
what is A?
proteoglycans
**fibroblasts**
elastin
adipocytes
collagen
138
gap junctions are made of what? [1]
connexons: **is made up of six transmembrane proteins known as connexins.**
## Footnote
**that permit the passage of inorganic ions and other small molecules (approximately 1.5 nm in diameter) from the cytoplasm of one cell to another.**
139
label A-C [3]
A: **trabecular bone**
B: **compact bone**
C: **articular cartilage**
140
whats A? [1]
what type of coupling do A allow? [2]
intercalated discs
These specialised intercellular junctions provide both **mechanical** and **electrophysiological** **coupling**, allowing the cardiac myocytes to act as a **functional syncytium.**
141
which of the following is a neutrophil?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is a neutrophil?
A
B
**C**
D
E
F
142
where do you find leydig cells? [1]
what key feature do leydig cells normall have? [1]
where do you find leydig cells? [1]
**outside of seminiferous tubules**
what key feature do leydig cells normall have? [1]
**Reinke crystals: rod shaped cytoplasmic inclusions (**function unknown)
143
in smooth muscle:
what are thin filaments of actin assocaited with? [1]
what do thick filaments of myosin attach to? [1]
in smooth muscle:
what are thin filaments of actin assocaited with? [1]
**tropomyosin**
what do thick filaments of myosin attach to? [1]
**actin**
144
what type of nerve is this? how can you tell
Micrograph (e) demonstrates the ultrastructure of a **motor end plate (Neuromuscular junction**)
Note the uniform width of the primary synaptic cleft C1 and the branching nature of the numerous secondary synaptic clefts C2. The underlying cytoplasm is packed with mitochondria M. **Myofibrils Mf are seen in transverse section at the lower right of the field**
145
which of the following do you find immediately deep to tight junction?
desmosome
hemidesmosome
gap junction
adherens / zonula adherens
which of the following do you find immediately deep to tight junction?
desmosome
hemidesmosome
gap junction
**adherens / zonula adherens**
146
blood flow within the capillary bed is controlled by WHAT? [1]
blood flow within the capillary bed is controlled by **arterioles** [1] and **precapillary sphincters**
147
this micrograph illustrates smooth muscle, but where from? [1] how can u tell? [1]
tubular visceral structures: **e.g. ileum. can tell bc circular and longitudinal sections of smooth muscle that help with peristalsis**
148
what cell type makes true and false vocal cords? [1]
non k stratified squamous
149
what is A?
what is B?
what is C?
what is A: **skeletal muscle**
what is B: **skeletal muscle**
what is C: **skeletal muscle**
150
what type of tissue is outlined in black?
proteoglycans
fibroblasts
elastin
adipocytes
collagen
what type of tissue is outlined in black?
proteoglycans
fibroblasts
**elastin**
adipocytes
collagen
151
what makes cardiac and skeletal muscle striated? [1]
cardiac and skeletal muscle are arranged in **myofibrils**
152
label A-C
A: **tunica adventitia**
B: **tunica media**
C: **endothelial cell**
153
label A-C
A: **bone**
B: **nucleus pulposus**
C: **annulus fibrosus**
