Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y1 Qs > BB > Flashcards

BB Flashcards

1
Q

which of the following is the falx cerebri

A
B
C
D
​E

A

which of the following is the falx cerebri

A
B
C
D
​E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which area of the brain contains the primary motor cortex?

cerebellum
temporal
midbrain
occipital
​frontal

A

which area of the brain contains the primary motor cortex?

cerebellum
temporal
midbrain
occipital
​frontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which of the following used air vibration as its mode of operation?

​a) outer ear

b) middle ear
c) inner ear
d) central auditory NS

A

which of the following used air vibration as its mode of operation?

  • *​a) outer ear**
    b) middle ear
    c) inner ear
    d) central auditory NS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

which part of brain integrates sensory information?

cerebellum
temporal
midbrain
pariteal
occipital

A

which part of brain integrates sensory information?

cerebellum
temporal
midbrain
pariteal
occipital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

which of the following connects to the external carotid artery?

middle cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
posterior communicating artery
menigeal branch
opthalmic artery

A

which of the following connects to the external carotid artery?

middle cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
posterior communicating artery
menigeal branch
opthalmic artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

which of the following is the superior sagittal sinus?

A
B
C
D
​E

A

which of the following is the superior sagittal sinus?

A
B
C
D
​E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A 23-year-old man presents to his GP complaining of headaches and changes to his hearing. He describes unilateral hearing loss and tinnitus.

An MRI head diagnoses a vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma). There are two cranial nerves responsible for these symptoms, as they both pass through the internal acoustic meatus.

Which of the following is one of the nerves affected?

Accessory
Facial
Labyrinthine
Trigeminal
Vagus

A

A 23-year-old man presents to his GP complaining of headaches and changes to his hearing. He describes unilateral hearing loss and tinnitus.

An MRI head diagnoses a vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma). There are two cranial nerves responsible for these symptoms, as they both pass through the internal acoustic meatus.

Which of the following is one of the nerves affected?

Accessory
Facial
Labyrinthine
Trigeminal
​Vagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

which of the following influences conciousness by modulating motivation and motor activity?

noradrenaline
ACh
serotonin
dopamine
​adrenaline

A

which of the following influences conciousness by modulating motivation and motor activity?

noradrenaline
ACh
serotonin
dopamine
​adrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which of the following is attaches to the eyeball posterior to the eyeball equator?

superior rectus
inferior olbique
medial rectus
lateral rectus
superior oblique

what movement does this cause? [1]

A

which of the following is attaches to the eyeball posterior to the eyeball equator?

superior rectus
inferior olbique
medial rectus
lateral rectus
superior oblique

what movement does this cause? [1]
depression of eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which hormone causes nausea?

insulin
ghrelin
leptin
GLP-1
CCK

A

which hormone causes nausea?

insulin
ghrelin
leptin
GLP-1
CCK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

label A-C of (from the ear)

A

A: scala vestibuli
B: scala media
C: scale tympani

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

which of the lateral spinothalamic tracts causes unpleasant quality of painfulness?

PAG
mediodorsal nuclei of thalamus
ventromedial (VM) & ventroposterior (VP) of thalamus

A

which of the lateral spinothalamic tracts causes unpleasant quality of painfulness?

PAG
mediodorsal nuclei of thalamus
ventromedial (VM) & ventroposterior (VP) of thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the type of joints found between adjacent verebral bodies?

synchondrosis
symphysis
synostosis
syndesmoses

A

what are the type of joints found between adjacent verebral bodies?

synchondrosis
symphysis
synostosis
syndesmoses

Symphysial joints are where the bones are united by a layer of fibrocartilage. They are slightly movable (amphiarthrosis).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

which of the following is does not rise rapidly after a meal?

​insulin
ghrelin
leptin
GLP-1
CCK

A

which of the following is does not rise rapidly after a meal?

​insulin
ghrelin
leptin
GLP-1
CCK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

which of the following applies to Glutamate?

  • neurotransmitters only
  • neuromodulator only
  • neurotrophic factor only
  • neurotransmitters & neuromodulator
  • neurotransmitters, neuromodulator & neurotrophic factor
A

which of the following applies to Glutamate?

  • neurotransmitters only
  • neuromodulator only
  • neurotrophic factor only
  • *- neurotransmitters & neuromodulator**
  • neurotransmitters, neuromodulator & neurotrophic factor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is A?

infundibulum
falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
tentorial notch
falx cerebelli

A

what is A?

infundibulum
​falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
tentorial notch
falx cerebelli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

which of the following is the lateral ventricle?

A
B
C
D
​E

A

which of the following is the lateral ventricle?

A
B
C
D
​E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

where do you find the spinothalamic tract

pons
midbrain
medulla

A

where do you find the spinothalamic tract

pons
midbrain
medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

which of the following is where internal cues (such as blood hormones are detected) when controlling hunger?

lateral hypthalamic nucleus
arcuate nucleus
periventricular nucleus
supraoptic nucleus
paraventricular nucleus

A

which of the following is where internal cues (such as blood hormones are detected) when controlling hunger?

lateral hypthalamic nucleus
arcuate nucleus
periventricular nucleus
supraoptic nucleus
paraventricular nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

which of the following provide physical & metabolic support for the neurons

oligodendrocytes
ependymal
astrocytes
microglial
schwann

A

which of the following provide physical & metabolic support for the neurons

oligodendrocytes
ependymal
astrocytes
microglial
schwann

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does this describe: ‘when a muscle is stretched, this change in length is transmitted to the spindles and their intrafusal fibers which are subsequently similarly stretched’ [1]

A

muscle length detector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

which of the following transports information to the occipital lobe?

medial longitudinal fasciculi
lateral geniculate pathway
tectonate pathway
meyers loop
optic nerve

A

which of the following transports information to the occipital lobe?

medial longitudinal fasciculi
lateral geniculate pathway
tectonate pathway
meyers loop
optic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

which of the following best matches the afferent and efferent CNs for blink reflex

  1. afferent = CN 2, efferent = CN 3
  2. afferent = CN 2, efferent = CN 4
  3. afferent = CN 5, efferent = CN 3
  4. afferent = CN 5, efferent = CN 7
  5. afferent = CN 2, efferent = CN 7
A

which of the following best matches the afferent and efferent CNs for blink reflex

  1. afferent = CN 2, efferent = CN 3
  2. afferent = CN 2, efferent = CN 4
  3. afferent = CN 5, efferent = CN 3
    * *4. afferent = CN 5, efferent = CN 7**
  4. afferent = CN 2, efferent = CN 5
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

which of the following is the olive?

A
B
C
D
E

A

which of the following is the olive?

A
B
C
D
E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

which of the following is a free nerve ending?

A
B
C
D
E

A

which of the following is a free nerve ending?

A
B
C
D
E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

MESS questions:

  1. Schizophrenia occurs because of an excess of which neurotransmitter?
  2. Name 2 side effects of antipsychotics
A
  1. Schizophrenia occurs because of an excess of which neurotransmitter?
    * *Dopamine**
  2. Name 2 side effects of antipsychotics
    * *Extrapyramidal effects – acute dystonia, parkinsonism’s, tardive dyskinesia. Hyperprolactinaemia**
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

which part of the brainstem in this?

  • midbrain
  • pons
  • open medulla
  • closed medulla
A

which part of the brainstem in this?

  • midbrain
  • pons
  • open medulla
  • closed medulla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the difference between open and closed angle glaucoma? [2]

A

Open angle Glaucoma: flow reduced due to degeneration and obstruction of trabecular meshwork.

Closed Angle Glaucoma: iridocorneal angle is completely closed. Flow of fluid inside the eye cannot pass through the canal of Schlemm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

which of the following is inhibited by prolactin inhbiting factor?

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin (PL)
Lutenising hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Growth hormone (GH)

A

which of the following is inhibited by prolactin inhbiting factor?

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin (PL)
Lutenising hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Growth hormone (GH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is highlighted here? [1]

A

superior petrosal sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

which of the following would be used to ischaemic stroke ?

​
CT venogram
plain CT head
CT angiography
CT perfusion
MRI

A

which of the following would be used to ischaemic stroke ?

​
CT venogram
plain CT head
CT angiography
CT perfusion
MRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

which of the following is the ligamaentum flavum?

A
B
C
D
E
​F

A

which of the following is the ligamaentum flavum?

A
B
C
D
E
​F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

A 44-year-old gentleman presents to the emergency department having been hit by a car while crossing the road. The paramedics tell you that he was fully conscious at the scene, but while travelling in the ambulance his consciousness level seemed to deteriorate. He is now responsive to voice but is only responding in single words. After stabilising the patient, you request an urgent CT scan of the head. This shows the patient has an extradural haemorrhage. A common cause of extradural haemorrhage is rupture of the middle meningeal artery. The middle meningeal artery runs along the deep surface of the cranium, with its anterior division running close to which of the following points on the cranium?

Pterion
Asterion
Lambda
Bregma
Nasion

A

A 44-year-old gentleman presents to the emergency department having been hit by a car while crossing the road. The paramedics tell you that he was fully conscious at the scene, but while travelling in the ambulance his consciousness level seemed to deteriorate. He is now responsive to voice but is only responding in single words. After stabilising the patient, you request an urgent CT scan of the head. This shows the patient has an extradural haemorrhage. A common cause of extradural haemorrhage is rupture of the middle meningeal artery. The middle meningeal artery runs along the deep surface of the cranium, with its anterior division running close to which of the following points on the cranium?

Pterion
Asterion
Lambda
Bregma
​Nasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Label A-D

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

which of the following is a merkels disc?

A
B
C
D
E

A

which of the following is a merkels disc?

A
B
C
D
E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what structure is this?

pons
medulla oblongata
brainstem
hypothalamus
fasciculus gracilis

A

what structure is this?

pons
medulla oblongata
brainstem
hypothalamus
fasciculus gracilis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

which of the following are used for motor to skeletal muscle?

Aα
Aβ
Aγ
Aδ
C

A

which of the following are used for motor to skeletal muscle?

Aα
Aβ
Aγ
Aδ
C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Which layer of the eye provides nourishment to the retina?

retina
choroid layer
sclera
cornea
macula

A

Which layer of the eye provides nourishment to the retina?

retina
choroid layer
sclera
cornea
macula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

which of the following has the corticospinal tracts in ?

A
B
C
D
E

A

which of the following has the corticospinal tracts in ?

A
B
C
D: cerebral peduncles
​E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

which of these CN does not come from the pons?

trigeminal
vestibulochoclear
oculomotor
abducent
​facial

A

which of these CN does not come from the pons?

trigeminal
vestibulochoclear
oculomotor
abducent
facial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

which of the lateral spinothalamic tracts causes arousal & attention to pain?

PAG
mediodorsal nuclei of thalamus
ventromedial (VM) & ventroposterior (VP) of thalamus

A

which of the lateral spinothalamic tracts causes arousal & attention to pain?

PAG
mediodorsal nuclei of thalamus
ventromedial (VM) & ventroposterior (VP) of thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

which part of the eye do the extraocular muscles attach to?

iris
retina
cornea
lens
sclera
choriod

A

which part of the eye do the extraocular muscles attach to?

iris
retina
cornea
lens
sclera
choriod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

which of the following are substrates for ABC transporters, which typically undergo drug efflux and restricts the brains uptake of drugs?

anti-deppresive
anti-addictive
anti-schizophrenic
anti-epileptic
anti-parkinson

A

which of the following are substrates for ABC transporters, which typically undergo drug efflux and restricts the brains uptake of drugs?

anti-deppresive
anti-addictive
anti-schizophrenic
anti-epileptic
anti-parkinson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

which of the following is activated by la muscle spindle afferent

alpha motor neuron
beta motor neuron
delta motor neuron
gamma motor neuron

A

alpha motor neuron
beta motor neuron
delta motor neuron
gamma motor neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

the upper limb & face somatosensory and motor cortices are provided by which artery?

ICA
MCA
ACA
Basilar A
​PCA

A

the upper limb & face somatosensory and motor cortices are provided by which artery?

ICA
MCA
ACA
Basilar A
​PCA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

convergence is mediated by which extraoculomotor muscle?

superior rectus
inferior rectus
lateral rectus
medial rectus
superior oblique

A

convergence is mediated by which extraoculomotor muscle?

superior rectus
inferior rectus
lateral rectus
medial rectus
superior oblique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

which of the following would be used to detect aneurysms?

​
CT venogram
plain CT head
CT angiography
CT perfusion
MRI

A

which of the following would be used to detect aneurysms?

​
CT venogram
plain CT head
CT angiography
CT perfusion
MRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what are A & B?

A

A: ethmoid sinus
B: sphenoid sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

which foramen is this?

foramen ovale
foramen spinosum
Internal acoustic meatus
Foramen lacerum
​Carotid canal

A

which foramen is this?

foramen ovale
foramen spinosum
Internal acoustic meatus
Foramen lacerum
​Carotid canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

which sinus is this?

Superior sagital sinus
Inferior sagital sinus
Straight sinus
Confluence of sinuses
Transverse sinuses
Sigmoid sinuses

A

which sinus is this?

Superior sagital sinus
Inferior sagital sinus
Straight sinus
Confluence of sinuses
Transverse sinuses
Sigmoid sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

An 18-year-old male presents to casualty with a depressed skull fracture. This is managed surgically. Over the next few days he complains of double vision on walking down stairs and reading. On testing ocular convergence, the left eye faces downwards and medially, but the right side does not do so. Which of the nerves listed below is most likely to be responsible?

Facial
Oculomotor
Abducens
Trochlear
Trigeminal

A

An 18-year-old male presents to casualty with a depressed skull fracture. This is managed surgically. Over the next few days he complains of double vision on walking down stairs and reading. On testing ocular convergence, the left eye faces downwards and medially, but the right side does not do so. Which of the nerves listed below is most likely to be responsible?

Facial
Oculomotor
Abducens
Trochlear
​Trigeminal

The trochlear nerve has a relatively long intracranial course and this makes it vulnerable to injury in head trauma. Head trauma is the commonest cause of an acute fourth nerve palsy. A 4th nerve palsy is the commonest cause of a vertical diplopia. The diplopia is at its worst when the eye looks medially which it usually does as part of the accommodation reflex when walking down stairs.

DiscussImprove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

when GABA binds to GABAa receptor, a change occurs to the receptor. which ion can then subsequenlty move into the CNS cell?

Na-
K+
Ca2+
Cl-
H+

A

when GABA binds to GABAa receptor, a change occurs to the receptor. which ion can then subsequenlty move into the CNS cell?

Na-
K+
Ca2+
Cl-
​H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

which are the 4 main plexi of the spinal cord? [4]

A

which are the 4 main plexi of the spinal cord? [4]

cervical, brachial, lumbar and sacral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

which of the following glial cells main role is to modulate K+, water and neurotransmitters in CNS

satellite cells
microglial cells
​astrocyte
ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes

A

which of the following glial cells main role is to modulate K+, water and neurotransmitters in CNS

satellite cells
microglial cells
​astrocyte
ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

which sinus do most cerebral veins drain into?

straight sinus
transverse sinus
superior saggital sinus
inferior saggital sinus
sigmoid sinus

A

which sinus do most cerebral veins drain into?

straight sinus
transverse sinus
superior saggital sinus
inferior saggital sinus
sigmoid sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what type of cells are surrounding the cell bodies?

satellite
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
schwann
ependymal

A

what type of cells are surrounding the cell bodies?

satellite
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
schwann
ependymal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

the majority of neurons in reticular formation use what type of NTs?

Ach
glutamate
gaba
monoamines (e.g. dopamine)
NO

A

the majority of neurons in reticular formation use what type of NTs?

Ach
glutamate
gaba
monoamines (e.g. dopamine)
NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

which spinal tract carries vibration

Cortiocspinal
DCML
Spinothalamic
Spinocerebellar

A

which spinal tract carries vibration

Cortiocspinal
DCML
Spinothalamic
Spinocerebellar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

contraction of which of the following maintains muscle tension?

alpha motor neuron
beta motor neuron
delta motor neuron
gamma motor neuron

A

contraction of which of the following maintains muscle tension?
​
alpha motor neuron
beta motor neuron
delta motor neuron
gamma motor neuron - contraction of intrafusal muscle fibres maintains tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

which of the following glial cells are attacked by antibodies in MS?

satellite cells
microglial cells
​astrocyte
ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes

A

which of the following glial cells are attacked by antibodies in MS?

satellite cells
microglial cells
​astrocyte
ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

which motor neuron activates extrafusal muscle fibres?

alpha motor neuron
beta motor neuron
delta motor neuron
gamma motor neuron

A

which motor neuron activates extrafusal muscle fibres?

alpha motor neuron
beta motor neuron
delta motor neuron
gamma motor neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

which CN carriers motor innervation to the muscles of mastication?

trigeminal nerve
facial nerve
vagus nerve
hypoglossal nerve
glossopharyngeal nerve

A

which CN carriers motor innervation to the muscles of mastication?

trigeminal nerve
facial nerve
vagus nerve
hypoglossal nerve
glossopharyngeal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

which of the following are rapidly-adapting, encapsulated neurons that responds to low-frequency vibrations and fine touch;

Ruffini endings
Pacinian corpuscles
Meissner’s corpuscles
Merkel’s disk

A

which of the following are rapidly-adapting, encapsulated neurons that responds to low-frequency vibrations and fine touch;

Ruffini endings
Pacinian corpuscles
Meissner’s corpuscles
Merkel’s disk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

which of the following is the tentorium cerebellum?

A
B
C
D
​E

A

which of the following is the tentorium cerebellum?

A
B
C
D
​E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

which part of cerebellum causes skilled motor tasks?

a) vestibulo-cerebellum
b) spino-cerebellum
c) cerebro-cerebellum

A

which part of cerebellum causes skilled motor tasks?

a) vestibulo-cerebellum
b) spino-cerebellum
* *c) cerebro-cerebellum**

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

which of the following is the retina?

A
B
C
D
E
F

A

which of the following is the retina?

A
B
C
D
E
F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

which of the following extraocular muscles is not innervated by the oculomotor nerve?

superior rectus
superior oblique
inferior oblique
medial rectus

A

which of the following extraocular muscles is not innervated by the oculomotor nerve?

superior rectus
superior oblique
inferior oblique
medial rectus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

dural venous sinuses are found in:

dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater
subarachnoid space
between bone and dura mater

A

dural venous sinuses are found in:

dura mater: betweeen periosteal and meningeal layer
arachnoid
pia mater
subarachnoid space
​between bone and dura mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

which of these CN does not come from the midbrain?

olfactory,
trochlea
optic
oculomotor
abducent

A

which of these CN does not come from the midbrain?

olfactory,
trochlea
optic
oculomotor
abducent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

A patient is experiencing numbness across the lateral aspect of their shoulder, what spinal level do you think the injury is at?

T1
T2
C6
C5
C7

A

A patient is experiencing numbness across the lateral aspect of their shoulder, what spinal level do you think the injury is at?

T1
T2
C6
C5
C7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

which neck triangle would you find the thryoid and parathyroid glands?

Submandibular/digastric
carotid triangle
muscular
​submental

A

which neck triangle would you find the thryoid and parathyroid glands?

Submandibular/digastric
carotid triangle
muscular
​submental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

roots of the ansa cervicalis?

C1-C2
C1-C3
C1-C4
C1-C5
C1-C6

A

roots of the ansa cervicalis?

C1-C2
C1-C3
C1-C4
C1-C5
​C1-C6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

which of these CN does not come from the medulla oblongata?

glossopharyngeal
accessory
hypoglossal
trochlear
vagus

A

which of these CN does not come from the medulla oblongata?

glossopharyngeal
accessory
hypoglossal
trochlear
vagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

which artery provides blood to the midbrain & thalamus

PICA
AICA
superior cerebllar artery
pons
​posterior cerebral artery

A

which artery provides blood to the midbrain & thalamus
​
PICA
AICA
superior cerebllar artery
pons
​posterior cerebral artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

which of the following would you use to differentiate between salvgeable ischameic brain from infarcted brain?

CT venogram
plain CT head
CT angiography
CT perfusion
MRI

A

which of the following would you use to differentiate between salvgeable ischameic brain from infarcted brain?

CT venogram
plain CT head
CT angiography
CT perfusion
MRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

which neck triangle would you find the facial artery and vein branches?

Submandibular/digastric
carotid triangle
muscular
​submental

A

which neck triangle would you find the facial artery and vein branches?

Submandibular/digastric
carotid triangle
muscular
​submental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q
A

The visualised ventricles are enlarged - this is known as hydrocephalus (or ventriculomegaly).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

which location in the eye is the location of maximal photoreceptor density?

optic disc
macula
iris
lens
​retina

A

which location in the eye is the location of maximal photoreceptor density?

optic disc
macula
iris
lens
​retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What has caused this visual field defect?

Pituitary adenoma
Haemorrhagic stroek
Ischaemic stroke
Meningitis
Cerebellar tumour

A

What has caused this visual field defect?

Pituitary adenoma
Haemorrhagic stroek
Ischaemic stroke
Meningitis
​Cerebellar tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

tumours in which space raise intercranial pressure and may cause herniation of the temporal lobe, especially the uncus?

falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
tentorial notch
falx cerebelli
infundibulum

A

tumours in which space raise intercranial pressure and may cause herniation of the temporal lobe (uncus)?

falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
tentorial notch
falx cerebelli
infundibulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

label A & B

A

A: outer sensory cells
B: inner sensory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

which sinus is this?

Superior sagital sinus
Inferior sagital sinus
Straight sinus
Confluence of sinuses
Transverse sinuses
Sigmoid sinuses

A

which sinus is this?

Superior sagital sinus
Inferior sagital sinus
Straight sinus
Confluence of sinuses
Transverse sinuses
Sigmoid sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

MESS:

* what are the role of basal ganglia? [3] *

A

Motor Program switching

Inhibit antagonistic and unnecessary movement

Role in attention and cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

which of the following lies either side of the thalamus?

  • third ventricle
  • fourth ventricle
  • midbrain
  • corpus callosum
  • lateral ventricles
A

which of the following lies either side of the thalamus?

  • *- third ventricle**
  • fourth ventricle
  • midbrain
  • corpus callosum
  • lateral ventricles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

which of the following would do you take an lumbar puncture from from? [1]

A
B
C
D

A

which of the following would do you take an lumbar puncture from from? [1]

A
B
C
D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Why might lumbar puncture be more challenging in a young child? [1]

A

Why might lumbar puncture be more challenging in a young child? [1]

Acceptable responses: spinal cord lower, the spinal cord ends lower down, the spinal cord travels further down the vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

which of the following are slow adapting, encapsulated receptors that respond to skin stretch
​
Ruffini endings
Pacinian corpuscles
Meissner’s corpuscles
Merkel’s disk

A

which of the following are slow adapting, encapsulated receptors that respond to skin stretch
​
Ruffini endings
Pacinian corpuscles
Meissner’s corpuscles
Merkel’s disk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

what is D?

middle cerebral artery
basilar artery
posterior cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
internal carotid artery

A

what is C?

middle cerebral artery
basilar artery
posterior cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
​internal carotid artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

which of the following is the muscular division of anterior triangle?

A
B
C
D

A

which of the following is the muscular division of anterior triangle?

A
B
C
D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

which neck triangle would you find the vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal, cervical sympathetic trunk, Ansa cervicalis?

Submandibular/digastric
carotid triangle
muscular
​submental

A

which neck triangle would you find the vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal, cervical sympathetic trunk, Ansa cervicalis?

Submandibular/digastric
carotid triangle
muscular
​submental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

damage to which of the following would meaningful but abbrievated, ungrammatical speech

angular gyrus
arcuate fasiculus
broca’s area
​wernickes area

A

damage to which of the following would meaningful but abbrievated, ungrammatical speech
​
angular gyrus
arcuate fasiculus
broca’s area
​wernickes area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

A patient is taken into the emergency department with an aneurysm of the posterior communicating artery. One of their signs on presentation is a fixed dilation of the pupils. This is thought to be due to the aneurysm compressing one of the cranial nerves.

Which cranial nerve palsy is responsible for this presentation?

Olfactory
Optic
Opthalmalic
Oculomotor
Trochlear

A

A patient is taken into the emergency department with an aneurysm of the posterior communicating artery. One of their signs on presentation is a fixed dilation of the pupils. This is thought to be due to the aneurysm compressing one of the cranial nerves.

Which cranial nerve palsy is responsible for this presentation?

Olfactory
Optic
Opthalmalic
Oculomotor:

The oculomotor nerve is responsible for the pupillary sphincter​
​Trochlear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

which of the following is best described by ‘‘ayer of CT and BVs. Provides nourishment to the outer layers of the retina.’

iris
cornea
lens
sclera
choriod

A

which of the following is best described by ‘‘layer of CT and BVs. Provides nourishment to the outer layers of the retina.’

iris
cornea
lens
sclera
choriod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

which is the largest cranial nerve?

opthamalic
VN
trigeminal
optic
glosspharnyngeal

A

which is the largest cranial nerve?

opthamalic
VN
trigeminal
optic
glosspharnyngeal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

which of the following is the iris?

A
B
C
D
E
F

A

which of the following is the iris?

A
B
C
D
E
F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

which part of the brainstem is the choroidal artery associated with?

midbrain
pons
medulla

A

which part of the brainstem is the choroidal artery associated with?

midbrain
pons
​medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

A 42-year-old female presents to the GP with her husband. She tells that over the past four months she has been suffering with dryness in both eyes. You suspect this may be due to an impairment of the gland responsible for tear production.

What is the venous drainage of this gland?

Anterior facial vein
Basicil vein
Retromandibular vein
Superior opthalmic vein
Inferior mesenteric vein

A

A 42-year-old female presents to the GP with her husband. She tells that over the past four months she has been suffering with dryness in both eyes. You suspect this may be due to an impairment of the gland responsible for tear production.

What is the venous drainage of this gland?

Anterior facial vein
Basicil vein
Retromandibular vein
Superior opthalmic vein
Inferior mesenteric vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

which of the following mediates neck flexes triggered by seen objects?

medial longitudinal fasciculi
lateral geniculate pathway
tectonate pathway
meyers loop
optic nerve

A

which of the following mediates neck flexes triggered by seen objects?

medial longitudinal fasciculi
lateral geniculate pathway
tectonate pathway
meyers loop
optic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

which of the following increases release of monoamines?

ketamine
cocaine
heroin
nicotine
ecstasy

A

which of the following increases release of monoamines?

ketamine
cocaine
heroin
nicotine
ecstasy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

what is A?

middle cerebral artery
basilar artery
posterior cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
internal carotid artery

A

what is A?

middle cerebral artery
basilar artery
posterior cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
internal carotid artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

which of the following inhibits uptake of monoamines?

ketamine
cocaine
heroin
nicotine
ecstasy

A

which of the following inhibits uptake of monoamines?

ketamine
cocaine
heroin
nicotine
ecstasy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

which artery provides blood to the dorsal medullar of midbrain?

PICA
AICA
superior cerebllar artery
pons
​posterior cerebral artery

A

which artery provides blood to the dorsal medullar of midbrain?
​
PICA
AICA
superior cerebllar artery
pons
​posterior cerebral artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

Where on the diagram would you find this lesion?

1
2
3
4
5

A

Where on the diagram would you find this lesion?

1
2
3
4
5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

which of the following is the masseter?

A
B
C
D
E
F
​G

A

which of the following is the masseter?

A
B
C
D
E
F
​G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

Which of the following is A?

Pons
Medulla
Cerebral aquaduct
Fourth ventricle
Midbrain

A

Which of the following is A?

​Pons
Medulla
Cerebral aquaduct
Fourth ventricle
Midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

which of the following are are rapidly-adapting, deep receptors that respond to deep pressure and high-frequency vibration.

Ruffini endings
Pacinian corpuscles
Meissner’s corpuscles
Merkel’s disk

A

which of the following are are rapidly-adapting, deep receptors that respond to deep pressure and high-frequency vibration.
​
Ruffini endings
Pacinian corpuscles
Meissner’s corpuscles
Merkel’s disk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

which muscle does the abducens innervate?

superior rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus
inferior oblique
inferior rectus

A

which muscle does the abducens innervate?

superior rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus
inferior oblique
inferior rectus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

which part of the neuron is the site of most of synaptic inputs?

dendrite
cell body
axon
​axon terminal

A

which part of the neuron is the site of most of synaptic inputs?

dendrite
cell body
axon
​axon terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

From which of these foraminae does the opthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve exit the skull?

Foramen ovale
Foramen rotundum
Foramen spinosum
Superior orbital fissure
Foreman magnum

A

From which of these foraminae does the opthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve exit the skull?

Foramen ovale
Foramen rotundum
Foramen spinosum
Superior orbital fissure
Foreman magnum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Which structure is at risk of compression by a very posteriorly displaced dens?

A

Which structure is at risk of compression by a very posteriorly displaced dens?
spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

which artery supplies the spinal tract of spinothalamic?

anterior spinal artery
posterior spinal artery

A

which artery supplies the spinal tract of spinothalamic?

anterior spinal artery
posterior spinal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

The thalamus acts as a relay for sensory information entering the cortex from the peripheries. Which of the following nucleus of the thalamus is responsible for conveying auditory input from the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII) to the primary auditory cortex?

Ventro-posterior medial nucleus
Ventro-posterior lateral nucleus
Ventral anterior nucleus
Medial geniculate nucleus
Lateral geniculate nucleus

A

The thalamus acts as a relay for sensory information entering the cortex from the peripheries. Which of the following nucleus of the thalamus is responsible for conveying auditory input from the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII) to the primary auditory cortex?

Ventro-posterior medial nucleus
Ventro-posterior lateral nucleus
Ventral anterior nucleus
Medial geniculate nucleus
Lateral geniculate nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

Mechanism of action of cocaine and ecstasy?

What is the MOA of disulfiram and how would you classify this therapy?

A

Mechanism of action of cocaine and ecstasy?
Ecstasy – increases release of monoamines
Cocaine – inhibits reuptake of monoamines

What is the MOA of disulfiram and how would you classify this therapy?

Aversion therapy
Inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase – build up of acetaldehyde

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

which of the following CN are involved with extraocular muscle movement?

oculumotor (III), trigeminal (V), abducens (IV)
oculumotor (III), trochlear (IV), abducens (IV)
oculumotor (III), trigeminal (V), abducens (IV)
oculumotor (III), abducens (IV), optic (II)
optic (II), trigeminal (V), abducens (IV)

A

which of the following CN are involved with extraocular muscle movement?

oculumotor (III), trigeminal (V), abducens (IV)
oculumotor (III), trochlear (IV), abducens (IV)
oculumotor (III), trigeminal (V), abducens (IV)
oculumotor (III), abducens (IV), optic (II)
optic (II), trigeminal (V), abducens (IV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

which artery provides blood to the midbrain & thalamus

PICA
AICA
superior cerebllar artery
pons
​posterior cerebral artery

A

which artery provides blood to the midbrain & thalamus
​
PICA
AICA
superior cerebllar artery
pons
​posterior cerebral artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

which structure seperates the cerebral hemispheres?

falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
anterior cranial fossa
brainstem
corpus callosum

A

which structure seperates the cerebral hemispheres?
​
falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
anterior cranial fossa
brainstem
corpus callosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

which of the following is not located in the sphenoid bone?

jugular foramen
stylomastoid foramen
superior orbital fissure
foramen rotundum
foramen ovale

A

which of the following is not located in the sphenoid bone?

jugular foramen: temporal bone
stylomastoid foramen
superior orbital fissure
foramen rotundum
​foramen ovale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

While on placement in the ear nose and throat department, you are asked to do a presentation on the boundaries of the oral cavity. What structure is the roof formed off? [1]

A

Maxillabone (2/3) & palatine bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

which bones make up the anterior cranial fossa? [3]
which lobe of brain lies in the anterior cranial fossa? [1]

which bones make up the middle cranial fossa? [3]
which lobe of brain lies in the middle cranial fossa? [2]

which bones make up the posterior cranial fossa? [4]
which lobe of brain lies in the posterior cranial fossa? [1]

A

which bones make up the anterior cranial fossa? [3]
frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid
which lobe of brain lies in the anterior cranial fossa? [1]
frontal lobe

which bones make up the middle cranial fossa? [3]
sphenoid, temporal and parietal
which lobe of brain lies in the middle cranial fossa? [1]
temporal lobes & pituitaury gland

which bones make up the posterior cranial fossa? [4]
sphenoid, parietal, temporal and occipital
which lobe of brain lies in the posterior cranial fossa? [1]
cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

which of the following supplies the medial side of frontal and parietal lobes?

middle cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
posterior communicating artery
menigeal branch
opthalmic artery

A

which of the following supplies the medial side of frontal and parietal lobes?

middle cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
posterior communicating artery
menigeal branch
opthalmic artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

which of the following is released by gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin (PL)
Lutenising hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Growth hormone (GH)

A

which of the following is released by gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin (PL)
Lutenising hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Growth hormone (GH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

Epidural needle is inserted into:

  • space between arachnoid mater and pia mater
  • space between dura mater and arachnoid
  • space between arachnoid and pia mater
  • space between vertebrae and dura mater
  • into the spinal cord
A

Epidural needle is inserted into:

  • space between arachnoid mater and pia mater
  • space between dura mater and arachnoid
  • space between arachnoid and pia mater
  • *- space between vertebrae and dura mater**
  • into the spinal cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

which of the following is really spread out in the midbrain?

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus
Spinocerebellar
Cortiocospinal
Spinothalamic

A

which of the following is really spread out in the midbrain?

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus
Spinocerebellar
Cortiocospinal
Spinothalamic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

which ascending spinal tract exclusively carries sensory nerves on the ipsilateral side of the spinal cord?

anterior spinocerebellar
spinothalamic
gracile fasciculus
cuneate fasciculus
posterior spinocerebellar

A

which ascending spinal tract exclusively carries sensory nerves on the ipsilateral side of the spinal cord?

anterior spinocerebellar
spinothalamic
gracile fasciculus
cuneate fasciculus
posterior spinocerebellar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

A General Practitioner performs an eye examination to a 44-year-old lady. When shining a light on the left eye, the direct pupillary reflex is normal while the consensual response of the right eye is absent. Direct and consensual reflexes are normal when the light is shone into the right eye.

Where is the most likely site of the lesion?

Right retectal nucleus
Left optic nerve
Right Edinger-Westphal nucleus
Left Edinger-Westphal nucleus
Left pretectal nucleus

A

A General Practitioner performs an eye examination to a 44-year-old lady. When shining a light on the left eye, the direct pupillary reflex is normal while the consensual response of the right eye is absent. Direct and consensual reflexes are normal when the light is shone into the right eye.

Where is the most likely site of the lesion?

Right retectal nucleus
Left optic nerve
Right Edinger-Westphal nucleus
Left Edinger-Westphal nucleus
Left pretectal nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

which of the following will show localised pain?

corticospinal tract
anterior spinothalamic tract
posterior spinothalamic tract
lateral reticulospinal tract
medial reticulospinal tract

A

which of the following will show localised pain?

corticospinal tract
anterior spinothalamic tract
posterior spinothalamic tract
lateral reticulospinal tract
medial reticulospinal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

which of the following is caused by relaxtion of the arteynoid muscles?

normal respiration
deep respiration
phonation
whispering

A

which of the following is caused by relaxtion of the arteynoid muscles?

normal respiration
deep respiration
phonation
whispering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

what type of imaging is this?

CT venogram
PET scan
CT angiography
CT perfusion
MRI

A

what type of imaging is this?

CT venogram
PET scan
CT angiography
CT perfusion
MRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

which artery is a branch of the ICA that occurs in the cavernous sinus?

middle cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
posterior communicating artery
menigeal branch
opthalmic artery

A

which artery is a branch of the ICA that occurs in the cavernous sinus?

middle cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
posterior communicating artery
menigeal branch
opthalmic artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

which of the lateral spinothalamic tracts causes perception of pain?

PAG
mediodorsal nuclei of thalamus
ventromedial (VM) & ventroposterior (VP) of thalamus

A

which of the lateral spinothalamic tracts causes perception of pain?

PAG
mediodorsal nuclei of thalamus
ventromedial (VM) & ventroposterior (VP) of thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

which following muscles is innervated the the abducent CN?

superior rectus
inferior rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus
inferior oblique

A

which following muscles is innervated the the abducent CN?

superior rectus
inferior rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus
inferior oblique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

which CN nerve motor innervates the lateral rectus nerve?

optic nerve
oculomotor
trochlea
abducent
vagus

A

which CN nerve motor innervates the lateral rectus nerve?

optic nerve
oculomotor
trochlea
abducent
​vagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
138
Q

which part of the brain helps distinguish left from right?

occipital lobe
frontal lobe
temporal lobe
parietal lobe
brain stem

A

which part of the brain helps distinguish left from right?

occipital lobe
frontal lobe
temporal lobe
parietal lobe
brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
139
Q

the spinal cord terminates at the:

cauda equina
filum terminale
conus medullaris
foramen magnum
1st coccygeal vert

A

the spinal cord terminates at the:

cauda equina
filum terminale
conus medullaris
foramen magnum
1st coccygeal vert

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
140
Q

Which meningeal space is targeted in lumbar puncture? [1]

A

Which meningeal space is targeted in lumbar puncture? [1]

Acceptable responses: subarachnoid space, subarachnoid, csf space, csf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
141
Q

which PNS cells ensure the rapid conduction of nerve impulses?

oligodendrocytes
ependymal
astrocytes
satellite cells
schwann cells

A

which PNS cells ensure the rapid conduction of nerve impulses?

oligodendrocytes
ependymal
astrocytes
satellite cells
schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
142
Q

A 19-year-old man is involved in a high-speed collision on a motorway. He sustains a head injury and is brought into hospital, intubated and ventilated, and undergoes a computed tomography (CT) scan of his head.

The scan shows an area of cerebral hemisphere being forced inferiorly towards the brainstem. This is reported by the radiologist as ‘uncal herniation’.

Through what structure, made of dura mater, is the brain herniating?

Falx cerebelli
Falx cerebri
Sella diaphragm
Tentorium cereblli
Trigeminal cave

A

A 19-year-old man is involved in a high-speed collision on a motorway. He sustains a head injury and is brought into hospital, intubated and ventilated, and undergoes a computed tomography (CT) scan of his head.

The scan shows an area of cerebral hemisphere being forced inferiorly towards the brainstem. This is reported by the radiologist as ‘uncal herniation’.

Through what structure, made of dura mater, is the brain herniating?

Falx cerebelli
Falx cerebri
Sella diaphragm
Tentorium cereblli
​Trigeminal cave

The tentorium cerebelli of the dura mater separates the occipital lobes from cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
143
Q

which part of the spinal cord is only seen at the thoraco / lumbar level?

posterior horn of grey
lateral horn of grey
posterior funiculus
lateral funiculus
anterior horn of grey

A

which part of the spinal cord is only seen at the thoraco / lumbar level?

posterior horn of grey
lateral horn of grey
posterior funiculus
lateral funiculus
anterior horn of grey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
144
Q

which tract does pinprick test?

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus
Spinocerebellar
Cortiocospinal
Spinothalamic

A

which tract does pinprick test?

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus
Spinocerebellar
Cortiocospinal
Spinothalamic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
145
Q

damage to which of the following would cause fluent, but meaningless speech in a patient?

angular gyrus
arcuate fasiculus
broca’s area
wernickes area

A

damage to which of the following would cause fluent, but meaningless speech in a patient?

angular gyrus
arcuate fasiculus
broca’s area
​wernickes area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
146
Q

what are the three cellular layers of blood brain barrier? [3]

A

tigh junctions of the endothelial cells
continous endothelial basal lamina (pericytes)
end foot processes of astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
147
Q

which of the following provide myelin in CNS

oligodendrocytes
ependymal
astrocytes
microglial
schwann

A

which of the following provide myelin in CNS
​
oligodendrocytes
ependymal
astrocytes
microglial
schwann

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
148
Q

which of the following glial cells making neurotrophic factors?

satellite cells
schwann cells
astrocyte
ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes

A

which of the following glial cells making neurotrophic factors?

satellite cells
schwann cells
astrocyte
ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
149
Q

which neck triangle would you find the common carotid artery bifurcation?

Submandibular/digastric
carotid triangle
muscular
submental

A

which neck triangle would you find the common carotid artery bifurcation?

Submandibular/digastric
carotid triangle
muscular
​submental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
150
Q

which of the following is best described by ‘initiation and maintenence of movements, contains motor programs ‘

cerebellum
lower motor neuron
basal ganglia
upper motor neuron

A

which of the following is best described by ‘initiation and maintenence of movements, contains motor programs ‘

cerebellum
lower motor neuron
basal ganglia
upper motor neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
151
Q

which of the following provides parasympathetic innervation to lacrimal gland?

trigeminal (V)
Abducens (VI)
Facial (VII)
Vestibulochoclear (CN VIII)

A

which of the following provides parasympathetic innervation to lacrimal gland?

trigeminal (V)
Abducens (VI)
Facial (VII)
Vestibulochoclear (CN VIII)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
152
Q

which of the following helps to maintain the environment around the neuronal body in the ganglion

oligodendrocytes
ependymal
astrocytes
satellite cells
schwann cells

A

which of the following helps to maintain the environment around the neuronal body in the ganglion

​oligodendrocytes
ependymal
astrocytes
satellite cells
schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
153
Q

which part of the sphenoid does pituitary gland sit it?

anterior clinoid process
greater wing
superior orbital fissure
sella turcicia
posterior clinoid process

A

which part of the sphenoid does pituitary gland sit it?

anterior clinoid process
greater wing
superior orbital fissure
sella turcicia
posterior clinoid process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
154
Q

what is C?

corpus callosum
lateral ventricles
third ventricle
thalamus
hypothalamus

A

what is C?

corpus callosum
lateral ventricles
third ventricle
thalamus
hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
155
Q

which of the following is best described as ‘disruption of the axons, resulting from severe crush or contusion’

neurapraxia
axonotmesis
neurotmesis

A

which of the following is best described as ‘disruption of the axons, resulting from severe crush or contusion’

neurapraxia
axonotmesis
​neurotmesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
156
Q

A 34-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by ambulance following a major head injury. The resulting raised intracranial pressure causes compression of the cranial nerve with the longest intracranial length. The patient develops binocular vertical and torsional diplopia.

What cranial nerve is affected?

Abducens nerve (VI)
Facial nerve (VII)
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
A

A 34-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by ambulance following a major head injury. The resulting raised intracranial pressure causes compression of the cranial nerve with the longest intracranial length. The patient develops binocular vertical and torsional diplopia.

What cranial nerve is affected?

Abducens nerve (VI)
Facial nerve (VII)
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Trigeminal nerve (V)
**Trochlear nerve (IV)**

The trochlear nerve has the longest intracranial length of any of the cranial nerves​

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
157
Q

which artery supplies the spinal tract of spinocerebellar?

anterior spinal artery
posterior spinal artery

A

which artery supplies the spinal tract of spinocerebellar?

anterior spinal artery
posterior spinal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
158
Q

neuromodulators typically bind to which type of receptors?

ion activated channels
GPCRs
enzyme linked channels
nucleus binding rs

A

neuromodulators typically bind to which type of receptors?

ion activated channels
GPCRs
enzyme linked channels
nucleus binding rs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
159
Q

what is highlighted here?

dorsal root ganglion
sympathetic ganglia
ventral root
dorsal rootlet
spinal nerve

A

what is highlighted here?

dorsal root ganglion
sympathetic ganglia
ventral root
dorsal rootlet
spinal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
160
Q

Which structure may be affected by cervical vertebral fractures? [1]

A

Which structure may be affected by cervical vertebral fractures? [1]
vertebral arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
161
Q

glaucoma is caused by the compression of which CN?

CN II - opthalmic
CN III - oculomotor
CN IV - trochlear
CN VI - abducens
CN VII - facial

A

glaucoma is caused by the compression of which CN?

CN II - opthalmic
CN III - oculomotor
CN IV - trochlear
CN VI - abducens
CN VII - facial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
162
Q

which part of cerebellum causes locomotion & movements of arms and legs?

a) vestibulo-cerebellum
b) spino-cerebellum
c) cerebro-cerebellum

A

which part of cerebellum causes locomotion & movements of arms and legs?

a) vestibulo-cerebellum
* *b) spino-cerebellum**
c) cerebro-cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
163
Q

which of the following uses mechanical, hydrodyanmic and electricochemical as its mode of operation?

​a) outer ear

b) middle ear
c) inner ear
d) central auditory nS

A

which of the following uses mechanical, hydrodyanmic and electricochemical as its mode of operation?

​a) outer ear

b) middle ear
* *c) inner ear**
d) central auditory nS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
164
Q

glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve leave the skull via which foramen?

​formen spinosum
carotid canal
jugular foramen
foramen lacerum
foreman magnum

A

glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve leave the skull via which foramen?

​formen spinosum
carotid canal
jugular foramen
foramen lacerum
foreman magnum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
165
Q

which of the following stimulates production of sex hormones by gonads?

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin (PL)
Lutenising hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

which of the following stimulates production of sex hormones by gonads?

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin (PL)
Lutenising hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
166
Q

what type of joint is the articulation of the inferior articular facet of one vertebra with the superior acrticular facet of the vertebra immediately below it?

  • pivot joint
  • facet joint
  • condyloid
  • plane joint
A

what type of joint is the articulation of the inferior articular facet of one vertebra with the superior acrticular facet of the vertebra immediately below it?

  • pivot joint
  • *- facet joint**
  • condyloid
  • plane joint
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
167
Q

approx. 1/2 of the UMN axons orginate from:

Brodmann’s area 1
Brodmann’s area 2
Brodmann’s area 3
Brodmann’s area 4
Brodmann’s area 5

A

approx. 1/2 of the UMN axons orginate from:

Brodmann’s area 1
Brodmann’s area 2
Brodmann’s area 3
Brodmann’s area 4 = aka primary motor cortex
Brodmann’s area 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
168
Q

which part of the brainstem in this?

  • midbrain
  • pons
  • open medulla
  • closed medulla
A

which part of the brainstem in this?

  • midbrain
  • pons
  • *- open medulla**
  • closed medulla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
169
Q

which part of the brain is involved in emotional traits and voluntary movements?

occipital lobe
frontal lobe
temporal lobe
parietal lobe
cerebellum

A

which part of the brain is involved in emotional traits and voluntary movements?

occipital lobe
frontal lobe
temporal lobe
parietal lobe
cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
170
Q

An 84-year-old gentleman presents to the emergency department after his wife was unable to wake him this morning. She tells you that he fell out of bed during the night, hitting his head on the bedside cabinet. On examination, the gentleman is responsive to pain, but not voice. You perform a CT scan of his head, which shows an extradural haematoma. Extradural haematomas are commonly due to a rupture of the middle meningeal artery. The middle meningeal artery arises from which artery?

Maxillary artery
Inferior alveolar artery
Superifial temporal artery
Internal carotid artery
Facial artery

A

An 84-year-old gentleman presents to the emergency department after his wife was unable to wake him this morning. She tells you that he fell out of bed during the night, hitting his head on the bedside cabinet. On examination, the gentleman is responsive to pain, but not voice. You perform a CT scan of his head, which shows an extradural haematoma. Extradural haematomas are commonly due to a rupture of the middle meningeal artery. The middle meningeal artery arises from which artery?

Maxillary artery
Inferior alveolar artery
Superifial temporal artery
Internal carotid artery
​Facial artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
171
Q
  • sucking action is transmitted to the hypothalamus via WHAT tract

spinothalamic
spinocerebellar
DCML
arcuate fasiculus
corticospinal

A
  • sucking action is transmitted to the hypothalamus via WHAT tract

spinothalamic
spinocerebellar
DCML
arcuate fasiculus
corticospinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
172
Q

Lumbar puncture with needle is inserted into:

  • space between arachnoid mater and pia mater
  • space between dura mater and arachnoid
  • space between arachnoid and pia mater
  • space between vertebrae and dura mater
  • into the spinal cord
A

Lumbar puncture with needle is inserted into:

  • *- space between arachnoid mater and pia mater**
  • space between dura mater and arachnoid
  • space between arachnoid and pia mater
  • space between vertebrae and dura mater
  • into the spinal cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
173
Q

A 43-year-old woman who presented to the emergency department with a sudden onset headache is being assessed by the emergency doctor. Her body mass index is 33 kgm2.

On examination of her cranial nerves, she is found to have papilloedema on fundoscopy, and she also reports a loss of taste in the posterior third of her tongue.

Which one of the following nerves may be responsible for the loss?

Facial nerve
Vesitbulocochlear nerve
Glossopharnyngeal nerve
Vagus nerve
Accessory nerve

A

A 43-year-old woman who presented to the emergency department with a sudden onset headache is being assessed by the emergency doctor. Her body mass index is 33 kgm2.

On examination of her cranial nerves, she is found to have papilloedema on fundoscopy, and she also reports a loss of taste in the posterior third of her tongue.

Which one of the following nerves may be responsible for the loss?

Facial nerve
Vesitbulocochlear nerve
Glossopharnyngeal nerve
Vagus nerve
Accessory nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
174
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
175
Q

which artery is highlighted in green?

anterior cerebral artery
middle cerebral artery
posterior communicating arteries
anterior communicating arteries
basilar artery

which two arteries does it connect? [1]

A

which artery is highlighted in green?

anterior cerebral artery
middle cerebral artery
posterior communicating arteries
anterior communicating arteries
basilar artery

which two arteries does it connect? [1]
anterior cerebal arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
176
Q

which lobe is wernickes area found in?

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
​cerebellum

A

which lobe is wernickes area found in?

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
​cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
177
Q

A 55-year-old woman presents to the Emergency Department with facial drooping and slurred speech.

You suspect this patient has had a stroke and perform a cranial nerves examination. Her oculomotor nerve has been affected.

What symptom would you expect to see in this patient?

Arcuate scotoma
Bitemporal hemianopia
Horizontal diplopia
Ptosis
Vertical diplopia

A

A 55-year-old woman presents to the Emergency Department with facial drooping and slurred speech.

You suspect this patient has had a stroke and perform a cranial nerves examination. Her oculomotor nerve has been affected.

What symptom would you expect to see in this patient?

Arcuate scotoma
Bitemporal hemianopia
Horizontal diplopia
Ptosis
Vertical diplopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
178
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
179
Q
  1. Which 2 neurotransmitters are associated with depression ?
  2. What is the mechanism of action of TCAs?
  3. Why do they have more side effects than SSRIs
A
  1. Which 2 neurotransmitters are associated with depression
    * *Low level of noradrenaline and serotonin at the level of receptor**
  2. What is the mechanism of action of TCAs
    * *Antagonise noradrenaline and serotonin reuptake**
  3. Why do they have more side effects than SSRIs
    * *TCAs also inhibit H1, muscarinic and alpha adreno receptors. SSRIs more specific to serotonin receptors**
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
180
Q

which sinus is this?

Superior sagital sinus
​Inferior sagital sinus
Straight sinus
Confluence of sinuses
Transverse sinuses
Sigmoid sinuses

A

which sinus is this?

Superior sagital sinus
​Inferior sagital sinus
Straight sinus
Confluence of sinuses
Transverse sinuses
Sigmoid sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
181
Q

which of the following is submental division of anterior triangle?

A
B
C
D

A

which of the following is submental division of anterior triangle?

A
B
C
D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
182
Q

A 36-year-old woman presents to your clinic with a 2-day history of double vision. You take a full history and she denies having any other visual change. Upon examination, she is unable to abduct her left eye. Which cranial nerve is most likely affected?

CN 2
CN 3
CN 4
CN 5
CN 6

A

A 36-year-old woman presents to your clinic with a 2-day history of double vision. You take a full history and she denies having any other visual change. Upon examination, she is unable to abduct her left eye. Which cranial nerve is most likely affected?

CN 2
CN 3
CN 4
CN 5
​CN 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
183
Q

after information comes inm where is the main region of the brain that decides if action should be sympathetic or parasympathetic? [1]

A

after information comes inm where is the main region of the brain that decides if action should be sympathetic or parasympathetic? [1]
nucleus of solitary tract!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
184
Q

which extraoculomotor muscle is innervated by the trochlea nerve? [1] !!

A

which extraoculomotor muscle is innervated by the trochlea nerve? [1] !!
superior oblique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
185
Q

what is tonometry? [1]

A

Tonometry is a diagnostic test that measures the pressure inside your eye, which is called intraocular pressure (IOP). This measurement can help your doctor determine whether or not you may be at risk of glaucoma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
186
Q

which artery is highlighted in green?

anterior cerebral artery
middle cerebral artery
posterior communicating arteries
anterior communicating arteries
basilar artery

which two arteries does it connect? [1]

A

which artery is highlighted in green?

anterior cerebral artery
middle cerebral artery
posterior communicating arteries
anterior communicating arteries
basilar artery

which two arteries does it connect? [1]
anterior cerebal arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
187
Q

which foramen does the internal carotid artery pass over the top of?
​
formen spinosum
carotid canal
jugular foramen
foramen lacerum
foreman magnum

A

which foramen does the internal carotid artery pass over the top of?
​
formen spinosum
carotid canal
jugular foramen
foramen lacerum
foreman magnum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
188
Q

Mechanism of action of cocaine and ecstasy?

What is the MOA of disulfiram and how would you classify this therapy?

A

Mechanism of action of cocaine and ecstasy?
Ecstasy – increases release of monoamines
Cocaine – inhibits reuptake of monoamines

What is the MOA of disulfiram and how would you classify this therapy?

Aversion therapy
Inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase – build up of acetaldehyde

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
189
Q

which of the following form blood brain barrier?

oligodendrocytes
ependymal
astrocytes
microglial
schwann

A

which of the following form blood brain barrier?

oligodendrocytes
ependymal
astrocytes
microglial
schwann

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
190
Q
  1. Which 2 neurotransmitters are associated with depression ?
  2. What is the mechanism of action of TCAs?
  3. Why do they have more side effects than SSRIs
A
  1. Which 2 neurotransmitters are associated with depression
    * *Low level of noradrenaline and serotonin at the level of receptor**
  2. What is the mechanism of action of TCAs
    * *Antagonise noradrenaline and serotonin reuptake**
  3. Why do they have more side effects than SSRIs
    * *TCAs also inhibit H1, muscarinic and alpha adreno receptors. SSRIs more specific to serotonin receptors**
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
191
Q

which of the following is caused by posterior intrinsic muscle contraction?

normal respiration
deep respiration
phonation
whispering

A

which of the following is caused by posterior intrinsic muscle contraction?

normal respiration
deep respiration
phonation
whispering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
192
Q

spinal accessory nerves leave the skull via which foramen?

​formen spinosum
carotid canal
jugular foramen
foramen lacerum
foreman magnum

A

spinal accessory nerves leave the skull via which foramen?

​formen spinosum
carotid canal
jugular foramen
foramen lacerum
foreman magnum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
193
Q

which cell are the arrows pointing to?

oligodendrocytes
ependymal
astrocytes
microglial
schwann

A

which cell are the arrows pointing to?

oligodendrocytes
ependymal
astrocytes
microglial
schwann

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
194
Q

which part of the temporal bone contains the organs of hearing?

squamous
external acoustic meatus
petrous part
mastoid process
styloid process

A

which part of the temporal bone contains the organs of hearing?

squamous
external acoustic meatus
petrous part
mastoid process
styloid process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
195
Q

what type of imaging is this?

CT
MRI T2
PET
Ultrasound
MRI T1

A

what type of imaging is this?

CT
MRI T2
PET
Ultrasound
MRI T1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
196
Q

which of the following is neurotmesis?

A
B
C
​

A

which of the following is neurotmesis?

A
B
C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
197
Q

which nerve has the longest intraosseus course of all the cranial nerves?

  • trochlea
  • facial
  • vestibulocochlear nerve
  • vagus
  • glossopharyngeal
A

which nerve has the longest intraosseus course of all the cranial nerves?

  • trochlea
  • *- facial**
  • vestibulocochlear nerve
  • vagus
  • glossopharyngeal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
198
Q

which artery provides blood to the pons?

PICA
AICA
superior cerebllar artery
pons
posterior cerebral artery

A

which artery provides blood to the pons?

PICA
AICA
superior cerebllar artery
pons
​posterior cerebral artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
199
Q

which part of the eye makes aqueous humour?

iris
choroid
cornea
ciliary body
lens

A

which part of the eye makes aqueous humour?

​iris
choroid
cornea
ciliary body
lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
200
Q

which of the following is carotid division of anterior triangle?

A
B
C
D

A

which of the following is carotid division of anterior triangle?

A
B
C
D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
201
Q

which of the following best matches the afferent and efferent CNs for pupillary light reflex?

  1. afferent = CN 2, efferent = CN 3
  2. afferent = CN 2, efferent = CN 4
  3. afferent = CN 5, efferent = CN 3
  4. afferent = CN 5, efferent = CN 7
  5. afferent = CN 2, efferent = CN 7
A

which of the following best matches the afferent and efferent CNs for pupillary light reflex?

  • *1. afferent = CN 2, efferent = CN 3**
    2. afferent = CN 2, efferent = CN 4
    3. afferent = CN 5, efferent = CN 3
    4. afferent = CN 5, efferent = CN 7
    5. afferent = CN 2, efferent = CN 7
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
202
Q

Where on the diagram would you find this lesion?

1
2
3
4
5

A

Where on the diagram would you find this lesion?

1
2
3
4
5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
203
Q

what are the different drug types & mechanims to treat glaucoma? [5]

A
  • Prostaglandin analogs increase outflow of aqueous humor through canal of Schlemm
  • Beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists decrease aqueous humor production
  • Alpha2-adrenergic agonists work by a dual mechanism, decreasing aqueous production and increasing outflow.
  • Parasympathomimetic agonists and anticholinesterases work by contraction of the ciliary muscle, which opens the canal.
  • Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors lower secretion of aqueous humor by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase in the ciliary body.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
204
Q

which of the following is the cornea?

A
B
C
D
E
F

A

which of the following is the cornea?

A
B
C
D
E
F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
205
Q

which neck triangle would you find the glossopharyngeal nerve?

Submandibular/digastric
carotid triangle
muscular
​submental

A

which neck triangle would you find the glossopharyngeal nerve?

Submandibular/digastric
carotid triangle
muscular
​submental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
206
Q

which spinal tract carries temp

Cortiocspinal
DCML
Spinothalamic
Spinocerebellar

A

which spinal tract carries temp

Cortiocspinal
DCML
Spinothalamic
Spinocerebellar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
207
Q

what is growth hormone (GH) inhibited by? [1]

A

•Is inhibited by growth hormone inhibiting hormone = somatostatin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
208
Q

which of the following decussates in the pyramids ?

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus
Spinocerebellar
Cortiocospinal
Spinothalamic

A

which of the following decussates in the pyramids ?

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus
Spinocerebellar
Cortiocospinal
Spinothalamic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
209
Q

which of the following causes crude, stereotyped movements of limbs (stepping)?

corticospinal tract
anterior spinocerebellar tract
posterior spinocerebellar tract
lateral reticulospinal tract
medial reticulospinal tract

A

which of the following causes crude, stereotyped movements of limbs (stepping)?

corticospinal tract
anterior spinocerebellar tract
posterior spinocerebellar tract
lateral reticulospinal tract
medial reticulospinal tract

210
Q

which CNs pass through the cavernous sinus? [3]

A

which CNs pass through the cavernous sinus? [3]
CN III, CN IV & CN V (V1, V2)

211
Q

Which functional division of the nervous system would be responsible for the physiological changes seen during exercise (e.g., increased heart rate and sweating)?

Somatic
Central
Autonomic
​Enteric

A

Which functional division of the nervous system would be responsible for the physiological changes seen during exercise (e.g., increased heart rate and sweating)?

Somatic
Central
Autonomic
​Enteric

212
Q

which of the following is neurapraxia?

A
B
C

A

which of the following is neurapraxia

A
B
C

213
Q

which of these best shows corticospinal tract?

A
214
Q

which sinus is this?

Superior sagital sinus
​Inferior sagital sinus
Straight sinus
Confluence of sinuses
Transverse sinuses
Sigmoid sinuses

A

which sinus is this?

Superior sagital sinus
​Inferior sagital sinus
Straight sinus
Confluence of sinuses
Transverse sinuses
Sigmoid sinuses

215
Q

what is A?

oligodendrocytes
ependymal
astrocytes
microglial
schwann

A

what is A?

oligodendrocytes
ependymal
astrocytes
microglial
schwann

216
Q

which of the following helps to form BBB?

perineurium:
endosteum
periosteal
endoneurium:
epineurium:

A

which of the following helps to form BBB?

perineurium:
endosteum
periosteal
endoneurium:
epineurium:

217
Q

what of the basal ganglia are damaged in parkinsons?

  • caudate
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
  • substantia nigra
  • subthalamic nuclei
A

what of the basal ganglia are damaged in parkinsons?

  • caudate
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
  • *- substantia nigra**
  • subthalamic nuclei
218
Q

which of the following is the uvea?

A
B
C
D
E
F

A

which of the following is the uvea?

A
B
C
D
E
F

219
Q

Imaging demonstrates infarction of the ventral spinal cord betwen T10 and L2 due a clot in a large, left sided segmental medullary artery at T10. What is the name of this artery? [1]

A

Imaging demonstrates infarction of the ventral spinal cord betwen T10 and L2 due a clot in a large, left sided segmental medullary artery at T10. What is the name of this artery?

This artery is commonly known as the artery of Adamkiewicz. It is the largest and most important segmental medullary artery and is responsible for most of the arterial supply to the lower thoracic and lumbar spine. Damage to this artery therefore can cause catastrophic neurological sequelae.

220
Q

which CN carriers sensory innervation to the face?

trigeminal nerve
facial nerve
vagus nerve
hypoglossal nerve
glossopharyngeal nerve

A

which CN carriers sensory innervation to the face?

trigeminal nerve
facial nerve
vagus nerve
hypoglossal nerve
glossopharyngeal nerve

221
Q

in which if the folllowing is grey matter in the brain grey and white matter is dark?

CT
MRI T2
PET
Ultrasound
MRI T1

A

in which if the folllowing is grey matter in the brain grey and white matter is dark?

CT
MRI T2
PET
Ultrasound
MRI T1

222
Q

A 59-year-old male presents with a headache of sudden onset, describing it as ‘the worst pain in his life’. He has a past medical history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes. He has a 20 year pack history of smoking, and consumes 16 units of alcohol a week.

A head CT scan shows evidence of a bleed.

The bleed has occurred below a layer of the meninges designed to protect the brain and spinal cord from impact.

Which part of the meninges is this referring to?

Arachnoid mater
Dura mater
Dural venous sinus
Occipital bone
Pia mater

A

A 59-year-old male presents with a headache of sudden onset, describing it as ‘the worst pain in his life’. He has a past medical history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes. He has a 20 year pack history of smoking, and consumes 16 units of alcohol a week.

A head CT scan shows evidence of a bleed.

The bleed has occurred below a layer of the meninges designed to protect the brain and spinal cord from impact.

Which part of the meninges is this referring to?

Arachnoid mater
Dura mater
Dural venous sinus
Occipital bone
Pia mater

223
Q

MESS questions:

  1. Schizophrenia occurs because of an excess of which neurotransmitter?
  2. Name 2 side effects of antipsychotics
A
  1. Schizophrenia occurs because of an excess of which neurotransmitter?
    * *Dopamine**
  2. Name 2 side effects of antipsychotics
    * *Extrapyramidal effects – acute dystonia, parkinsonism’s, tardive dyskinesia. Hyperprolactinaemia**
224
Q

which motor neuron activates intrafusal muscle fibres?

alpha motor neuron
beta motor neuron
delta motor neuron
gamma motor neuron

A

which motor neuron activates intrafusal muscle fibres?

alpha motor neuron
beta motor neuron
delta motor neuron
gamma motor neuron

225
Q

which bone does the levator palpebrae superioris originate from?

ethmoid
frontal
sphenoid
maxillar
lacrimal

A

which bone does the levator palpebrae superioris originate from?

ethmoid
frontal
sphenoid
maxillar
​lacrimal

226
Q

which neurotransmitter is associated with photorecption?

glycine
dopamine
seratonin
glutamate
NO

A

which neurotransmitter is associated with photorecption?

glycine
dopamine
seratonin
glutamate
NO

227
Q

which of the following induces targers to produce insulin-like growth factors?

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin (PL)
Lutenising hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Growth hormone (GH)

A

which of the following induces targers to produce insulin-like growth factors?

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin (PL)
Lutenising hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Growth hormone (GH)

228
Q

Where on the diagram would you find this lesion?

1
2
3
4
5

A

Where on the diagram would you find this lesion?

1
2
3
4
5

229
Q

what is this?

bitemporal hemianopia
left homonymous hemianopia
left homonymous hemianopia with macula sparing
left temporal hemianopia

A

what is this?

bitemporal hemianopia
left homonymous hemianopia
left homonymous hemianopia with macula sparing
left temporal hemianopia

230
Q

what signs would you expect?

bitemporal hemianopia
opthalmoplegia
facial paraylsis, vertigo and hearing loss
​dysphagia

A

what signs would you expect?

bitemporal hemianopia
opthalmoplegia
facial paraylsis, vertigo and hearing loss
​dysphagia

231
Q

which of the following is the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A
B
C
D
E
​F

A

which of the following is the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A
B
C
D
E
​F

232
Q

which of the following are used for general sensory afferents?

Aα
Aβ
Aγ
Aδ
C

A

which of the following are used for general sensory afferents?

Aα
Aβ
Aγ
Aδ
C

233
Q

which of the following is activated by descending input from motor cortex

alpha motor neuron
beta motor neuron
delta motor neuron
gamma motor neuron

A

which of the following is activated by descending input from motor cortex

alpha motor neuron
beta motor neuron
delta motor neuron
gamma motor neuron

234
Q

which of the following hormones is the hunger hormone?

leptin
insulin
ghrelin
neuropeptide Y
CCK

A

which of the following hormones is the hunger hormone?

leptin
insulin
ghrelin
neuropeptide Y
CCK

235
Q

which of the following is formed from basilar artery:

anterior spinal artery
middle cerebral artery
posterior cerebral artery
posterior inferior cerebellar artery
anterior cerebral artery

A

which of the following is formed from basilar artery:

anterior spinal artery
middle cerebral artery
posterior cerebral artery
posterior inferior cerebellar artery
anterior cerebral artery

236
Q

which of the following influences conciousness by modulating generalised arousal level?

noradrenaline
ACh
serotonin
dopamine
adrenaline

A

which of the following influences conciousness by modulating generalised arousal level?

noradrenaline
ACh
serotonin
dopamine
​adrenaline

237
Q

which of the following provide phagocytic properties in CNS
​
oligodendrocytes
ependymal
astrocytes
microglial
schwann

A

which of the following provide phagocytic properties in CNS
​
oligodendrocytes
ependymal
astrocytes
microglial
schwann

238
Q

which spinal tract carries the concious proprioception

Cortiocspinal
DCML
Spinothalamic
Spinocerebellar

A

which spinal tract carries the concious proprioception

Cortiocspinal
DCML
Spinothalamic
Spinocerebellar

239
Q

which part of the brainstem in this?

  • midbrain
  • pons
  • open medulla
  • closed medulla
A

which part of the brainstem in this?

  • midbrain
  • pons
  • open medulla
  • *- closed medulla**
240
Q

which part of the eye is the light sensing organ / contains photoreceptors?

choroid
uvea
retina
sclera
iris

A

which part of the eye is the light sensing organ / contains photoreceptors?

choroid
uvea
retina
sclera
iris

241
Q

In which space is a lumbar puncture performed?

Subdural space
Epidural space
Subarachnoid space
Extradural space
Intraventricular space

A

In which space is a lumbar puncture performed?

Subdural space
Epidural space
Subarachnoid space
Extradural space
Intraventricular space

242
Q

Which muscle is not innervated by the trigeminal nerve?

Medial pterygoid
Mylohyoid
Stylohyoid
Masseter
Temporalis

A

Which muscle is not innervated by the trigeminal nerve?

Medial pterygoid
Mylohyoid
Stylohyoid: facial nerve
Masseter
Temporalis

243
Q

An elderly man has a cervical disc prolapse in his spine which causes an injury to the spinal cord where the disc pressed against it.

Based on the anatomy of the spinal cord; which of the following cell groups and their associated function is most likely to be affected at the level of injury?

Dorsal horn cells & motor defect
Dorsal horn cells & sensory defect
Intermediate horn cells and an autonomic defect
Ventral horn cells & motor defect
Ventral horn cells & sensory defec

A

An elderly man has a cervical disc prolapse in his spine which causes an injury to the spinal cord where the disc pressed against it.

Based on the anatomy of the spinal cord; which of the following cell groups and their associated function is most likely to be affected at the level of injury?

Dorsal horn cells & motor defect
Dorsal horn cells & sensory defect
Intermediate horn cells and an autonomic defect
Ventral horn cells & motor defect
Ventral horn cells & sensory defect

244
Q

which of the following covers the posterior fossa structures (hindbrain) and supports the temporal and occipital lobes.

falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
tentorial notch
falx cerebelli
infundibulum

A

which of the following covers the posterior fossa structures (hindbrain) and supports the temporal and occipital lobes.
​
falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
tentorial notch
falx cerebelli
infundibulum

245
Q

the uncus is an postieorly located lobe located in which part of the brain?

temporal
parietal
cerebellum
occipital
temporal

A

the uncus is an postieorly located lobe located in which part of the brain?

temporal
parietal
cerebellum
occipital
​temporal

246
Q

what is this?

bitemporal hemianopia
left homonymous hemianopia
left homonymous hemianopia with macula sparing
left temporal hemianopia

A

what is this?

bitemporal hemianopia
left homonymous hemianopia
left homonymous hemianopia with macula sparing
left temporal hemianopia

247
Q

where do u find cell bodies of upper motor neurons? [1]

A

primary motor cortex

248
Q

all of the foramina of the base of the skull are located in the sphenoid apart from ? [3]

which bones are they in? [3]

A

all of the foramina of the base of the skull are located in the sphenoid apart from ? [3]
jugular foramen: temporal bone
foramen magnum: occipital bone
stylomastoid foramen: temporal bone

249
Q

what do the following do?

Superior rectus: [3]

Inferior rectus: [3]

Superior oblique: [3]

Inferior oblique: [3]

A

Superior rectus: elevation, adduction and intorsion

Inferior rectus: depression, adduction and extorsion

Superior oblique: Depression, abduction and intorsion

Inferior oblique: Elevation, abduction and extorsion

The action of the medial and lateral recti is straightforward: medial rectus adducts the globe (eyeball) and lateral rectus abducts the globe, without elevation or depression.

The superior and inferior recti act to elevate and depress the globe respectively. However as the orientation of the muscle is not inline with the angle of the orbit, the recti muscles also create secondary actions.

250
Q

which spinal tract is the descending spinal tract?

spinocerebellar
spinothalamic
gracile fasciculus
cuneate fasciculus
corticospinal

A

which spinal tract is the descending spinal tract?

spinocerebellar
spinothalamic
gracile fasciculus
cuneate fasciculus
corticospinal

251
Q

which of the following cause eye abduction?

superior rectus
inferior olbique
medial rectus
lateral rectus
superior oblique

A

which of the following cause eye abduction?

superior rectus
inferior olbique
medial rectus
lateral rectus
superior oblique

252
Q

which of the following used mechanical vibration as its mode of operation?

​a) outer ear

b) middle ear
c) inner ear
d) central auditory nS

A

which of the following used mechanical vibration as its mode of operation?

​a) outer ear

  • *b) middle ear**
    c) inner ear
    d) central auditory nS
253
Q

which of the following is caused by action of the arteynoid muscles?

normal respiration
deep respiration
phonation
whispering

A

which of the following is caused by action of the arteynoid muscles?

normal respiration
deep respiration
phonation
whispering

254
Q

Which of the following is the carotid canal?

A
B
C
D
E
F
​G

A

Which of the following is the carotid canal?

A
B
C
D
E
F
​G

255
Q

where does the brainstem start?

C1
C2
C3
C4
C5

which structure does it start before? [1]

A

where does the brainstem start?

C1
C2
C3
C4
​C5

which structure does it start before? [1]
foramen magnun

256
Q

which of the following helps to form BBB?

perineurium:
endosteum
periosteal
endoneurium:
epineurium:

A

which of the following helps to form BBB?

perineurium
endosteum
periosteal
endoneurium
epineurium

257
Q

which of the following are slow-adapting, unencapsulated nerve endings that respond to light touch​
​
Ruffini endings
Pacinian corpuscles
Meissner’s corpuscles
Merkel’s disk

A

which of the following are slow-adapting, unencapsulated nerve endings that respond to light touch​
​
Ruffini endings
Pacinian corpuscles
Meissner’s corpuscles
Merkel’s disk

258
Q

which of the following used electricochemical as its mode of operation?

​a) outer ear

b) middle ear
c) inner ear
d) central auditory nS

A

which of the following used electricochemical as its mode of operation?

​a) outer ear

b) middle ear
c) inner ear
* *d) central auditory nS**

259
Q

which of the following regulates metabolism and the stress response?

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin (PL)
Lutenising hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Growth hormone (GH)

A

which of the following regulates metabolism and the stress response?

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH): releases cortisol
Prolactin (PL)
Lutenising hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Growth hormone (GH)

260
Q

which of the following is involved in eye movements and visual processing?

A
B
C
D
​E

A

which of the following is involved in eye movements and visual processing?

A
B: superior colliculi
C
D
​E

261
Q

which part of the brain is involved in vision and colour perception?

occipital lobe
frontal lobe
temporal lobe
parietal lobe
cerebellum

A

which part of the brain is involved in vision and colour perception?

occipital lobe
frontal lobe
temporal lobe
parietal lobe
cerebellum

262
Q

closed angle glaucoma is caused by the reduction in angle between which of the following?

cornea and uvea
cornea and iris
cornea and ciliary body
cornea and retina
cornea and sclera

A

closed angle glaucoma is caused by the reduction in angle between which of the following?

cornea and uvea
cornea and iris
cornea and ciliary body
cornea and retina
cornea and sclera

263
Q

external jugular vein can be used to estimate pressure in:

left atrium
right atrium
left ventricle
right ventricle
aorta

A

external jugular vein can be used to estimate pressure in:

left atrium
right atrium
left ventricle
right ventricle
​aorta

Can be used to estimate pressure in the right atrium which is similar to the Central venous pressure.

264
Q

A 35-year-old woman with myasthenia gravis attends her GP complaining of a change in her vision. She reports that she has begun to see two versions of single objects side by side and that this is now affecting her coordination.

On neurological examination, the doctor notes impaired lateral movement of the right eye.

What structure does the most likely affected nerve pass through?

Cribiform plate
Foramen ovale
Foramen rotundum
Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure

A

A 35-year-old woman with myasthenia gravis attends her GP complaining of a change in her vision. She reports that she has begun to see two versions of single objects side by side and that this is now affecting her coordination.

On neurological examination, the doctor notes impaired lateral movement of the right eye.

What structure does the most likely affected nerve pass through?

Cribiform plate
Foramen ovale
Foramen rotundum
Optic canal
​Superior orbital fissure:

Abducens nerve passes through the superior orbital fissure

265
Q

which bone does the pituitary gland sit in ?

  • temporal
  • zygomatic
  • sphenoid
  • frontal
  • vomer
A

which bone does the pituitary gland sit in ?

  • temporal
  • zygomatic
  • *- sphenoid**
  • frontal
  • vomer
266
Q

which part of brainstem does vestibulocholear nerve (CNVIII) come from?

midbrain
pons
medulla

A

which part of brainstem does vestibulocholear nerve (CNVIII) come from?

midbrain
pons
medulla

267
Q

label A-E

A

A: temporal
B: sphenoid
C: ethmoid
D: occipital bone
E: temporal bone

268
Q

which of the following influences conciousness by modulating attention (direction of conciousness)?

noradrenaline
ACh
serotonin
dopamine
​adrenaline

A

which of the following influences conciousness by modulating attention (direction of conciousness)?

noradrenaline
ACh
serotonin
dopamine
​adrenaline

269
Q

A 25-year-old woman is noted to have an absent corneal reflex during a cranial nerve examination. The neurologist examining her suspects a lesion affecting the afferent or efferent limb of this reflex.

What two cranial nerves should be suspected?

Oculomotor and facial nerve
Oculomotor and trigeminal nerve
Optic and facial nerve
Optic and trochlear nerve
Trigeminal and facial nerve

A

A 25-year-old woman is noted to have an absent corneal reflex during a cranial nerve examination. The neurologist examining her suspects a lesion affecting the afferent or efferent limb of this reflex.

What two cranial nerves should be suspected?

Oculomotor and facial nerve
Oculomotor and trigeminal nerve
Optic and facial nerve
Optic and trochlear nerve
​Trigeminal and facial nerve
Afferent = Arriving (CN V)
Efferent = Exiting (CN VII)

270
Q

Which of the following cranial venous sinuses is unpaired?

Transverse sinus
Superior sagittal sinus
Cavernous sinus
Sigmoid sinus
Inferior petrosal sinus

A

Which of the following cranial venous sinuses is unpaired?

Transverse sinus
Superior sagittal sinus
Cavernous sinus
Sigmoid sinus
Inferior petrosal sinus

271
Q

which artery provides blood to the dorsal medullar of midbrain?

PICA
AICA
superior cerebllar artery
pons
​posterior cerebral artery

A

which artery provides blood to the dorsal medullar of midbrain?
​
PICA
AICA
superior cerebllar artery
pons
​posterior cerebral artery

272
Q

which type of imaging is this?

CT venogram
PET scan
CT angiography
CT perfusion
MRI

A

which type of imaging is this?

CT venogram
PET scan
CT angiography
CT perfusion
MRI

273
Q

which Brodmann area is the visual cortex? [1]

A

area 17

274
Q

which bone houses the middle and internal ear?

parietal
temporal
sphenoidal
lacrimal
ethmoid

A

which bone houses the middle and internal ear?

parietal
temporal
sphenoidal
lacrimal
ethmoid

275
Q

which of the following synapses with second order neuron at the dorsal root ganglion?

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus
Anterior Spinocerebellar
Posterior Spinocerebellar
Cortiocospinal
Spinothalamic

A

which of the following synapses with second order neuron at the dorsal root ganglion?

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus
Anterior Spinocerebellar
Posterior Spinocerebellar
Cortiocospinal
Spinothalamic

276
Q

which of the following stimulates production of spem and eggs

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin (PL)
Lutenising hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

which of the following stimulates production of spem and eggs

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin (PL)
Lutenising hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

277
Q
A
278
Q

which part of the eye contains smooth muscle bundles which shapes the lens?

iris
choroid
cornea
ciliary body
lens

A

which part of the eye contains smooth muscle bundles which shapes the lens?

iris
choroid
cornea
ciliary body
lens

279
Q

which of the following applies to glycine?

  • neurotransmitters only
  • neuromodulator only
  • neurotrophic factor only
  • neurotransmitters & neuromodulator
  • neurotransmitters, neuromodulator & neurotrophic factor
A

which of the following applies to glycine?

  • *- neurotransmitters only: inhib**
  • neuromodulator only
  • neurotrophic factor only
  • neurotransmitters & neuromodulator
  • neurotransmitters, neuromodulator & neurotrophic factor
280
Q
A
281
Q

which of the following describes the subunits of Ach receptor?

α1βγð
α2βγð
α3βγð
αβ2γð
αβ3γð

A

which of the following describes the subunits of Ach receptor?

α1βγð
α2βγð
α3βγð
αβ2γð
αβ3γð

282
Q

which of the following is released by Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone (CRH)

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin (PL)
Lutenising hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Growth hormone (GH)

A

which of the following is released by Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone (CRH)

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin (PL)
Lutenising hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Growth hormone (GH)

283
Q

which part of the brain is involved in vision and colour perception?

occipital lobe
frontal lobe
temporal lobe
parietal lobe
cerebellum

A

which part of the brain is involved in vision and colour perception?

occipital lobe
frontal lobe
temporal lobe
parietal lobe
cerebellum

284
Q

which of the following is the choroid?

A
B
C
D
E
F

A

which of the following is the choroid?

A
B
C
D
E
F

285
Q

which of the following is the ciliary arteries?

A
B
C
​D

A

which of the following is the ciliary arteries?

A
B
C
​D

286
Q

which of the following causes atonia when sleeping?

corticospinal tract
anterior spinocerebellar tract
posterior spinocerebellar tract
lateral reticulospinal tract
medial reticulospinal tract

A

which of the following causes atonia when sleeping?

corticospinal tract
anterior spinocerebellar tract
posterior spinocerebellar tract
lateral reticulospinal tract
medial reticulospinal tract

287
Q

which of the following is involved in startle reflex?

  • superior colliculi
  • inferior colliculi
  • cerebral peduncles
    ​- pineal gland
A

which of the following is involved in startle reflex?

  • superior colliculi
    - inferior colliculi : integrate sound with look to see whats causing that sound
  • cerebral peduncles
    ​- pineal gland
288
Q

which structure seperates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
anterior cranial fossa
brainstem
corpus callosum

A

which structure seperates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
anterior cranial fossa
brainstem
corpus callosum

289
Q

the central sulcus disects which lobes of the brain?

frontal lobe from the temporal lobe
frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
frontal lobe from the occipital lobe
frontal lobe from cerebellum
parietal lobe from temporal lobe

A

the central sulcus disects which lobes of the brain?

frontal lobe from the temporal lobe
frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
frontal lobe from the occipital lobe
frontal lobe from cerebellum
parietal lobe from temporal lobe

290
Q

in which if the folllowing is grey matter in the brain grey and white matter is white?

CT
MRI T2
PET
Ultrasound
MRI T1

A

in which if the folllowing is grey matter in the brain grey and white matter is white?

CT
MRI T2
PET
Ultrasound
MRI T1

291
Q

which of the following is the third ventricle?

A
B
C
D
​E

A

which of the following is the third ventricle?

A
B
C
D
​E

292
Q

which part of the eye has the highest visual acuity? [1]

A

fovea

293
Q

cerebellum sits posteriorly to:

midbrain
medulla
thalamus
pons
corpus callosum

A

cerebellum sits posteriorly to:

midbrain
medulla
thalamus
pons
corpus callosum

294
Q
A
295
Q

which of the following is Pacinian corpsucle?

A
B
C
D
E

A

which of the following is Pacinian corpsucle?

A
B
C
D
​E

296
Q

which of the following line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of spinal cord
​
oligodendrocytes
ependymal
astrocytes
microglial
schwann

A

which of the following line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of spinal cord
​
oligodendrocytes
ependymal
astrocytes
microglial
schwann

297
Q

which of the following is the ciliary body?

A
B
C
D
E
F

A

which of the following is the ciliary body?

A
B
C
D
E
F

298
Q

what does left homonymus heminanopa with macula sparing look like?

A
299
Q
A
300
Q

which of the following supplies the corpus callosum?

middle cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
posterior communicating artery
menigeal branch
opthalmic artery

A

which of the following supplies the corpus callosum?

middle cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
posterior communicating artery
menigeal branch
opthalmic artery

301
Q

which of the following is produced by adipose tissue?

​insulin
ghrelin
leptin
GLP-1
CCK

A

which of the following is produced by adipose tissue?

​insulin
ghrelin
leptin
GLP-1
CCK

302
Q
A
303
Q
A
304
Q

convergence is mediated by which CN nerve?

optic nerve
oculomotor nerve
trochlea nerve
abducens nerve

A

convergence is mediated by which CN nerve?

optic nerve
oculomotor nerve
trochlea nerve
abducens nerve
​

305
Q

which of the following undergoes double decussation?

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus
Anterior Spinocerebellar
Posterior Spinocerebellar
Cortiocospinal
Spinothalamic

A

which of the following undergoes double decussation?

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus
Anterior Spinocerebellar
Posterior Spinocerebellar
Cortiocospinal
Spinothalamic

306
Q

what is E?

middle cerebral artery
basilar artery
posterior cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
internal carotid artery

A

what is E?

middle cerebral artery
basilar artery
posterior cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
internal carotid artery

307
Q

which is the inner most layer of the eye?

cornea
lens
fovea
retina
​iris

A

which is the inner most layer of the eye?

cornea
lens
fovea
retina
​iris

308
Q

what is the liquid around the

scala vestibuli
scala media
scala tympani

called?

Na and K like?

A

scala vestibuli: low K+, high Na - perilymphatic fluid
scala media: high K+, low Na - endolymph
scala tympani low K+, high Na - perilymphatic fluid

309
Q

which of the following is the hypothalamus?

A
B
C
D
E

A

which of the following is the hypothalamus?

A
B
C
D
​E

310
Q

** what changes would be felt bc of this lesion (brown-sequard)? **

A
  1. loss of pain and temperature on right side of body below lesion (spinothalamic decussates at level of spinal cord entry)
  2. loss of motor movement on same side as lesion (corticospinal goes down ipsilateral side)
  3. loss of proprioception and vibration sense on the same side from damage (DCML has already decussated)
311
Q

what does bitemporal hemianopia look like?

A
312
Q

where is the fracture?

base of skull
C1
C2
C3
​C4

A

where is the fracture?

base of skull
C1
C2
C3
​C4

There is a fracture through the right anterior arch of C1 (B) seen on the coronal view. We can also see a fracture through the dens (D), which is the most common type of fracture of the cervical spine. It is angled posteriorly, which is common after hyperextension injury.

313
Q

What is E?

oculomotor nerve
optic nerve
olfactory nerve
trochlear nerve
optic tract

A

What is E?

oculomotor nerve
optic nerve
olfactory nerve
trochlear nerve
​optic tract

314
Q

what are the type of cells labelled A found in the cerebellum? [1]

A

purkinje cells

315
Q

which part of the brain is involved in body temp and digestion?

occipital lobe
frontal lobe
brain stem
​parietal lobe
cerebellum

A

which part of the brain is involved in body temp and digestion?

occipital lobe
frontal lobe
brain stem
​parietal lobe
cerebellum

316
Q

what is C?

middle cerebral artery
basilar artery
posterior cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
internal carotid artery

A

what is C?

middle cerebral artery
basilar artery
posterior cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
internal carotid artery

317
Q
A
318
Q

what is B?

middle cerebral artery
basilar artery
posterior cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
internal carotid artery

A

what is B?

middle cerebral artery
basilar artery
posterior cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
internal carotid artery

319
Q

vagus nerve provides which types of innervation?

  • sensory only
  • parasympathetic and special sensory
  • parasympathetic and sensory and motor
  • sympathetic and sensory
  • sensory, motor, special sensory and parasympathetic
A

vagus nerve provides which types of innervation?

  • sensory only
  • parasympathetic and special sensory
  • *- parasympathetic and sensory and motor**
  • sympathetic and sensory
  • sensory, motor, special sensory and parasympathetic
320
Q

which of the following disease is characterised by decreased release of dopamine?

parkinsons
schizophrenia
depression
anxiety
bipolar

A

which of the following disease is characterised by decreased release of dopamine?

parkinsons
schizophrenia
depression
anxiety
bipolar

321
Q

which spinal tract carries pain

Cortiocspinal
DCML
Spinothalamic
Spinocerebellar

A

which spinal tract carries pain

Cortiocspinal
DCML
Spinothalamic
Spinocerebellar

322
Q

which part of the eye contrains pigment epithelial cells which prevent light scattering and reflection & sits inbetween the sclera and the retina?

iris
choroid
cornea
uvea
lens

A

which part of the eye contrains pigment epithelial cells which prevent light scattering and reflection & sits inbetween the sclera and the retina?

iris
choroid
cornea
uvea
lens

323
Q

which of the following is the sigmoid sinus?

A
B
C
D
​E

A

which of the following is the sigmoid sinus?

A
B
C
D
​E

324
Q

what is this?

bitemporal hemianopia
left homonymous hemianopia
left homonymous hemianopia with macula sparing
left temporal hemianopia

A

what is this?

bitemporal hemianopia
left homonymous hemianopia
left homonymous hemianopia with macula sparing
left temporal hemianopia

325
Q

which part of the brain does the corticospianl tract start in ?
​
cerebellum
temporal
midbrain
occipital
​frontal

A

which part of the brain does the corticospianl tract start in ?
​
cerebellum
temporal
midbrain
occipital
​frontal: from primary motor cortex

326
Q

glossopharnygeal nerve provides which types of innervation?

  • sensory only
  • parasympathetic and special sensory
  • parasympathetic and sensory and motor
  • sympathetic and sensory
  • sensory, motor, special sensory and parasympathetic
A

glossopharnygeal nerve provides which types of innervation?

  • sensory only
  • parasympathetic and special sensory
  • parasympathetic and sensory and motor
  • sympathetic and sensory
  • *- sensory, motor, special sensory and parasympathetic**
327
Q

what is A?

A
328
Q

which spinal tract carries sensory nerves for unconcious proprioception?

spinocerebellar
spinothalamic
gracile fasciculus
cuneate fasciculus
corticospinal

A

which spinal tract carries sensory nerves for unconcious proprioception?

spinocerebellar
spinothalamic
gracile fasciculus
cuneate fasciculus
corticospinal

329
Q

A 63-year-old male presents to the head and neck clinic for his follow up appointment after recent surgery to remove a tumour from his mouth. He says he has been experiencing numbness and tingling in the floor of his mouth since his operation. You suspect the sensory nerve to the floor of his mouth may have been damaged.

Which nerve is this most likely to be?

Mandibular nerve
Lingual nerve
Greater auricular nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
Facial nerve

A

A 63-year-old male presents to the head and neck clinic for his follow up appointment after recent surgery to remove a tumour from his mouth. He says he has been experiencing numbness and tingling in the floor of his mouth since his operation. You suspect the sensory nerve to the floor of his mouth may have been damaged.

Which nerve is this most likely to be?

Mandibular nerve
Lingual nerve
Greater auricular nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
​Facial nerve

330
Q

A 55-year-old man visits the doctor, expressing difficulties when smiling and frowning. The patient has a family history of brain tumours, so the doctor decides to conduct an MRI scan.

If a tumour was found, around which foramen of the skull would you expect to locate it?

Foramen ovale
Foramen rotundum
Hypoglossal canal
Internal acoustic meatus
Jugular Foramen

A

A 55-year-old man visits the doctor, expressing difficulties when smiling and frowning. The patient has a family history of brain tumours, so the doctor decides to conduct an MRI scan.

If a tumour was found, around which foramen of the skull would you expect to locate it?

Foramen ovale
Foramen rotundum
Hypoglossal canal
Internal acoustic meatus - facial nerve passes through here
Jugular Foramen

331
Q

myelin
node of ranvier
dendrite
schwann cell

A

myelin
node of ranvier
dendrite
​schwann cell

332
Q

which of the following would you use to assess subdural haemorrhage?

CT venogram
plain CT head
CT angiography
CT perfusion
MRI

A

which of the following would you use to assess subdural haemorrhage?

CT venogram
plain CT head
CT angiography
CT perfusion
MRI

333
Q

which of the following is involved in auditory processing?

A
B
C
D
​E

A

which of the following regulates circadian rthym?

A
B
C
D
​E

334
Q

which spinal tract carries discriminative touch

Cortiocspinal
DCML
Spinothalamic
Spinocerebellar

A

which spinal tract carries discriminative touch

Cortiocspinal
DCML
Spinothalamic
Spinocerebellar

335
Q

which part of brain is the thalamus found on either side of?

lateral ventricles
corpus callosum
third ventricle
fourth ventricle
​cerebal aquaduct

A

which part of brain is the thalamus found on either side of?

lateral ventricles
corpus callosum
third ventricle
fourth ventricle
​cerebal aquaduct

336
Q

which level of the brainstaim did you find substantia nigra?

midbrain
medulla
cerebral aquaduct
​pons
corpus callosum

A

which level of the brainstaim did you find substantia nigra?

midbrain
medulla
cerebral aquaduct
​pons
corpus callosum

337
Q

An 82-year-old patient has come to see his GP with episodes of lightheadedness and syncope. He has noticed these episodes seem to be triggered by shaving or wearing a shirt with a collar. He also reports some change to his sense of taste.

The doctor feels the patient’s carotid pulse while auscultating his heart and this triggers one of their lightheaded episodes.

A set of observations taken immediately are:
Heart rate: 36 bpm
Blood pressure: 60/42 mmHg
Sats: 96%
Temperature: 36.7ºC

The GP suspects carotid sinus syndrome.

What cranial nerve is responsible for the hypersensitive response in this scenario?

Trigeminal
Facial
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Hypoglossal

A

An 82-year-old patient has come to see his GP with episodes of lightheadedness and syncope. He has noticed these episodes seem to be triggered by shaving or wearing a shirt with a collar. He also reports some change to his sense of taste.

The doctor feels the patient’s carotid pulse while auscultating his heart and this triggers one of their lightheaded episodes.

A set of observations taken immediately are:
Heart rate: 36 bpm
Blood pressure: 60/42 mmHg
Sats: 96%
Temperature: 36.7ºC

The GP suspects carotid sinus syndrome.

What cranial nerve is responsible for the hypersensitive response in this scenario?

Trigeminal
Facial
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
​Hypoglossal

338
Q

Which of the following does the mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve leave the craniun?

A
B
C
D
E
F
​G

A

Which of the following does the mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve leave the craniun?

A
B
C
D: foramen ovale
E
F
​G

339
Q

Which of the following is C?

Pons
Medulla
Cerebral aquaduct
Fourth ventricle
Midbrain

A

Which of the following is C?

Pons
Medulla
Cerebral aquaduct
Fourth ventricle
Midbrain

340
Q

Which of the following is E?

Pons
Medulla
Cerebral aquaduct
Fourth ventricle
Midbrain

A

Which of the following is E?

Pons
Medulla
Cerebral aquaduct
Fourth ventricle
Midbrain

341
Q

which of the following influences conciousness by modulating motivation and motor activity?

noradrenaline
ACh
serotonin
dopamine
​adrenaline

A

which of the following influences conciousness by modulating motivation and motor activity?

noradrenaline
ACh
serotonin
dopamine
​adrenaline

342
Q

which spinal tract carries unconcious proprioception

Cortiocspinal
DCML
Spinothalamic
Spinocerebellar

A

which spinal tract carries unconcious proprioception

Cortiocspinal
DCML
Spinothalamic
Spinocerebellar

343
Q

what is indicated by the green image?

  • third ventricle
  • fourth ventricle
  • thalamus
  • corpus callosum
  • lateral ventricles
A

what is indicated by the green image?

  • third ventricle
  • fourth ventricle
  • *- thalamus**
  • corpus callosum
  • lateral ventricles
344
Q

which anterior pituitary hormone is inhibited by its hypothalamic releasing hormone?

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin (PL)
Lutenising hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

which anterior pituitary hormone is inhibited by its hypothalamic releasing hormone?

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin (PL): inhibited by prolactin inhbiting factor (e.g. dopamine)
Lutenising hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
​Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

345
Q

MESS Questions:

  1. Which neurotransmitter is associated with Parkinson’s?
  2. What are the 3 main motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
  3. Which area of the brain degenerates in Parkinson’s
  4. Treatments of Parkinson’s?
A
  1. Which neurotransmitter is associated with Parkinson’s?
    * *Dopamine**
  2. What are the 3 main motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
    * *Resting Tremor, Bradykinesia, Rigidity**
  3. Which area of the brain degenerates in Parkinson’s
    * *substantia nigra pars compacta**
  4. Treatments of Parkinson’s?
    * *L-dopa + Dopa decarboxylase inhibitor or dopamine agonist**
346
Q

the lower limb somatosensory and motor cortices are provided by which artery?

ICA
MCA
ACA
Basilar A
​PCA

A

the lower limb somatosensory and motor cortices are provided by which artery?

ICA
MCA
ACA
Basilar A
​PCA

347
Q

which of the following is the medulla pyramids?

A
B
C
D
E

A

which of the following is the medulla pyramids?

A
B
C
D
E

348
Q

what type of imaging is this?

CT venogram
PET scan
CT angiography
CT perfusion
MRI

A

what type of imaging is this?

CT venogram
PET scan
CT angiography
CT perfusion
MRI

349
Q

which of the following is the central retinal artery?

A
B
C
​D

A

which of the following is the central retinal artery?

A
B
C
​D

350
Q

which region of the brain has the most rapid growth and development?

medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain
telencephalon
diecaphalon

A

which region of the brain has the most rapid growth and development?

medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain
telencephalon
diecaphalon

351
Q

explain the pupillary light reflex x

  • what is the afferent CN?
  • what is the efferent CN?
A
  • what is the afferent CN: CN II
  • what is the efferent CN: CN III
  • light shines in (through retina)
  • splits at optic chiasm to L&R
  • goes to Endinger-Westphal nucleus (part of III)
  • CN III –> cillary ganglion: closes iris

both pupils constrict !!

352
Q
A
353
Q
A
354
Q

the superior oblique assists which muscle in depressing the pupil?

superior rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus
inferior oblique
​inferior rectus

A

the superior oblique assists which muscle in depressing the pupil?

superior rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus
inferior oblique
​inferior rectus

355
Q
A
356
Q

which of the following best describes the innervation provided by greater petrosal:

  • sensory only
  • sympathetic only
  • parasympathetic only
  • parasympathetic and sensory
  • sympathetic and sensory
A

which of the following best describes the innervation provided by greater petrosal:

  • sensory only
  • sympathetic only
  • *- parasympathetic only**
  • parasympathetic and sensory
  • sympathetic and sensory

The greater petrosal nerve (or greater superficial petrosal nerve) is a nerve in the skull that branches from the facial nerve; it forms part of a chain of nerves that innervate the lacrimal gland.

357
Q

which of the following influences conciousness by modulating selection of object of attention, based upon goals?

noradrenaline
ACh
serotonin
dopamine
​adrenaline

A

which of the following influences conciousness by modulating selection of object of attention, based upon goals?

noradrenaline
ACh
serotonin
dopamine
​adrenaline

358
Q

explain the pupillary light reflex x

  • what is the afferent CN?
  • what is the efferent CN?
A

explain the pupillary light reflex x

  • what is the afferent CN: CN II
  • what is the efferent CN: CN III
  • light shines in (through retina)
  • splits at optic chiasm to L&R
  • goes to Endinger-Westphal nucleus (part of III)
  • CN III –> cillary ganglion: closes iris

both pupils constrict !!

359
Q

Through which foramen do the internal carotid arteries (ICA) enter the skull?

Foramen lacerum
Carotid canal
Foramen rotundum
foramen magnum
jugular foramen

A

Through which foramen do the internal carotid arteries (ICA) enter the skull?

Foramen lacerum
Carotid canal
Foramen rotundum
foramen magnum
jugular foramen

360
Q

where do you find the spinothalamic tract

pons
midbrain
medulla

A

where do you find the spinothalamic tract

pons
midbrain
medulla

361
Q

which part of the brain has the motor cotex / somatic motor association area?

occipital lobe
frontal lobe
brain stem
parietal lobe
cerebellum

A

which part of the brain has the motor cotex / somatic motor association area?

occipital lobe
frontal lobe
brain stem
parietal lobe
cerebellum

362
Q

which of the following is the inferior sagittal sinus?

A
B
C
D
​E

A

which of the following is the inferior sagittal sinus?

A
B
C
D
​E

363
Q
A
364
Q

Which of the following extrinsic muscles of the tongue is not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve?

Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
​Genioglossus
Palatoglossus

A

Which of the following extrinsic muscles of the tongue is not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve?

Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
​Genioglossus
Palatoglossus: VN instead

365
Q

which of the following disease is characterised by increased release of dopamine?

parkinsons
schizophrenia
depression
anxiety
bipolar

A

which of the following disease is characterised by increased release of dopamine?

parkinsons
schizophrenia
depression
anxiety
bipolar

366
Q

which sinus is this?

Superior sagital sinus
Inferior sagital sinus
Straight sinus
Confluence of sinuses
Transverse sinuses
Sigmoid sinuses

A

which sinus is this?

Superior sagital sinus
​Inferior sagital sinus
Straight sinus
Confluence of sinuses
Transverse sinuses (right)
Sigmoid sinuses

367
Q

which of the following is attaches to the eyeball anterior to the eyeball equator?

superior rectus
inferior olbique
medial rectus
lateral rectus
superior oblique

what movement does this cause when contract? [2]

A

which of the following is attaches to the eyeball anterior to the eyeball equator?

superior rectus
inferior olbique
medial rectus
lateral rectus
superior oblique

what movement does this cause when contract? [1]
elevation and intorsion

368
Q

which artery is highlighted in green?

anterior cerebral artery
middle cerebral artery
posterior communicating arteries
anterior communicating arteries
basilar artery

which two arteries does it connect? [1]

A

which artery is highlighted in green?

anterior cerebral artery
middle cerebral artery
posterior communicating arteries
anterior communicating arteries
basilar artery

which two arteries does it connect? [1]
anterior cerebal arteries

369
Q

which of the following shows where decussation occurs?

A
B
C
D
E

A

which of the following shows where decussation occurs?

A
B
C
D
E

370
Q

A 19-year-old female is admitted with suspected meningitis. The House Officer is due to perform a lumbar puncture. What is the most likely structure first encountered when the needle is inserted?

Ligamentum flavum
Denticulate ligament
Dural sheath
Pia mater
Supraspinous ligament

A

A 19-year-old female is admitted with suspected meningitis. The House Officer is due to perform a lumbar puncture. What is the most likely structure first encountered when the needle is inserted?

Ligamentum flavum
Denticulate ligament
Dural sheath
Pia mater
​Supraspinous ligament

371
Q

what structure is this?

pons
medulla oblongata
brainstem
hypothalamus
fasciculus gracilis

A

what structure is this?

pons
medulla oblongata
brainstem
hypothalamus
fasciculus gracilis

372
Q

which CN causes the secretion of lacrimal gland?

optic nerve
trigeminal nerve
oculomotor nerve
facial nerve
vagus nerve

A

which CN causes the secretion of lacrimal gland?

optic nerve
trigeminal nerve
oculomotor nerve
facial nerve
vagus nerve

373
Q

middle cerebral artery goes between which two brain lobes to get to lateral wall?

temporal & parietal
temporal and occiptal
temporal and frontal
parietal and occipital
occipital and cerebellum

A

middle cerebral artery goes between which two brain lobes to get to lateral wall?

temporal & parietal
temporal and occiptal
temporal and frontal
parietal and occipital
occipital and cerebellum

374
Q

Which of the following is the foramen lacerum?

A
B
C
D
E
F
​G

A

Which of the following is the foramen lacerum?

A
B
C
D
E
F
​G

375
Q

maxillary sinus drains into:

  • superior meatus
  • middle meatus
  • inferior meatus
  • ethmoid sinus
  • inferior cochae
A

maxillary sinus drains into:

  • superior meatus
  • *- middle meatus**
  • inferior meatus
  • ethmoid sinus
  • inferior cochae
376
Q

how do you clinically test the superior and inferior rectus? [1]

how do you clinically test the superior and inferior olbique? [1]

how do you clinically test the medial / lateral rectus? [1]

A

how do you clinically test the superior and inferior rectus? [1]
abduct the eye
(do this to isolate the muscle so that the eye is aligned with the angle of the muscle pull)

how do you clinically test the superior and inferior olbique? [1]
adduct the eye

how do you clinically test the medial / lateral rectus? [1]
abduct / adduct the eye

377
Q

A 78-year-old man presents to the GP with a feeling of gastric fullness. He has a history of a previous vagotomy for peptic ulcer disease. Through which foramina in the skull does this nerve pass through?

Hypoglossal
Internal acoustic meatus
Foramen ovale
Jugulae foramen
Foramen magnum

A

A 78-year-old man presents to the GP with a feeling of gastric fullness. He has a history of a previous vagotomy for peptic ulcer disease. Through which foramina in the skull does this nerve pass through?

Hypoglossal
Internal acoustic meatus
Foramen ovale
Jugulae foramen
Foramen magnum

378
Q

A 43-year-old lady underwent an attempted placement of a central line into the internal jugular vein. Unfortunately, the doctor damaged the carotid artery and this necessitated surgical exploration. As the surgeons incise the carotid sheath a nerve is identified lying between the internal jugular vein and the carotid artery. Which one of the following is this nerve most likely to be?

Glossopharnygeal nerve
hypoglossal nerve
superior larnygneal nerve
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Vagus nerve

A

A 43-year-old lady underwent an attempted placement of a central line into the internal jugular vein. Unfortunately, the doctor damaged the carotid artery and this necessitated surgical exploration. As the surgeons incise the carotid sheath a nerve is identified lying between the internal jugular vein and the carotid artery. Which one of the following is this nerve most likely to be?

Glossopharnygeal nerve
hypoglossal nerve
superior larnygneal nerve
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Vagus nerve

379
Q

damage to which cranial nerve causes this?

optic nerve
oculuomotor nerve
vagus nerve
facial nerve
trigeminal nerve

A

damage to which cranial nerve causes this?

optic nerve
oculuomotor nerve - innervates the levator palpabrae superioris
vagus nerve
facial nerve
trigeminal nerve

380
Q

which of the following is the interspinous ligament?

A
B
C
D
E
​F

A

which of the following is the interspinous ligament?

A
B
C
D
E
​F

381
Q

Which of the following is B?
​
Pons
Medulla
Cerebral aquaduct
Fourth ventricle
Midbrain

A

Which of the following is B?
​
Pons
Medulla
Cerebral aquaduct
Fourth ventricle
Midbrain

382
Q

which of the following supplies the basal ganglia & lateral 2/3rd of the cortex?

middle cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
posterior communicating artery
menigeal branch
opthalmic artery

A

which of the following supplies the basal ganglia & lateral 2/3rd of the cortex?

middle cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
posterior communicating artery
menigeal branch
opthalmic artery

383
Q

which of the following used air vibration as its mode of operation?

a) outer ear
b) middle ear
c) inner ear
d) central auditory nS

A

which of the following used air vibration as its mode of operation?

  • *​a) outer ear**
    b) middle ear
    c) inner ear
    d) central auditory nS
384
Q

which of the following detects changes in osmolality?

median eminence
posterior pituitary
subcommissural organ
pineal gland
subfornical organ

A

which of the following detects changes in osmolality?

median eminence
posterior pituitary
subcommissural organ
pineal gland
subfornical organ

385
Q
A
386
Q

which part of cerebellum causes balance & posture and co-ordinates eye and head movements

a) vestibulo-cerebellum
b) spino-cerebellum
c) cerebro-cerebellum

A

which part of cerebellum causes balance & posture and co-ordinates eye and head movements

  • *a) vestibulo-cerebellum**
    b) spino-cerebellum
    c) cerebro-cerebellum
387
Q

which of the following influences conciousness by modulating selection of object of attention, based upon goals?

noradrenaline
ACh
serotonin
dopamine
​adrenaline

A

which of the following influences conciousness by modulating selection of object of attention, based upon goals?

noradrenaline
ACh
serotonin
dopamine
​adrenaline

388
Q

hypoglossal nerve provides which types of innervation?

  • motor only
  • parasympathetic and special sensory
  • parasympathetic and sensory and motor
  • sympathetic and sensory
  • sensory, motor, special sensory and parasympathetic
A

hypoglossal nerve provides which types of innervation?

  • *- motor only**
  • parasympathetic and special sensory
  • parasympathetic and sensory and motor
  • sympathetic and sensory
  • sensory, motor, special sensory and parasympathetic
389
Q

which are the two main inhib NTs of CNS?

  • which one is dom in brain: [1]
  • which one is dom in spinal cord: [1]
A

which are the two main inhib NTs of CNS?

  • which one is dom in brain: GABA
  • which one is dom in spinal cord: glycine
390
Q

which part of the brain has the satiety centre?

thalamus
pituitary gland
cerebellum
hypothalamus
​medulla

A

which part of the brain has the satiety centre?

thalamus
pituitary gland
cerebellum
hypothalamus
​medulla

391
Q

which of the following is submandibular / digastric division of anterior triangle?

A
B
C
D

A

which of the following is submandibular / digastric division of anterior triangle?

A
B
C
D

392
Q

which of the following applies to adrenaline?

  • neurotransmitters only
  • neuromodulator only
  • neurotrophic factor only
  • neurotransmitters & neuromodulator
  • neurotransmitters, neuromodulator & neurotrophic factor
A

which of the following applies to adrenaline?

  • neurotransmitters only
  • *- neuromodulator only**
  • neurotrophic factor only
  • neurotransmitters & neuromodulator
  • neurotransmitters, neuromodulator & neurotrophic factor
393
Q

which of the following is best described as ‘a complete transection of a peripheral nerve.’

neurapraxia
axonotmesis
​neurotmesis

A

which of the following is best described as ‘a complete transection of a peripheral nerve.’

neurapraxia
axonotmesis
​neurotmesis

394
Q

tumours in which space raise intercranial pressure and may cause herniation of the temporal lobe, especially the uncus?

falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
tentorial notch
falx cerebelli
infundibulum

A

tumours in which space raise intercranial pressure and may cause herniation of the temporal lobe (uncus)?

falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
tentorial notch
falx cerebelli
infundibulum

395
Q

which of the following is Meissner corpuscle

A
B
C
D
​E

A

which of the following is Meissner corpuscle

A
B
C
D
​E

396
Q

which of the following regulates metabolism

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin (PL)
Lutenising hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

which of the following regulates metabolism

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin (PL)
Lutenising hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

397
Q

which CN spans all of the brainstem? [1]

A

which CN spans all of the brainstem? [1]
facial nerve!!

398
Q

You are examining a 79-year-old woman who presented last night with stroke-like symptoms. She has suspected lateral medullary syndrome.

On examination, she has loss of taste in the posterior third of her tongue and an absent gag reflex.

What structure does the likely affected cranial nerve pass through?

Foramen ovale
Foremane rotundum
Hypoglossal canal
Internal auditory meatus
Jugular formane

A

You are examining a 79-year-old woman who presented last night with stroke-like symptoms. She has suspected lateral medullary syndrome.

On examination, she has loss of taste in the posterior third of her tongue and an absent gag reflex.

What structure does the likely affected cranial nerve pass through?

Foramen ovale
Foremane rotundum
Hypoglossal canal
Internal auditory meatus
​Jugular forman: CNIX passses through here

399
Q

which two tracts allow synchronised eye and neck movement of a moving object? [2]

A

neck: tectospinal tract
eyes: superior colliculi connecting to medial longitudinal fasciculi

400
Q
A
401
Q

which of the following is the straight sinus?

A
B
C
D
E

A

which of the following is the straight sinus?

A
B
C
D
​E

402
Q

which of the following is the opthalmalic artery?

A
B
C
​D

A

which of the following is the opthalmalic artery?

A
B
C
​D

403
Q

which of the following is a motor tract?

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus
Spinocerebellar
Cortiocospinal
Spinothalamic

A

which of the following is a motor tract?

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus
Spinocerebellar
Cortiocospinal
Spinothalamic

404
Q

which regions of the brain control autonomic control? [2]

A

hypothalamus
reticular formation

405
Q

what type of imaging is this?

CT
MRI T2
PET
Ultrasound
MRI T1

A

what type of imaging is this?

CT
MRI T2
PET
Ultrasound
MRI T1

406
Q

broca and wernickes areas are supplied by which artery? [1]

interal carotid artery
basilar artery
pontine arteries
middle cerebral artery
PICA

A

broca and wernickes areas are supplied by which artery? [1]

interal carotid artery
basilar artery
pontine arteries
middle cerebral artery
​PICA

407
Q

which structures in the brain form the diencephalon ? [3]

A

diencaphalon:

thalamus
epithalamus
hypothalamus

408
Q

which of the following best describes the innervation provided by chorda tympani:

  • sensory only
  • sympathetic only
  • parasympathetic only
  • parasympathetic and sensory
  • sympathetic and sensory
A

which of the following best describes the innervation provided by chorda tympani:

  • sensory only
  • sympathetic only
  • parasympathetic only
  • *- parasympathetic and sensory**
  • sympathetic and sensory
  • special sensory innervation to anterior 2/3rd of tongue;
  • parasympathetic innervation to sublingual and submandibular glands
409
Q

which artery provides blood to the pons?

PICA
AICA
superior cerebllar artery
pons
posterior cerebral artery

A

which artery provides blood to the pons?

PICA
AICA
superior cerebllar artery
pons
​posterior cerebral artery

410
Q

which are the roots of the cervical plexus?

C1-C2
C1-C3
C1-C4
C1-C5
C1-C6

A

which are the roots of the cervical plexus?

C1-C2
C1-C3
C1-C4
C1-C5
​C1-C6

411
Q

which of the following are used for fast pain from skin, muscle and joints?

Aα
Aβ
Aγ
Aδ
C

A

which of the following are used for fast pain from skin, muscle and joints?

Aα
Aβ
Aγ
Aδ
C

412
Q

which of the following causes depression and extortion of eye?

superior rectus
inferior rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus

which other muscle causes the same movement? [1]

A

which of the following causes depression and extortion of eye?

superior rectus
inferior rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus

which other muscle causes the same movement? [1]
superior oblique

413
Q
A
414
Q

which is the largest dural fold (septa)?

falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
tentorial notch
falx cerebelli
infundibulum

A

which is the largest dural fold (septa)?

falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
tentorial notch
falx cerebelli
infundibulum

415
Q

which of the following is a gap through which the brainstem and blood vessels pass to enter the middle cranial fossa?

falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
tentorial notch
falx cerebelli
infundibulum

A

which of the following is a gap through which the brainstem and blood vessels pass to enter the middle cranial fossa?

falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
tentorial notch
falx cerebelli
infundibulum

416
Q
A

A: maxillary sinus
B: middle conchae
C: maxilla
D: frontal bone
E: ethmoid sinus

417
Q

which is the only CN to leave from posterior / dorsal side of brainstem?

  • vagus nerve
  • adbucens nerve
  • trochlear nerve
  • vestibulocochlear nerve
  • hypoglossal nerve
A

which is the only CN to leave from posterior / dorsal side of brainstem?

  • vagus nerve
  • adbucens nerve
  • *- trochlear nerve**
  • vestibulocochlear nerve
  • hypoglossal nerve
418
Q

what type of imaging is this?

CT
MRI T2
PET
Ultrasound
MRI T1

A

what type of imaging is this?

CT
MRI T2
PET
Ultrasound
MRI T1

419
Q

what is highlighted here?

dorsal root ganglion
sympathetic ganglia
ventral root
dorsal rootlet
spinal nerve

A

what is highlighted here?

dorsal root ganglion
sympathetic ganglia
ventral root
dorsal rootlet
spinal nerve

420
Q

A young man is hit on the side of the head with a baseball bat. The CT head scan reveals an extradural haematoma.

Through which foramen does the most likely injured artery enter the skull?

Superior orbital fissure
Foramen spinosum
Foramen ovale
Foramen rotundum
Carotid canal

A

A young man is hit on the side of the head with a baseball bat. The CT head scan reveals an extradural haematoma.

Through which foramen does the most likely injured artery enter the skull?

Superior orbital fissure
Foramen spinosum
Foramen ovale
Foramen rotundum
Carotid canal

421
Q

which type of MRI imagining would you use to detect changes at the edge of hemispheres / near to CSF?

T1 MRI
T2 MRI
Fat supression
Fluid attenutation
diffusion weighted imaging

A

which type of MRI imagining would you use to detect changes at the edge of hemispheres / near to CSF?

T1 MRI
T2 MRI
Fat supression
Fluid attenutation
diffusion weighted imaging

422
Q

A 70-year-old man with a history of a basal skull tumour presents to GP complaining of loss of taste towards the posterior third of his tongue, which has progressed over 4 weeks.

Damage to which cranial nerve is most likely responsible for this presentation?

Facial
Glossopharnygeal
Hypoglossal
Olfactory
Vagus

A

A 70-year-old man with a history of a basal skull tumour presents to GP complaining of loss of taste towards the posterior third of his tongue, which has progressed over 4 weeks.

Damage to which cranial nerve is most likely responsible for this presentation?

Facial
Glossopharnygeal
Hypoglossal
Olfactory
Vagus

423
Q

which level of the brainstaim did you find cerebral aquaduct?

midbrain
medulla
thalamus
pons
corpus callosum

A

which level of the brainstaim did you find cerebral aquaduct?

midbrain
medulla
thalamus
pons
corpus callosum

424
Q

which of the following provides innervation to the parotid gland/

​glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
vagus nerve (CN X)
spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

A

which of the following provides innervation to the parotid gland/

​glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
vagus nerve (CN X)
spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

425
Q

which of the following is the interventricular foramen?

A
B
C
D
​E

A

which of the following is the interventricular foramen?

A
B
C
D
​E

426
Q

which CN do you find in the cavernous sinus? [4]

A

CN III
CN IV
CN V1
CN V2
CN VI (more medial)

427
Q

A 38-year-old female presents to the GP with a facial droop. Sher is diagnosed with a facial nerve palsy. The GP knows that this nerve has a motor, sensory and autonomic function and thus examines her for any loss of these. To which glands does this nerve provide autonomic stimulation?

Parotid
Lacrimal, submandibular and sublingual
Parotid, lacrimal and submandiublar
Submandibular and sublingual
Parotid and lacrimal

A

A 38-year-old female presents to the GP with a facial droop. Sher is diagnosed with a facial nerve palsy. The GP knows that this nerve has a motor, sensory and autonomic function and thus examines her for any loss of these. To which glands does this nerve provide autonomic stimulation?

Parotid
Lacrimal, submandibular and sublingual
Parotid, lacrimal and submandiublar
Submandibular and sublingual
​Parotid and lacrimal

428
Q

which of the following transmits motor signals?

spinothalamic tract
dorsal column medial lemniscus tract
corticospinal tract
spinocerebllar tract

A

which of the following transmits motor signals?

spinothalamic tract
dorsal column medial lemniscus tract
corticospinal tract
spinocerebllar tract

429
Q

the uncus is an postieorly located lobe located in which part of the brain?

temporal
parietal
cerebellum
occipital
temporal

A

the uncus is an postieorly located lobe located in which part of the brain?

temporal
parietal
cerebellum
occipital
​temporal

430
Q

When is rotation of the eyeball used? [1]

A

Acceptable responses: head tilt, when tilting you head, tilting your head to one side

431
Q

which artery supplies the spinal tract of coritcospinal?

anterior spinal artery
posterior spinal artery

A

which artery supplies the spinal tract of coritcospinal?

anterior spinal artery
posterior spinal artery

432
Q

which CN regulates accomodation of lens?

optic nerve
oculomotor nerve
vagus nerve
facial nerve
trigeminal nerve

A

which CN regulates accomodation of lens?

optic nerve
oculomotor nerve
vagus nerve
facial nerve
trigeminal nerve

433
Q

which of the following types of myelination would cause slow pain from the skin or act as thermoreceptors?

Aα
Aβ
Aγ
Aδ
C

A

which of the following types of myelination would cause slow pain from the skin or act as thermoreceptors?

Aα
Aβ
Aγ
Aδ
C

434
Q

which of the following is axonotmesis?

A
B
C
​

A

which of the following is axonotmesis?

A
B
C
​

435
Q

what type of staining do you use to demonstrate overall shape of neurons? [1]

A

silver staining !

436
Q

which of the following is released gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) [2]

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin (PL)
Lutenising hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Growth hormone (GH)

A

which of the following is released gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) [2]
​
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin (PL)
Lutenising hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Growth hormone (GH)

437
Q

which of the following influences conciousness by modulating attention (direction of conciousness)?

noradrenaline
ACh
serotonin
dopamine
​adrenaline

A

which of the following influences conciousness by modulating attention (direction of conciousness)?

noradrenaline
ACh
serotonin
dopamine
​adrenaline

438
Q

which part of the ear divides the outer ear with inner ear?

  • eustachian tube?
  • cochlea
  • round window
  • tympanic membrane
    ​- malleus
A

which part of the ear divides the outer ear with inner ear?

  • eustachian tube?
  • cochlea
  • round window
    - tympanic membrane
    ​- malleus
439
Q

what is romberys test?

what is it testing?

of what assumption does it work off?

A

used to quickly screen for evidence of sensory ataxia (i.e. non-cerebellar causes of balance issues).

Romberg’s test is based on the premise that a patient requires at least two of the following three senses to maintain balance whilst standing

Proprioception: the awareness of one’s body position in space.

Vestibular function: the ability to know one’s head position in space.

Vision: the ability to see one’s position in space.

440
Q
A
441
Q

A 22-year-old man is undergoing a wedge excision of his great toenail. As the surgeon passes a needle into the area to administer local anaesthetic, the patient notices a sharp pain. By which pathway will this sensation be conveyed to the central nervous system?

Anterior corticospinal tract
Posterior cortiocspinal tract
Cuneate fasciculus
Vestibulospinal tract
Spinothalamic tract

A

A 22-year-old man is undergoing a wedge excision of his great toenail. As the surgeon passes a needle into the area to administer local anaesthetic, the patient notices a sharp pain. By which pathway will this sensation be conveyed to the central nervous system?

Anterior corticospinal tract
Posterior cortiocspinal tract
Cuneate fasciculus
Vestibulospinal tract
Spinothalamic tract: Spinothalamic tract- Pain and temperature

442
Q

which of the following anastamoses with the MCA?

middle cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
posterior communicating artery
menigeal branch
opthalmic artery

A

which of the following anastamoses with the MCA?

middle cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
posterior communicating artery
menigeal branch
opthalmic artery

443
Q

which of the following facilitates y-motor neurons of extenors of body?

corticospinal tract
anterior spinocerebellar tract
posterior spinocerebellar tract
lateral reticulospinal tract
medial reticulospinal tract

A

which of the following facilitates y-motor neurons of extenors of body?

corticospinal tract
anterior spinocerebellar tract
posterior spinocerebellar tract
lateral reticulospinal tract
medial reticulospinal tract

444
Q

Through which foramen do the vertebral arteries enter the skull?

​Foramen lacerum
Carotid canal
Foramen rotundum
foramen magnum
jugular foramen

A

Through which foramen do the vertebral arteries enter the skull?

​Foramen lacerum
Carotid canal
Foramen rotundum
foramen magn​um
jugular foramen

445
Q

Despina is experiencing a hoarse voice, which cranial nerve is likely affected?

Trigeminal (V)
Vagus (X)
Facial (VII)
Hypoglossal (XII)

A

Despina is experiencing a hoarse voice, which cranial nerve is likely affected?

Trigeminal (V)
Vagus (X)
Facial (VII)
Hypoglossal (XII)

446
Q

which of the following is best described as ‘tempory blockage of motor and sensory nerve conduction, reversible’

neurapraxia
axonotmesis
​neurotmesis

A

which of the following is best described as ‘tempory blockage of motor and sensory nerve conduction, reversible’

neurapraxia
axonotmesis
​neurotmesis

447
Q

A 56-year-old man is undergoing a carotid endarterectomy. The internal carotid artery is mobilised. How many branches does this vessel give off in the neck?

0
1
2
3
4
6

A

A 56-year-old man is undergoing a carotid endarterectomy. The internal carotid artery is mobilised. How many branches does this vessel give off in the neck?

0
1
2
3
4
​6

448
Q

label A-E

A

A: optic canal
B: foramen rotundum
C: foramen ovale
D: foramen spinosum

449
Q

the part of the brain that detects thirst is close to

corpus callosum
lateral ventricles
third ventricles
fourth ventricles
cerebral aqauduct

A

the part of the brain that detects thirst is close to

corpus callosum
lateral ventricles
third ventricles: OVLT & subfornical glands are located near
fourth ventricles
cerebral aqauduct

450
Q

which part of the neuron collects information?

dendrite
cell body
axon
​axon terminal

A

which part of the neuron collects information?

dendrite
cell body
axon
​axon terminal

451
Q

Which of the following does the maxillary branch leave the craniun?

A
B
C
D
E
F
G

A

Which of the following does the maxillary branch leave the craniun?

A
B
C: foramen rotundum,
D
E
F
​G

452
Q

which of the following regulates circadian rthym?

A
B
C
D
​E

A

which of the following regulates circadian rthym?

A
B
C
D
​E

453
Q

which of the following is the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A
B
C
D
E
​F

A

which of the following is the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A
B
C
D
E
​F

454
Q

what is B?

infundibulum
​falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
tentorial notch
falx cerebelli

A

what is B?

infundibulum
​falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
tentorial notch
falx cerebelli

455
Q
A
456
Q
A
457
Q

which of the following applies to GABA?

  • neurotransmitters only
  • neuromodulator only
  • neurotrophic factor only
  • neurotransmitters & neuromodulator
  • neurotransmitters, neuromodulator & neurotrophic factor
A

which of the following applies to GABA?

  • neurotransmitters only
  • neuromodulator only
  • neurotrophic factor only
  • *- neurotransmitters & neuromodulator**
  • neurotransmitters, neuromodulator & neurotrophic factor
458
Q

which of the following connects to the superior colliculi ?

medial longitudinal fasciculi
lateral geniculate pathway
tectonate pathway
meyers loop
optic nerve

A

which of the following connects to the superior colliculi ?

medial longitudinal fasciculi
lateral geniculate pathway
tectonate pathway
meyers loop
optic nerve

459
Q

An 88-year-old diabetic woman with known vascular dementia is telling her carers she cannot feel the left hand side of her body.

Her cranial nerve examination is unremarkable. Upon neurological examination of her upper limbs and lower limbs there is a dense sensory loss to light touch, vibration and pain on the right. Moreover, she cannot detect temperature change and her joint position sense is impaired on the right. A CT head scan reveals an area of infarction in the region of the lateral thalamus on the left side.

Which lateral thalamic nucleus has been affected by this stroke?

Lateral geniculate
Medial geniculate
Ventral anterior
Ventral lateral
Ventral posterior

A

An 88-year-old diabetic woman with known vascular dementia is telling her carers she cannot feel the left hand side of her body.

Her cranial nerve examination is unremarkable. Upon neurological examination of her upper limbs and lower limbs there is a dense sensory loss to light touch, vibration and pain on the right. Moreover, she cannot detect temperature change and her joint position sense is impaired on the right. A CT head scan reveals an area of infarction in the region of the lateral thalamus on the left side.

Which lateral thalamic nucleus has been affected by this stroke?

Lateral geniculate
Medial geniculate
Ventral anterior
Ventral lateral
**Ventral posterior

Ventral posterior is correct as this thalamic nucleus is where axons from the medial lemniscus (relating sensory axons from the dorsal columns in the spinal cord to the medulla, where they decussate in form of medial lemniscus from medulla to cortex) and spinothalamic pathway project to, on their journey towards somatosensory areas of the cortex. These pathways detect light touch, proprioception, vibration and pain/temperature respectively. Hence a lack of sensation on the right side of the body with left lateral ventral posterior thalamic nuclei lesions.**

460
Q
A
461
Q

which of the following is a long-term appetite regulator

​insulin
ghrelin
leptin
GLP-1
CCK

A

which of the following is a long-term appetite regulator

​insulin
ghrelin
leptin
GLP-1
CCK

462
Q

which cell are the arrows pointing to?

oligodendrocytes
ependymal
astrocytes
microglial
schwann

A

which cell are the arrows pointing to?

oligodendrocytes
ependymal
astrocytes
microglial
schwann

463
Q

which bones make up the superior wall of the eye bony orbit? [2]

which bones make up the inferior wall of the eye bony orbit? [3]

which bones make medial wall? [4]

which bones make lateral wall? [3]

*

A

which bones make up the superior wall of the eye bony orbit? [2]
**frontal bone
sphenoid bone

which bones make up the inferior wall of the eye bony orbit? [3]**
maxilla, palatine and zygomatic

Medial wall: formed by the ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal and sphenoid bones. The ethmoid bones separates the orbit from the ethmoid sinus
​

Lateral wall: formed by the zygomatic bone and greater wing of the sphenoid.

464
Q

which part of the brain gives you the ability to track an object (eyes)

  • pineal gland
  • superior colliculi
  • inferior colliculi
  • cerebreal peduncles
  • 4th ventricle
A

which part of the brain gives you the ability to track an object (eyes)

  • pineal gland
  • *- superior colliculi**
  • inferior colliculi
  • cerebreal peduncles
  • 4th ventricle
465
Q

describe pathway of corticospinal tract xox

A
466
Q

which of the following decussates at the medulla?

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus
Spinocerebellar
Cortiocospinal
Spinothalamic

A

which of the following decussates at the medulla?

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus
Spinocerebellar
Cortiocospinal
Spinothalamic

467
Q

Which of the following is D?

Pons
Medulla
Cerebral aquaduct
Fourth ventricle
Midbrain

A

Which of the following is D?

Pons
Medulla
Cerebral aquaduct
Fourth ventricle
Midbrain

468
Q

which bone is this?

temporal
ethmoid
mandible
maxilla
​sphenoid

A

which bone is this?

temporal
ethmoid
mandible
maxilla
​sphenoid

469
Q

which spinal tract carries sensory nerves for light touch, consious proprioception and vibration?

spinocerebellar
spinothalamic
gracile fasciculus
cuneate fasciculus
corticospinal

A

which spinal tract carries sensory nerves for light touch, consious proprioception and vibration?

spinocerebellar
spinothalamic
gracile fasciculus
cuneate fasciculus
corticospinal

470
Q

The majoriy of the corticospinal fibres terminate at which level?

cerivcal
thoracic
lumbosacral
coccygeal

A

The majoriy of the corticospinal fibres terminate at which level?

cerivcal
thoracic
lumbosacral
coccygeal

Of all corticospinal fibres approximately 20% terminate at thoracic levels, 25% at lumbosacral levels and 55% at cervical levels. Many of the fibres that originate from the motor cortex then terminate in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. [4]

471
Q

which of the following is the buccianator?

A
B
C
D
E
F
​G

A

which of the following is the buccianator?

A
B
C
D
E
F
​G

472
Q

which spinal tract carries sensory crude touch

Cortiocspinal
DCML
Spinothalamic
Spinocerebellar

A

which spinal tract carries sensory crude touch

Cortiocspinal
DCML
Spinothalamic
Spinocerebellar

473
Q

damage to which of the following would cause ​conduction aphasia rare form of aphasia in which both expression and comprehension remain intact, but the patient shows an isolated impairment in their ability to repeat simple phrases.

angular gyrus
arcuate fasiculus
broca’s area
​wernickes area

A

damage to which of the following would cause ​conduction aphasia rare form of aphasia in which both expression and comprehension remain intact, but the patient shows an isolated impairment in their ability to repeat simple phrases.
​
angular gyrus
arcuate fasiculus - connects brocas and wernickes
broca’s area
​wernickes area

474
Q

which of the following would do you take an epidural from? [1]

A
B
C
​D

A

which of the following would do you take an epidural from? [1]

A
B
C
​D

475
Q

which of the following disease is increaed release of seratonin & noradrenaline ?

parkinsons
schizophrenia
depression
anxiety
bipolar

A

which of the following disease is increaed release of seratonin & noradrenaline ?

parkinsons
schizophrenia
depression
anxiety
bipolar

476
Q

spinal accessory provides which types of innervation?

  • motor only
  • parasympathetic and special sensory
  • parasympathetic and sensory and motor
  • sympathetic and sensory
  • sensory, motor, special sensory and parasympathetic
A

spinal accessory provides which types of innervation?

  • *- motor only**
  • parasympathetic and special sensory
  • parasympathetic and sensory and motor
  • sympathetic and sensory
  • sensory, motor, special sensory and parasympathetic
477
Q

which vertebrae has the dens?

C1
C2
C3
C4
C5

what is the role of the dens? [1]

A

which vertebrae has the dens?

C1
C2
C3
C4
C5

what is the role of the dens? [1]
forms pivot joint with C1

478
Q

which neck triangle would you find the mylohyoid (floor of the mouth)?

Submandibular/digastric
carotid triangle
muscular
​submental

A

which neck triangle would you find the mylohyoid (floor of the mouth)?

Submandibular/digastric
carotid triangle
muscular
​submental

479
Q

which artery is a branch of the ICA that occurs in the cavernous sinus?

middle cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
posterior communicating artery
menigeal branch
opthalmic artery

A

which artery is a branch of the ICA that occurs in the cavernous sinus?

middle cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
posterior communicating artery
menigeal branch
opthalmic artery

480
Q
A
481
Q

which of the following influences conciousness by modulating generalised arousal level?

noradrenaline
ACh
serotonin
dopamine
adrenaline

A

which of the following influences conciousness by modulating generalised arousal level?

noradrenaline
ACh
serotonin
dopamine
​adrenaline

482
Q

Marie has a thrombus in her right middle cerebral artery, which functional areas would you expect to be affected?

Facial sensation

Facial movements

Leg movements

Leg sensation

Speech production

Speech comprehension

A

Marie has a thrombus in her right middle cerebral artery, which functional areas would you expect to be affected?

Facial sensation

Facial movements

Leg movements

Leg sensation

Speech production

Speech comprehension

The MCA provides blood supply for the somatosensory and motor cortices, but only the regions dedicated to the face and upper limb. The lower limb is supplied by the ACA. Broca and Wernicke’s regions are usually located in the left cortex, and so are unlikely to be affected in this case.

483
Q

which of the following inhibits y-motor neurons of extenors of body?

corticospinal tract
anterior spinocerebellar tract
posterior spinocerebellar tract
lateral reticulospinal tract
medial reticulospinal tract

A

which of the following inhibits y-motor neurons of extenors of body?

corticospinal tract
anterior spinocerebellar tract
posterior spinocerebellar tract
lateral reticulospinal tract
medial reticulospinal tract

484
Q

name the structure measured here [1]

A
485
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

30
31
32
33
34

A

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

30
31
32
33
34

486
Q

A 26-year-old woman presents to GP complaining that her jaw is ‘wonky’, which is concerning to her. She reports a history of head trauma four months ago.

On inspection, her jaw deviates to the right.

Damage to which cranial nerve is responsible for this sign?

Left facial nerve
Left trigeminal nerve
Right facial nerve
Right hypoglossal nerve
Right trigeminal nerve

A

A 26-year-old woman presents to GP complaining that her jaw is ‘wonky’, which is concerning to her. She reports a history of head trauma four months ago.

On inspection, her jaw deviates to the right.

Damage to which cranial nerve is responsible for this sign?

Left facial nerve
Left trigeminal nerve
Right facial nerve
Right hypoglossal nerve
Right trigeminal nerve

487
Q

which of the following modulates posture

corticospinal tract
anterior spinocerebellar tract
posterior spinocerebellar tract
lateral reticulospinal tract
medial reticulospinal tract

A

which of the following modulates posture

corticospinal tract
anterior spinocerebellar tract
posterior spinocerebellar tract
lateral reticulospinal tract
medial reticulospinal tract

488
Q

what is D?

carotid canal
optic tract
olfactory tract
optic chiasm
superior sagital sinus

A

what is D?

carotid canal
optic tract
olfactory tract
optic chiasm
superior sagital sinus

489
Q

where does the eye focus in comparison to the retina with:

A) myopia
B) hyperopia

A

where does the eye focus in comparison to the retina with:

A) myopia: light rays focus in front of the retina
B) hyperopia: light rays behind the retina

490
Q

Where on the diagram would you find this lesion?

1
2
3
4
5

A

Where on the diagram would you find this lesion?

1
2
3
4
5

491
Q

which part of the brain has the somatic sensory association area / sensory cortex?

occipital lobe
frontal lobe
brain stem
parietal lobe
cerebellum

A

which part of the brain has the somatic sensory association area / sensory cortex?

occipital lobe
frontal lobe
brain stem
parietal lobe
cerebellum

492
Q

which of the following applies to Ach?

  • neurotransmitters only
  • neuromodulator only
  • neurotrophic factor only
  • neurotransmitters & neuromodulator
  • neurotransmitters, neuromodulator & neurotrophic factor
A

which of the following applies to Ach?

  • neurotransmitters only
  • neuromodulator only
  • neurotrophic factor only
  • *- neurotransmitters & neuromodulator**
  • neurotransmitters, neuromodulator & neurotrophic factor
493
Q

what is highlighted here?

dorsal root ganglion
sympathetic ganglia
ventral root
dorsal rootlet
spinal nerve

A

what is highlighted here?

dorsal root ganglion
sympathetic ganglia
ventral root
dorsal rootlet
spinal nerve

494
Q

A 68-year-old patient has come to your neurology clinic for a routine review a few months after being diagnosed with progressive muscular atrophy, which is a variant of motor neurone disease (MND). This variant of MND causes a lower motor neurone lesion pattern.

Which of the following signs would you expect to see on examination?

Hypertonia and hyperreflexia
Hypertonia and hyporeflexia
Hypotonia and hyperreflexia
Hypotonia and hyporreflexia
Normal tones and reflexes

A

A 68-year-old patient has come to your neurology clinic for a routine review a few months after being diagnosed with progressive muscular atrophy, which is a variant of motor neurone disease (MND). This variant of MND causes a lower motor neurone lesion pattern.

Which of the following signs would you expect to see on examination?

Hypertonia and hyperreflexia
Hypertonia and hyporeflexia
Hypotonia and hyperreflexia
Hypotonia and hyporreflexia: In lower motor neuron lesions everything is reduced

​Normal tones and reflexes

495
Q

What is A?

  • frontalis
  • oribuclaris oculi
  • oribucalris oris
  • occiptilas
  • buccinator
A

What is A?

  • frontalis
  • oribuclaris oculi
  • oribucalris oris
  • occiptilas
  • buccinator
496
Q

what is highlighted here?

A

thalamus

497
Q

which of the following is a ruffini ending?

A
B
C
D
E

A

which of the following is a ruffini ending?

A
B
C
D
E

498
Q

which spinal tract carries sensory nerves for crude touch, pain and temp?

spinocerebellar
spinothalamic
gracile fasciculus
cuneate fasciculus
corticospinal

A

which spinal tract carries sensory nerves for crude touch, pain and temp?

spinocerebellar
spinothalamic
gracile fasciculus
cuneate fasciculus
corticospinal

499
Q

where is cholecystokinin released from?

pancreas
stomach
small intestine
bile duct
oesphogus

A

where is cholecystokinin released from?

pancreas
stomach
small intestine: mucousal epithelium
bile duct
oesphogus

500
Q

which of the following is the transverse sinus?

A
B
C
D
​E

A

which of the following is the transverse sinus?

A
B
C
D
​E

501
Q

A 32-year-old presents to the Emergency Department via ambulance following a road traffic accident. ABCDE assessment reveals a penetrating trauma at the level of T9.

After MRI spine imaging and clinical review by a neurologist, a diagnosis of left-sided Brown-Sequard syndrome is given.

What pattern of symptoms is this patient likely to exhibit?

Bilateral loss of motor, pain and temperature
Bilateral loss of motor, with some loss of vibration and proprioception
Left-sided loss of motor, with some loss of vibration and proprioceptionl with right sided loss of pain and temperature senastion
Left sided loss of proprioception and vibration sensation
Right soded loss of motor, vibration and proprioception with left sided loss of pain and temp sensation

A

A 32-year-old presents to the Emergency Department via ambulance following a road traffic accident. ABCDE assessment reveals a penetrating trauma at the level of T9.

After MRI spine imaging and clinical review by a neurologist, a diagnosis of left-sided Brown-Sequard syndrome is given.

What pattern of symptoms is this patient likely to exhibit?

Bilateral loss of motor, pain and temperature
Bilateral loss of motor, with some loss of vibration and proprioception
Left-sided loss of motor, with some loss of vibration and proprioceptionl with right sided loss of pain and temperature senastion
Left sided loss of proprioception and vibration sensation
Right soded loss of motor, vibration and proprioception with left sided loss of pain and temp sensation

502
Q

Which one of the following pairings of foramina and their contents is not correct?

Superior orbital fissue and oculomotor nerve
Foramina rotundum and maxillary nerve
Jugular foramen and hypoglossal nerve
Foramine spinosum and middle meningeal artery
Carotid canal and internal carotid artery

A

Which one of the following pairings of foramina and their contents is not correct?

Superior orbital fissue and oculomotor nerve
Foramina rotundum and maxillary nerve
Jugular foramen and hypoglossal nerve: The hypoglossal nerve passes through the hypoglossal canal.
Foramine spinosum and middle meningeal artery
Carotid canal and internal carotid artery

503
Q

which of the following is the lacrimal artery?

A
B
C
D

A

which of the following is the lacrimal artery?

A
B
C
​D

504
Q

which part of the ear contains the organ responsible for transducing sound energy?

  • eustachian tube
  • cochlea
  • round window
  • tympanic membrane
    ​- malleus
A

which part of the ear contains the organ responsible for transducing sound energy?

  • eustachian tube
  • cochlea: contains organ of corti
  • round window
  • tympanic membrane
    ​- malleus
505
Q

Which option is false in relation to the trigeminal nerve?

The nerve originates at the pons
The posterior scalp is supplied by the trigeminal nerve
The maxillary nerve exits via the foramen rotundum
The nerve is purely sensory
The motor root is not in the trigeminal ganglion

A

Which option is false in relation to the trigeminal nerve?

The nerve originates at the pons
The posterior scalp is supplied by the trigeminal nerve
The maxillary nerve exits via the foramen rotundum
The nerve is purely sensory
The motor root is not in the trigeminal ganglion

506
Q

which area of the brain contains most of the dopamine neurons in the brain?

cerebellum
temporal
midbrain
occipital
​frontal

A

which area of the brain contains most of the dopamine neurons in the brain?

cerebellum
temporal
midbrain
occipital
​frontal

507
Q

which artery supplies the lateral aspect of the midbrain?

vertebral artery
basilar artery
anterior spinal artery
pontine branches
​PICA

A

which artery supplies the lateral aspect of the midbrain?

vertebral artery
basilar artery
anterior spinal artery
pontine branches
​PICA

508
Q

which CN carriers motor innervation to the face? (not masitication)

trigeminal nerve
facial nerve
vagus nerve
hypoglossal nerve
glossopharyngeal nerve

A

which CN carriers motor innervation to the face? (not masitication)

trigeminal nerve
facial nerve
vagus nerve
hypoglossal nerve
glossopharyngeal nerve

509
Q

Which of the following doe the oculomotor, trochloea and abducens enter the eye orbit by?

A
B
C
D
E
F
​G

A

Which of the following doe the oculomotor, trochloea and abducens enter the eye orbit by?

A
B: the superior orbital fissure.​
C
D
E
F
​G

510
Q

which artery supplies the spinal tract of DCML?

anterior spinal artery
posterior spinal artery

A

which artery supplies the spinal tract of DCML?

anterior spinal artery
posterior spinal artery

511
Q
A
512
Q

which sinus is this?

Superior sagital sinus
Inferior sagital sinus
Straight sinus
Confluence of sinuses
Transverse sinuses
Sigmoid sinuses

A

which sinus is this?

Superior sagital sinus
​Inferior sagital sinus
Straight sinus
Confluence of sinuses
Transverse sinuses (right)
Sigmoid sinuses

513
Q

which neck triangle would you find the hypoglossal nerve

Submandibular/digastric
carotid triangle
muscular
​submental

A

which neck triangle would you find the hypoglossal nerve

Submandibular/digastric
carotid triangle
muscular
​submental

514
Q

which of the following is the temporal notch?

A
B
C
D
​E

A

which of the following is the falx cerebri

A
C
C
D
​E

515
Q
A
516
Q

glossophayngeal nerve leaves skull via which foramen?

catorid canal
Jugular foramen
Foramen lacerum
Hypoglossal canal
​Foramen magnum:

A

glossophayngeal nerve leaves skull via which foramen?

catorid canal
Jugular foramen
Foramen lacerum
Hypoglossal canal
​Foramen magnum:

517
Q

what is B?

oligodendrocytes
ependymal
astrocytes
microglial
schwann

A

what is B?

oligodendrocytes
ependymal
astrocytes
microglial
schwann

518
Q

which spinal tract carries voluntary movement

Cortiocspinal
DCML
Spinothalamic
Spinocerebellar

A

which spinal tract carries voluntary movement

Cortiocspinal
DCML
Spinothalamic
Spinocerebellar

519
Q

Where on the diagram would you find this lesion?

1
2
3
4
5

A

Where on the diagram would you find this lesion?

1
2
3
4
5

520
Q

which of the following cause eye adduction?

superior rectus
inferior olbique
medial rectus
lateral rectus
superior oblique

A

which of the following cause eye adduction?

superior rectus
inferior olbique
medial rectus
lateral rectus
superior oblique

Y1 Qs (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions