Loco Qs Flashcards
which out of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle has calmodulin?
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
which out of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle has calmodulin?
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
- movements of the shoulder include a combination of movements from all but which of the following joints?
- sternoclavicular joint
- sternohumeral joint
- glenohumeral joint
- scapulothrocic joint
- acromiclavicular joint
movements of the shoulder include a combination of movements from all but which of the following joints?
- sternoclavicular joint
- *- sternohumeral joint**
- glenohumeral joint
- scapulothrocic joint
- acromiclavicular joint
What type of joint is A?
a) saddle
b) pivot
c) planar
d) hinge
e) condyloid
What type of joint is A?
saddle
which of the following is the A band?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is the A band?
A
B
C
D
E
the lateral rotators of the hip are innervated by which nerve supply?
L4, L5, S1
L5, S1, S2
S1, S2, S3
L3, L4, L5
the lateral rotators of the hip are innervated by which nerve supply?
L4, L5, S1
L5, S1, S2
S1, S2, S3
L3, L4, L5
what type of collagen do you find in ECM of bone tissue?
a) type I
b) type 2
c) type 3
d) type 4
e) type 5
what type of collagen do you find in ECM of bone tissue?
- *a) type I**
b) type 2
c) type 3
d) type 4
e) type 5
A 24-year-old man gets into a gang fight and suffers a stab wound in the lower leg. After physical examination, his physician finds that he presents with a classic foot drop due to being unable to dorsiflex his foot. Which of the following nerves is injured in this case?
tibial nerve
genitofemoral nerve
common fibular nerve
obturator nerve
femoral nerve
A 24-year-old man gets into a gang fight and suffers a stab wound in the lower leg. After physical examination, his physician finds that he presents with a classic foot drop due to being unable to dorsiflex his foot. Which of the following nerves is injured in this case?
tibial nerve
genitofemoral nerve
common fibular nerve
obturator nerve
femoral nerve
Which one of the following structures separates the intervertebral disks from the spinal cord?
Anterior longitudinal liagment
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Supraspinous ligament
Inerspinous ligament
Ligamentum flavum
Which one of the following structures separates the intervertebral disks from the spinal cord?
Anterior longitudinal liagment
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Supraspinous ligament
Inerspinous ligament
Ligamentum flavum
What is the carpal tunnel? What is contained within it? (you’re looking for 10 items you might want to draw a simple diagram to help)
The carpal tunnel is created by a thick band of retinacula spanning between the carpal bones of the wrist, creating a tunnel. Passing through this tunnel are the tendons of
- Flexor digitorum superficialis (4)
- Flexor digitorum profundus (4)
- Flexor pollicis longus (1)
- And the Median nerve
A 10-year-old female presents to the GP with peri-oral blisters. A diagnosis of non-bullous impetigo is made. The GP is concerned about a risk of an intracranial infection spreading from the face, via the facial vein, to the cranial cavity. Through which venous structure is the facial vein connected which could lead to this spread?
Dual venous sinus
Cavernous sinus
Superficial temporal vein
Maxillary vein
External jugular vein
A 10-year-old female presents to the GP with peri-oral blisters. A diagnosis of non-bullous impetigo is made. The GP is concerned about a risk of an intracranial infection spreading from the face, via the facial vein, to the cranial cavity. Through which venous structure is the facial vein connected which could lead to this spread?
Dual venous sinus
Cavernous sinus
Superficial temporal vein
Maxillary vein
External jugular vein
What condition might also arise from interference of the lymphatic drainage?
Lymphedema
Which one of the following muscles inserts onto the lesser tuberostiy of the the humerus?
Subscapularis
Deltoid
Supraspinatus
Teres minor
Infraspinatus
Which one of the following muscles inserts onto the lesser tuberostiy of the the humerus?
Subscapularis
Deltoid
Supraspinatus
Teres minor
Infraspinatus
what do the arrows depcit?
sclerotic lesions of bone
periosteal reaction
lucent lesions of bone
osteopenia
osteonecrosis
what do the arrows depcit?
sclerotic lesions of bone
what do the arrows depcit?
sclerotic lesions of bone
periosteal reaction
lucent lesions of bone
osteopenia
osteonecrosislucent lesions of bone
osteopenia
osteonecrosis
Which nerve supplies sensation to the nail bed of the index finger?
Median
Radial
Ulnar
Musculocutaneous
Axillary
Which nerve supplies sensation to the nail bed of the index finger?
Median
Radial
Ulnar
Musculocutaneous
Axillary
which of the nerves from brachial plexus, if damaged, would result in a loss of shoulder abduction beyond 15 degrees?
- Muscularcutaneous
- *- axillary**
- median
- radial
- ulnar nerve
which of the nerves from brachial plexus, if damaged, would result in a loss of shoulder abduction beyond 15 degrees?
- Muscularcutaneous
- *- axillary**
- median
- radial
- ulnar nerve
which best describes the joint shown in the picture?
synchrondrosis
syndemosis
synostosis
symphysis
gomphosis
syndrondosis
which best describes the joint shown in the picture?
synchrondrosis
syndemosis
synostosis
symphysis
gomphosis
syndrondosis
what type of joint is the arrow pointing to?
a) Symphysis
b) Synostosis
c) Synchondrosis
d) Syndesmosis
e) Gomphosis
what type of joint is the arrow pointing to?
a) Symphysis
b) Synostosis
* *c) Synchondrosis: cartilaginous joints connected by hyaline cart**
d) Syndesmosis
e) Gomphosis
You are a medical student on placement practising your orthopaedic examinations. On observation of a patient’s knee, you notice that the centre of gravity lies medial to the knee joint and thus the knees bow outwards. What is the correct term for this?
Coxa valga
Genu valgus
Hallux varum
Coxa varum
Genu varum
You are a medical student on placement practising your orthopaedic examinations. On observation of a patient’s knee, you notice that the centre of gravity lies medial to the knee joint and thus the knees bow outwards. What is the correct term for this?
Coxa valga
Genu valgus
Hallux varum
Coxa varum
Genu varum
Which nerve is palpable around the head of the fibula?
deep fibular nerve
superificial fibular nerve
common fibular nerve
femoral nerve
tibial nerve
Which nerve is palpable around the head of the fibula?
deep fibular nerve
superificial fibular nerve
common fibular nerve
femoral nerve
tibial nerve
which part of pelvic bone do you sit on?
a) pubic tubercle
b) coccyx
c) ischial tuberosity
d) inferior pubic ramos
e) ischial spine
which part of pelvic bone do you sit on?
a) pubic tubercle
b) coccyx
* *c) ischial tuberosity**
d) inferior pubic ramos
e) ischial spine
which muscle of forearm does the arrow point to?
a) pronator teres
b) flexor carpi radialis
c) palmarus longus
d) flexor carpi ulnaris
which muscle of forearm does the arrow point to?
a) pronator teres
b) flexor carpi radialis
c) palmarus longus
d) flexor carpi ulnaris
which is more likely to break in humerus?
surgical neck
anatomical neck
which is more likely to break in humerus?
surgical neck
anatomical neck
which one of the following is not a lateral ligament of the ankle?
anterior talofibular ligament
posterior talofibular ligament
deltoid ligament
calcaneofibular ligament
which one of the following is not a lateral ligament of the ankle?
anterior talofibular ligament
posterior talofibular ligament
deltoid ligament
calcaneofibular ligament
A 43- year- old patient presents to his General practitioner complaining of fatigue and weight loss. He mentions he experiences pain around his right shoulder region and tingling sensations of his fourth and fifth fingers on his right hand. He is later diagnosed with an apical lung tumour, which presses on the C8-T1 nerve roots of the brachial plexus. Which nerve of the upper limb is primarily compromised?
Axillary nerve
Muscolskeletal nerve
Radial nerve
Ulnar nerve
Median nerve
A 43- year- old patient presents to his General practitioner complaining of fatigue and weight loss. He mentions he experiences pain around his right shoulder region and tingling sensations of his fourth and fifth fingers on his right hand. He is later diagnosed with an apical lung tumour, which presses on the C8-T1 nerve roots of the brachial plexus. Which nerve of the upper limb is primarily compromised?
Axillary nerve
Muscolskeletal nerve
Radial nerve
Ulnar nerve
Median nerve
A 12-year-old boy comes into the emergency room with pain in the wrist joint. He describes a dull ache that has persisted for three days. His wrist is mildly swollen. There is no bruising or misalignment. The doctor assesses active and passive movement: flexion, extension, abduction and adduction.
What type of synovial joint has been affected?
Ball and socket
condyloid
hinge
pivot
saddle
A 12-year-old boy comes into the emergency room with pain in the wrist joint. He describes a dull ache that has persisted for three days. His wrist is mildly swollen. There is no bruising or misalignment. The doctor assesses active and passive movement: flexion, extension, abduction and adduction.
What type of synovial joint has been affected?
Ball and socket
condyloid
hinge
pivot
saddle
name the two locations in bone where you can find osteoprogenitor cells [2]
name the two locations in bone where you can find osteoprogenitor cells [2]
periosteum
endosteum
A patient is noted to have impaired hip extension and lateral rotation. He has difficulty rising from a seat and can’t climb stairs is a stereotypical history for an injury to which nerve/structure?
Obturator nerve
Tibial nerve
Femoral nerve
Common peroneal nerve
Inferior gluteal nerve
Superior gluteal nerve
A patient is noted to have impaired hip extension and lateral rotation. He has difficulty rising from a seat and can’t climb stairs is a stereotypical history for an injury to which nerve/structure?
Obturator nerve
Tibial nerve
Femoral nerve
Common peroneal nerve
Inferior gluteal nerve
Superior gluteal nerve
which three nerves are involved in moving muscles of the hand?
musculocutaneous
median
ulnar
axillary
radial
which three nerves are involved in moving muscles of the hand?
musculocutaneous
median
ulnar
axillary
radial
A 38-year-old man has been suffering from mechanical back pain for several years. One morning he awakes from sleep and feels a sudden onset of pain in his back radiating down his left leg. Which one of the following events is most likely to account for his symptoms?
Prolapse of inner annulus fibrosus
Prolapse of outer annulus fibrosus
Prolaspe of nucleus pulpsosus
Rupture of the ligamentum flavum
None of the above
A 38-year-old man has been suffering from mechanical back pain for several years. One morning he awakes from sleep and feels a sudden onset of pain in his back radiating down his left leg. Which one of the following events is most likely to account for his symptoms?
Prolapse of inner annulus fibrosus
Prolapse of outer annulus fibrosus
Prolaspe of nucleus pulpsosus
Rupture of the ligamentum flavum
None of the above
which of the following is the only articulation between upper limb and axial skeleton?
- sternoclavicular joint
- acromiclavicular joint
- glenohumeral joint
- scapulothrocic joint
which of the following is the only articulation between upper limb and axial skeleton?
- *- sternoclavicular joint**
- acromiclavicular joint
- glenohumeral joint
- scapulothrocic joint
which dermatome do your legs lie on when sleeping?
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
which dermatome do your legs lie on when sleeping?
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
which type of cartilage is intensely eosinophilic (stained by eosin)?
- elastic cartilage
- fibrocartilage
- hyaline cartilage
which type of cartilage is intensely eosinophilic (stained by eosin)?
- elastic cartilage
- *- fibrocartilage**
- hyaline cartilage
Which of the muscles listed below is attached to the anterior aspect of the fibrous capsule that encases the elbow joint?
Pronator teres
biceps
brachialis
triceps
extensor carpi radialis longus
Which of the muscles listed below is attached to the anterior aspect of the fibrous capsule that encases the elbow joint?
Pronator teres
biceps
brachialis
triceps
extensor carpi radialis longus
The brachialis inserts some of its fibres into the fibrous joint of the elbow capsule and when it contracts, it helps to flex the joint.
what type of joint is atalato-occipital joint?
hinge
plane
condyloid
saddle
pivot
what type of joint is atalato-occipital joint?
hinge
plane
condyloid
saddle
pivot
what is the nerve supply to the muscle labelled A?
medial pectoral nerve
musculocutaneous nerve
axillary nerve
accessory nerve
thoracodorsal nerve
what is the nerve supply to the muscle labelled A?
medial pectoral nerve
musculocutaneous nerve
axillary nerve
accessory nerve
thoracodorsal nerve
which muscle is the main muscle of forearm flexion?
pronator teres
flexor carpi radialis
pronator quadratus
flexor carip ulnaris
brachioradialis
which muscle is the main muscle of forearm flexion?
pronator teres
flexor carpi radialis
pronator quadratus
flexor carip ulnaris
brachioradialis
what is the zone within the epiphyseal growth plate shown on the right?
proliferation
resting
maturation
calcification
hypertrophy / degeneration
what is the zone within the epiphyseal growth plate shown on the right?
proliferation
resting
maturation
calcification
hypertrophy / degeneration
which of the following best describes botulinis toxins effect on Ach-Receptor?
- agonist
- antagonist
- depolarisng blocker
- release inhibitor
- synthesis inhibitor
which of the following best describes botulinis toxins effect on Ach-Receptor?
- agonist
- antagonist
- depolarisng blocker
- *- release inhibitor**
- synthesis inhibitor
why can you get an estimate of bone marrow by undertaking a bone biopsy? [1]
why can you get an estimate of bone marrow by undertaking a bone biopsy? [1]
as we age, get a transition from red bone marrow –> yellow bone marrow (adipocytes)
which out of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle is multinucleate?
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
which out of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle is multinucleate?
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
During pronation and supination, movements of which of the following bones are occurring?
Rotation of the ulna and radius on the humerus
Rotation of the ulna on the radius
Rotation of the radius on the ulna
Rotation of the carpals on the distal radius and ulna
Rotation of the humerus on the scapula
During pronation and supination, movements of which of the following bones are occurring?
Rotation of the ulna and radius on the humerus
Rotation of the ulna on the radius
Rotation of the radius on the ulna
Rotation of the carpals on the distal radius and ulna
Rotation of the humerus on the scapula
The radius is the bone which moves during pronation and supination of the arm
A 77-year-old man with symptoms of intermittent claudication is due to have his ankle brachial pressure indices measured. The dorsalis pedis artery is impalpable. Which one of the following tendinous structures lies medial to it, that may facilitate its identification?
Extensor digitorum longus tendon
Peroneus tertius tendon
Extensor hallucis longus tendonn
Extensor digitorum brevis tendon
Flexor digitorum longus tendon
A 77-year-old man with symptoms of intermittent claudication is due to have his ankle brachial pressure indices measured. The dorsalis pedis artery is impalpable. Which one of the following tendinous structures lies medial to it, that may facilitate its identification?
Extensor digitorum longus tendon
Peroneus tertius tendon
Extensor hallucis longus tendonn
Extensor digitorum brevis tendon
Flexor digitorum longus tendon
Which one of the following anatomical structures lies within the spiral groove of the humerus?
Median nerve
Radial nerve
Tendon of triceps
Musculocuteanous nerve
Axillary nerve
Which one of the following anatomical structures lies within the spiral groove of the humerus?
Median nerve
Radial nerve
Tendon of triceps
Musculocuteanous nerve
Axillary nerve
You see a 17-year-old male in the emergency department who had a fall onto out-stretched hands and now has an x-ray proven fracture of a bone in his forearm. Which of the following bones is most likely affected by this fracture given the mechanism of injury?
Olecranon of the ulna
Styloid process of the ulna
Distal shaft of the radius
Styloid process of the radius
Lunate
You see a 17-year-old male in the emergency department who had a fall onto out-stretched hands and now has an x-ray proven fracture of a bone in his forearm. Which of the following bones is most likely affected by this fracture given the mechanism of injury?
Olecranon of the ulna
Styloid process of the ulna
Distal shaft of the radius
Styloid process of the radius
Lunate
An injury to the spinal accessory nerve will affect which of the following movements?
Lateral rotation of the arm
Adduction of the arm at the glenohumeral joint
Protraction of the scapula
Upward rotation of the scapula
Depression of the scapula
An injury to the spinal accessory nerve will affect which of the following movements?
Lateral rotation of the arm
Adduction of the arm at the glenohumeral joint
Protraction of the scapula
Upward rotation of the scapula
Depression of the scapula
The spinal accessory nerve innervates trapezius. The entire muscle will retract the scapula. However, its upper and lower fibres act together to upwardly rotate it.
A 39-year-old patient with motor neurone disease develops weakness in a muscle innervated by a cranial nerve.
Which of the following muscles is most likely affected?
Levator scapulae muscle
Middle scalene muscle
Sternohyoid muscle
sternothoid muscle
trapezius
A 39-year-old patient with motor neurone disease develops weakness in a muscle innervated by a cranial nerve.
Which of the following muscles is most likely affected?
Levator scapulae muscle
Middle scalene muscle
Sternohyoid muscle
sternothoid muscle
trapezius - Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) supplies the trapezius
An 85-year-old man presents to the hospital after tripping and falling onto an outstretched left hand. He now complains of pain in his left arm. An x-ray is performed which shows a surgical neck fracture of the left humerus.
Damage to what nerve is most associated with this injury?
Axillary nerve
Median nerve
Musculocuteaneous nerve
Radial nerve
Ulnar nerve
An 85-year-old man presents to the hospital after tripping and falling onto an outstretched left hand. He now complains of pain in his left arm. An x-ray is performed which shows a surgical neck fracture of the left humerus.
Damage to what nerve is most associated with this injury?
Axillary nerve
Median nerve
Musculocuteaneous nerve
Radial nerve
Ulnar nerve
the brachial plexus arrises from which nerves?
a) C5, C6, C7, C8 & T1
b) C4, C5, C6, C7 & T1
c) C5, C6, C7, C8 & T2
d) C4, C5, C6, C7 & T2
e) C4, C5, C6, C7 & C8
the brachial plexus arrises from which nerves?
- *a) C5, C6, C7, C8 & T1**
b) C4, C5, C6, C7 & T1
c) C5, C6, C7, C8 & T2
d) C4, C5, C6, C7 & T2
e) C4, C5, C6, C7 & C8
What level do you find the iliac crest?
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
What level do you find the iliac crest?
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
which of the following best describes tubocurarine on Ach receptor?
- agonist
- antagonist
- depolarisng blocker
- release inhibitor
- synthesis inhibitor
which of the following best describes tubocurarine on Ach receptor?
- agonist
- *- antagonist**
- depolarisng blocker
- release inhibitor
- synthesis inhibitor
On exploring the cubital fossa you would expect the brachial artery to be:
Anterior to the median nerve
Superficial to the bicipital aponeurosis
Medial to the median nerve
Lateral to the biceps tendon
Lateral to the median nerve
On exploring the cubital fossa you would expect the brachial artery to be:
Anterior to the median nerve
Superficial to the bicipital aponeurosis
Medial to the median nerve
Lateral to the biceps tendon
Lateral to the median nerve
bicep brachii, brachialis and coracobrachialis are innervated by:
a) C6, C7, C8
b) C5, C6, C7
c) C8, T1
d) C5, C6, C7, C8
e) C5, C6, C7, C8, T1
bicep brachii, brachialis and coracobrachialis are innervated by:
a) C6, C7, C8
* *b) C5, C6, C7 - musculocutaneous nerve**
c) C8, T1
d) C5, C6, C7, C8
e) C5, C6, C7, C8, T1
Which nerve follows the medial border of the biceps femoris muscle (musculus biceps femoris)?
deep fibular nerve
superificial fibular nerve
common fibular nerve
femoral nerve
tibial nerve
Which nerve follows the medial border of the biceps femoris muscle (musculus biceps femoris)?
deep fibular nerve
superificial fibular nerve
common fibular nerve
femoral nerve
tibial nerve
During a game of rugby, a player is tackled and sustains a twisting injury to his knee. He is found to have a soft tissue knee injury. Which structure originates from the medial surface of the lateral femoral condyle and inserts onto the anterior intercondylar area of the tibial plateau?
Medial meniscus
Posterior cruciate ligament
Lateral collateral ligament
Anterior cruciate ligament
Popliteus
During a game of rugby, a player is tackled and sustains a twisting injury to his knee. He is found to have a soft tissue knee injury. Which structure originates from the medial surface of the lateral femoral condyle and inserts onto the anterior intercondylar area of the tibial plateau?
Medial meniscus
Posterior cruciate ligament
Lateral collateral ligament
Anterior cruciate ligament
Popliteus
which of the following muscles is innervated by the accessory nerve (CNXI)?
a) trapezius
b) latissimus dorsi
c) teres major
d) pectoralis major
e) pectoralis minor
which of the following muscles is innervated by the accessory nerve (CNXI)?
- *a) trapezius**
b) latissimus dorsi
c) teres major
d) pectoralis major
e) pectoralis minor
Which structure secretes the synovial fluid into the synovial joint?
articular capsule
articular cartilage
synovial membrane
articular disc
Which structure secretes the synovial fluid into the synovial joint?
articular capsule
articular cartilage
synovial membrane
articular disc
damage to which nerve would cause you to see B ?
- posterior tibial nerve
- anterior tibial nerve
- superficial peroneal nerve
- common peroneal nerve
damage to which nerve would cause you to see B ?
- posterior tibial nerve
- anterior tibial nerve
- superficial peroneal nerve
- *- common peroneal nerve**
which nerve has been affected here?
a) Musculocutaneous
b) Axillary
c) Median
d) Radial
e) Ulnar
which nerve has been affected here?
a) Musculocutaneous
b) Axillary
c) Median
d) Radial
* *e) Ulnar**
Following 6 weeks in a plaster cast on his left leg, David, a 22-year-old male, attends clinic for its removal.
It it noted that his left foot appears plantar flexed, foot drop.
Which nerve is usually affected causing foot drop?
Common peroneal nerve
Superificial peroneal nerve
Femoral nerve
Tibial nerve
Obturaror nerve
Following 6 weeks in a plaster cast on his left leg, David, a 22-year-old male, attends clinic for its removal.
It it noted that his left foot appears plantar flexed, foot drop.
Which nerve is usually affected causing foot drop?
Common peroneal nerve
Superificial peroneal nerve
Femoral nerve
Tibial nerve
Obturaror nerve
A 72-year-old woman presents to the hospital with paralysis of the hamstring muscles, and weakness of most muscles of the lower leg and foot following a hip replacement surgery. Which nerve is most likely damaged during the surgery?
sciatic nerve
pudendal nerve
genitofemoral nerve
saphenous nerve
obturator nerve
A 72-year-old woman presents to the hospital with paralysis of the hamstring muscles, and weakness of most muscles of the lower leg and foot following a hip replacement surgery. Which nerve is most likely damaged during the surgery?
sciatic nerve
pudendal nerve
genitofemoral nerve
saphenous nerve
obturator nerve
During a physical examination, it turns out that a patient is not able to stand on his tiptoe - which nerve lesion is most likely in the background?
common fibular nerve
femoral nerve
superficial fibular nerve
genitofemoral nerve
tibial nerve
During a physical examination, it turns out that a patient is not able to stand on his tiptoe - which nerve lesion is most likely in the background?
common fibular nerve
femoral nerve
superficial fibular nerve
genitofemoral nerve
tibial nerve
A 35-year-old man falls and sustains a fracture to the medial third of his clavicle. Which vessel is at greatest risk of injury?
Subclavian vein
Subclavian artery
External carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
Vertebral artery
A 35-year-old man falls and sustains a fracture to the medial third of his clavicle. Which vessel is at greatest risk of injury?
Subclavian vein
Subclavian artery
External carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
Vertebral artery
The foramen marking the termination of the adductor canal is located in which of the following?
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus
Adductor brevis
Sartorius
Semimebranosus
The foramen marking the termination of the adductor canal is located in which of the following?
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus
Adductor brevis
Sartorius
Semimebranosus
which of the anterior muscles of the forearm does not originate from shoulder joint?
a) bicep brachii
b) brachialis
c) coracobrachialis
d) tricep brachii
which of the anterior muscles of the forearm does not originate from shoulder joint?
a) bicep brachii
b) brachialis: : mid shaft of humerus to elbow
* *c)** coracobrachialis
d) tricep brachii
A student is seen in the emergency department on Sunday morning following a night out with some friends. He woke up having fallen asleep with his arm over the back of a park bench and he is diagnosed with a radial nerve injury. Which of the following muscles is likely to be weak on examination due to this injury?
Opponens pollicis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Flexor capri ulnaris
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Dorsal interossei
A student is seen in the emergency department on Sunday morning following a night out with some friends. He woke up having fallen asleep with his arm over the back of a park bench and he is diagnosed with a radial nerve injury. Which of the following muscles is likely to be weak on examination due to this injury?
Opponens pollicis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Flexor capri ulnaris
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Dorsal interossei
which of the following has heart shaped vertebral body?
- cervical
- thoracic
- lumbral
- sacral
- coccyx
which of the following has heart shaped vertebral body?
- cervical
- *- thoracic**
- lumbral
- sacral
- coccyx
Measuring Margot, you also find that she has indeed lost 6cm in height compared to her previous measurement 5 years ago. Where has the height been lost? (Select all that apply)
Facet joint space
Vertebral body
Intervertebral disc space
It is an illusion due to the kyphosis
Measuring Margot, you also find that she has indeed lost 6cm in height compared to her previous measurement 5 years ago. Where has the height been lost? (Select all that apply)
Facet joint space
Vertebral body
Intervertebral disc space
It is an illusion due to the kyphosis
As can be seen on the imaging, a wedge fracture causes substantial loss of height of the vertebral body. Often, more than one vertebral level will be fractured, so the effect is additive. In addition, as we age, we lose height in the intervertebral disc space as the intervertebral disc is exposed to sustained compression.
The posterior elements of the vertebrae are not typically affected by the wedge fracture.
The kyphosis and loss of height are both caused by the same underlying pathology, but even if it were possible to restore the normal curvature of the back, the loss of height would still be apparent.
Which one of the following structures does not pass anterior to the lateral malleolus?
Anterior tibial artery
Extensor digitorum longus
Tibialis longus
Peroneus brevis
Peroneus tertius
Which one of the following structures does not pass anterior to the lateral malleolus?
Anterior tibial artery
Extensor digitorum longus
Tibialis longus
Peroneus brevis
Peroneus tertius
Which type of synovial joint can move around three axes?
- saddle
- hinge
- ellipsoid
- planar
- ball & socket
Which type of synovial joint can move around three axes?
- saddle
- hinge
- ellipsoid
- planar
- *- ball & socket**
What is the cell indicated by the arrow?
- chondroblast
- chondrocyte
- osteoblast
- osteoclast
- osteocyte
- osteoprogenitor
What is the cell indicated by the arrow?
- chondroblast
- chondrocyte
- osteoblast
4. osteoclast - osteocyte
6. osteoprogenitor
Which upper limb muscles cause the pinching of the shoulder blades toward each other?
a) teres minor
b) middle trapezius
c) superior trapezius
d) rhomboids
e) lower trapezius
Which upper limb muscles cause the pinching of the shoulder blades toward each other?
a) teres minor
* *b) middle trapezius**
c) superior trapezius
* *d) rhomboids**
e) lower trapezius
which joint permits thumb oppositon in the hand? [1]
carpo-metacarpal
what type of joint is the radiocarpal?
a) hinge
b) pivot
c) planar
d) saddle
e) condyloid
what type of joint is the radiocarpal?
a) hinge
b) pivot
c) planar
d) saddle
* *e) condyloid**
what movements does carpo-metacarpal permit?
flexion
extension
abduction
opposition
adduction
what movements does carpo-metacarpal permit?
flexion
extension
abduction
opposition
adduction
Which one of the following structures separates the ulnar artery from the median nerve?
Brachioradialis
Pronator teres
Tendon of biceps brachii
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Brachialis
Which one of the following structures separates the ulnar artery from the median nerve?
Brachioradialis
Pronator teres- It lies deep to pronator teres and this separates it from the median nerve.
Tendon of biceps brachii
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Brachialis
which of the following is the main blood supply to the head of femur?
- obturator artery
- medial femoral circumflex artery
- lateral femoral circumflex artery
- retinacular artery
which of the following is the main blood supply to the head of femur?
- obturator artery
- medial femoral circumflex artery
- lateral femoral circumflex artery
- *- retinacular artery**
which of the nerves from brachial plexus, if damaged, would result in a loss of extension of the wrist?
- Muscularcutaneous
- axillary
- median
- radial
- ulnar nerve
which of the nerves from brachial plexus, if damaged, would result in a loss of extension of the wrist?
- Muscularcutaneous
- axillary
- median
- *- radial**
- ulnar nerve
what structural characterisitc of woven bone makes it softer than non-woven bone? [1]
what structural characterisitc of woven bone makes it softer than non-woven bone? [1]
collagen fibres are not arranged in lamellar (layers)
which of the following best describes joint A?
synchrondrosis
syndemosis
synostosis
symphysis
gomphosis
syndrondosis
which of the following best describes joint A?
synchrondrosis
syndemosis
synostosis
symphysis
gomphosis
syndrondosis
A patient loses the ability to plantarflex and invert his foot is a stereotypical history for an injury to which nerve/structure?
Femoral nerve
Inferior gluteal nerve
Tibial nerve
Superior gluteal nerve
Obturator nerve
Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
A patient loses the ability to plantarflex and invert his foot is a stereotypical history for an injury to which nerve/structure?
Femoral nerve
Inferior gluteal nerve
Tibial nerve
Superior gluteal nerve
Obturator nerve
Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
which is the the largest muscle of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
a) flexor digitorum profundus?
b) flexor digitorium superficialis
c) flexor carpi radialis
d) pronator teres
e) flexor capri ulnaris
which is the the largest muscle of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
a) flexor digitorum profundus?
* *b) flexor digitorium superficialis**
c) flexor carpi radialis
d) pronator teres
e) flexor capri ulnaris
what type of joint is atalato-occipital joint?
hinge
plane
condyloid
saddle
ball and socket
what type of joint is atalato-occipital joint?
hinge
plane
condyloid
saddle
ball and socket
Which one of the following represents the root values of the sciatic nerve?
L4-S3
L1-L4
L3-S1
S1-S4
L5-S1
Which one of the following represents the root values of the sciatic nerve?
L4-S3
L1-L4
L3-S1
S1-S4
L5-S1
which type of imaging is used as a guide to therpeautic interventions?
- x-ray
- MRI
- CT scan
- PET scan
- ultrasound
which type of imaging is used as a guide to therpeautic interventions?
- x-ray
- MRI
- CT scan
- PET scan
- *- ultrasound**
Which nerve supplies brachioradialis?
Radial nerve
Median nerve
Ulnar nerve
Long thoracic nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve
Which nerve supplies brachioradialis?
Radial nerve
Median nerve
Ulnar nerve
Long thoracic nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve
which nerve do you test by asking a patient to abduct and adduct their fingers?
musculocutaneous
median
ulnar
axillary
radial
which nerve do you test by asking a patient to abduct and adduct their fingers?
musculocutaneous
median
ulnar
axillary
radial
A 32-year-old man is stabbed in the neck and the inferior trunk of his brachial plexus is injured. Which of the modalities listed below is least likely to be affected?
Initiaing abduction of the shoulder
Abduction of the fingera
Flexion of the little finger
Sensation on the palmar aspect of little finger
Gripping a screwdriver
A 32-year-old man is stabbed in the neck and the inferior trunk of his brachial plexus is injured. Which of the modalities listed below is least likely to be affected?
Initiaing abduction of the shoulder
Abduction of the fingera
Flexion of the little finger
Sensation on the palmar aspect of little finger
Gripping a screwdriver
A junior doctor sees two patients with ulnar nerve palsy in quick succession. The first patient has an injury of the wrist and presented with a severe ‘claw-like’ deformity of the hand. The second patient has an injury at the elbow and has a similar, but less severe deformity. Why is the presentation paradoxically less severe at the more proximal site of injury?
Retained innervation of flexor digitorum profundus muscle
Retained innervation of the flexor digitorum superficialis mucle
Denervation of flexor digitorum superficialis muscle
Denervation of flexor digitorum profundus muscle
Less severe injury of ulnar nerve due to protection from surrounding muscles
A junior doctor sees two patients with ulnar nerve palsy in quick succession. The first patient has an injury of the wrist and presented with a severe ‘claw-like’ deformity of the hand. The second patient has an injury at the elbow and has a similar, but less severe deformity. Why is the presentation paradoxically less severe at the more proximal site of injury?
Retained innervation of flexor digitorum profundus muscle
Retained innervation of the flexor digitorum superficialis mucle
Denervation of flexor digitorum superficialis muscle
Denervation of flexor digitorum profundus muscle
Less severe injury of ulnar nerve due to protection from surrounding muscles
A patient presents with weakness of ankle dorsiflexion and reduced sensation in the lateral aspect of the forefoot - which nerve is most likely injured?
deep fibular nerve
superificial fibular nerve
common fibular nerve
femoral nerve
tibial nerve
A patient presents with weakness of ankle dorsiflexion and reduced sensation in the lateral aspect of the forefoot - which nerve is most likely injured?
deep fibular nerve
superificial fibular nerve
common fibular nerve
femoral nerve
tibial nerve
With the exception of subscapularis, the muscles of the rotator cuff insert into the where? [1]
Greater tuberosity
You are in the emergency department and a patient has just come in after falling off his motorcycle onto an outstretched hand. On examination of his hand, there is significant pain in the anatomical snuffbox. The medial border of this region is formed by the tendon of a muscle that attaches to the distal phalanx of the thumb and causes extension of the metacarpophalangeal joint and interphalangeal joints.
What is the name of this muscle and which nerve is it innervated by?
Abductor pollicis longus - radial nerve
Extensor pollicis brevis - median nerve
Extensor pollicis brevis - radial nerve
Extensor pollicis longus - median nerve
Extensor pollicis longus - radial nerve
You are in the emergency department and a patient has just come in after falling off his motorcycle onto an outstretched hand. On examination of his hand, there is significant pain in the anatomical snuffbox. The medial border of this region is formed by the tendon of a muscle that attaches to the distal phalanx of the thumb and causes extension of the metacarpophalangeal joint and interphalangeal joints.
What is the name of this muscle and which nerve is it innervated by?
Abductor pollicis longus - radial nerve
Extensor pollicis brevis - median nerve
Extensor pollicis brevis - radial nerve
Extensor pollicis longus - median nerve
Extensor pollicis longus - radial nerve
Which muscle is responsible for causing flexion of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb?
Flexor pollicis longus
Flexor pollicis brevis
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundus
Adductor pollicis
Which muscle is responsible for causing flexion of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb?
Flexor pollicis longus
Flexor pollicis brevis
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundus
Adductor pollicis
Which of the following structures is generally at the highest risk of damage with a surgical neck fracture if the humerus?
Axillary nerve
Axillary artery
Radial nerve
Brachial artery
Musculocutaneous nerve
Which of the following structures is generally at the highest risk of damage with a surgical neck fracture if the humerus?
Axillary nerve
Axillary artery
Radial nerve
Brachial artery
Musculocutaneous nerve
Which one of the following nerves is responsible for the motor innervation of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Ansa cervicalis
Accessory nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
Facial nerve
Vagus nerve
Which one of the following nerves is responsible for the motor innervation of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Ansa cervicalis
Accessory nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
Facial nerve
Vagus nerve
A histopathologist receives several specimens from various muscle tissues. A distinguishing feature that can identify the type of muscle is the presence of nuclei. Which of the following muscle types only has/have one nucleus located centrally along the muscle fibre?
Skeletal and smooth muscle
Cardiac and smooth muscle
Cardia and skeletal muscle
Smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle
A histopathologist receives several specimens from various muscle tissues. A distinguishing feature that can identify the type of muscle is the presence of nuclei. Which of the following muscle types only has/have one nucleus located centrally along the muscle fibre?
Skeletal and smooth muscle
Cardiac and smooth muscle
Cardia and skeletal muscle
Smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle
An elderly man has a cervical disc prolapse in his spine which causes an injury to the spinal cord where the disc pressed against it.
Based on the anatomy of the spinal cord; which of the following cell groups and their associated function is most likely to be affected at the level of injury?
Dorsal horn cells & motor defect
Dorsal horn cells & sensory defect
Intermediate horn cells and an autonomic defect
Ventral horn cells & motor defect
Ventral horn cells & sensory defect
An elderly man has a cervical disc prolapse in his spine which causes an injury to the spinal cord where the disc pressed against it.
Based on the anatomy of the spinal cord; which of the following cell groups and their associated function is most likely to be affected at the level of injury?
Dorsal horn cells & motor defect
Dorsal horn cells & sensory defect
Intermediate horn cells and an autonomic defect
Ventral horn cells & motor defect
Ventral horn cells & sensory defect
Which nerve supplies extensor carpi radialis longus?
Ulnar nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve
Median nerve
Long thoracic nerve
Radial nerve
Which nerve supplies extensor carpi radialis longus?
Ulnar nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve
Median nerve
Long thoracic nerve
Radial nerve
A 30-year-old male presents with weakness in his wrist and his fingers. His hand appears ‘clawed’ with wasting of the lumbrical muscles and hypothenar eminence noted. There is numbness over his ring and little finger. He reports having fractured his arm six weeks ago when he fell from his skateboard but adhered to keeping it immobilised in a cast as advised.
What injury is likely to have caused this patient’s presentation?
Distal radius fracture
Lateral epicondyle fracture
Medial epicondyle fracture
Scaphoid fracture
Shaft of the humerus fracture
A 30-year-old male presents with weakness in his wrist and his fingers. His hand appears ‘clawed’ with wasting of the lumbrical muscles and hypothenar eminence noted. There is numbness over his ring and little finger. He reports having fractured his arm six weeks ago when he fell from his skateboard but adhered to keeping it immobilised in a cast as advised.
What injury is likely to have caused this patient’s presentation?
Distal radius fracture
Lateral epicondyle fracture
Medial epicondyle fracture
Scaphoid fracture
Shaft of the humerus fracture
Elizabeth is a 44 year old female who felt a lump in her right breast which over a 2 month period increased in size. Examination of the breast revealed a large, irregular mass measuring 8x6cm occupying the central and upper outer quadrant of the breast. In addition there were 2 lymph nodes that could be palpated in her right axilla which were slightly tender on palpation. The left breast and axilla were unremarkable. The supracalvicular, cervical and inguinal lymph nodes were not palpable. Elizabeth underwent a radical mastectomy and axillary lymph node clearance. She also had an immediate breast reconstruction using a latissimus dorsi flap. After radiotherapy and chemotherapy there were no apparent complications until 3 days after the last radiation therapy, when she reported right shoulder pain and decreased range of movement. 2 weeks later when there was no improvement she was referred for evaluation. She had normal strength and function in the cervical and upper extremity muscles. However, she exhibited nearly complete absence of function of the serratus anterior muscle on the right side. The patient could not actively abduct the right arm more than 60 degrees. There was gross winging of the scapula on the right side most evident on forward flexion and on pushing forward against resistance.
- What are the actions of latissimus dorsi for both the upper and lower limbs (look at its insertions on both the humerus and pelvis)?*
- What does serratus anterior do? Therefore, explain sign “winging of the scapula” and the lack of abduction above the horizontal plane (note the deltoid and the supraspinatus are not affected in this case).*
Latissimus dorsi acts on the upper limb to bring about extension, and medial rotation. However is the upper limbs are in a fixed position (for example above the head holding onto a rail) latissimus dorsi pulls the trunk towards the upper limb (a pull up). It is an important climbing muscle.
- Serratus anterior protracts and rotates the scapula, and at rest holds the scapula flat to the back. Weakness in this muscle can therefore cause winging of the scapula.*
- Abduction of the shoulder requires rotation of the scapula, so a weakness in this muscle will result in weaker abduction.*
John, a 78-year-old male, presents to the emergency department following a low impact fall. He complains of pain in his left leg.
An X-ray is organised which demonstrates an intracapsular neck of femur fracture on the left leg. Therefore, John is listed for a hemiarthroplasty, to prevent avascular necrosis of the femoral head.
Which vessel is the main blood supply to the femoral head and at most risk of injury in John’s specific fracture?
Peforating branches of the profunda femoris artery
Lateral femoral circumflex artery
Medial femoral circumflex artery
Anterior branch of the obturator artery
Posterior branch of the obturator artery
John, a 78-year-old male, presents to the emergency department following a low impact fall. He complains of pain in his left leg.
An X-ray is organised which demonstrates an intracapsular neck of femur fracture on the left leg. Therefore, John is listed for a hemiarthroplasty, to prevent avascular necrosis of the femoral head.
Which vessel is the main blood supply to the femoral head and at most risk of injury in John’s specific fracture?
Peforating branches of the profunda femoris artery
Lateral femoral circumflex artery
Medial femoral circumflex artery
Anterior branch of the obturator artery
Posterior branch of the obturator artery
which out of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle has troponin? [2]
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
which out of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle has troponin? [2]
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
which of the following are sources of the axillary nerve?
- C8-T1
- C7-T1
- C5-C6
- C5-C7
- C5-T1
which of the following are sources of the axillary nerve?
- C8-T1
- C7-T1
- *- C5-C6**
- C5-C7
- C5-T1
Which one of the following muscles does not adduct the shoulder?
Teres major
Pectoralis major
Coracobrachialis
Supraspinatous
Latissimus dorsi
Which one of the following muscles does not adduct the shoulder?
Teres major
Pectoralis major
Coracobrachialis
Supraspinatous - abducts
Latissimus dorsi
which joint initiates shoulder elevation? [1]
which one assists after the first 30 degrees? [1]
which joint initiates shoulder elevation? [1]
glenohumeral
which one assists after the first 30 degrees? [1]
sternothoracic
A 23-year-old man presents with delayed diagnosis of appendicitis. The appendix is retrocaecal and has perforated causing a psoas abscess. Into which structure does the psoas major muscle insert?
Greater trochanter of the femur
Linea aspera of the femur
Lesser trochanter of the femur
Iliac crest
none of the above
A 23-year-old man presents with delayed diagnosis of appendicitis. The appendix is retrocaecal and has perforated causing a psoas abscess. Into which structure does the psoas major muscle insert?
Greater trochanter of the femur
Linea aspera of the femur
Lesser trochanter of the femur
Iliac crest
none of the above
overproduction of bone
what type of jont does the arrow point to?
symphysis
syndesmosis
synostosis
synchondrosis
gomphosis
what type of jont does the arrow point to?
symphysis
syndesmosis
synostosis
synchondrosis
gomphosis
which nerve is vulnerable to mid-humeral shaft fracture?
- Muscularcutaneous
- axillary
- median
- radial
- ulnar nerve
which nerve is vulnerable to mid-humeral shaft fracture?
- Muscularcutaneous
- axillary
- median
- radial
- ulnar nerve
A 22 years old male comes to his GP and complains that he is unable to bend his left elbow. On examination, the GP notices that flexion of his left elbow and supination of his forearm has greatly weakened.
Which of the following nerves is most likely to be injured?
Radial nerve
Median nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve
Ulnar nerve
Axillary nerve
A 22 years old male comes to his GP and complains that he is unable to bend his left elbow. On examination, the GP notices that flexion of his left elbow and supination of his forearm has greatly weakened.
Which of the following nerves is most likely to be injured?
Radial nerve
Median nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve - Bicep brachii is the main muscle responsible for elbow flexion and forearm supination. Elbow flexion is also assisted by brachialis.
Ulnar nerve
Axillary nerve
which type of imaging is used to look at blood flow in arteries and veins?
- x-ray
- MRI
- CT scan
- PET scan
- ultrasound
which type of imaging is used to look at blood flow in arteries and veins?
- x-ray
- MRI
- CT scan
- PET scan
- ultrasound - doppler ultrasound
A doctor is reviewing a 24 years old male who presented to the emergency department with wrist drop and weak extension of his left elbow. The doctor concludes that radial nerve has been damaged which innervates the tricep brachii.
Where does this muscle insert?
Head of the humerus
Greater tuburcle
Coracoid process
Coronoid process of the ulna
Olecranon process of the ulna
A doctor is reviewing a 24 years old male who presented to the emergency department with wrist drop and weak extension of his left elbow. The doctor concludes that radial nerve has been damaged which innervates the tricep brachii.
Where does this muscle insert?
Head of the humerus
Greater tuburcle
Coracoid process
Coronoid process of the ulna
Olecranon process of the ulna
which of the following bones undergoes intramembranous ossification?
a) tibia
b) sternum
c) manubrium
d) vomer
e) maxilla
which of the following bones undergoes intramembranous ossification?
a) tibia
b) sternum
c) manubrium
* *d) vomer**
e) maxilla
Which of the structures listed below articulates with the head of the radius superiorly?
Captiluum
Ulna
Medial epicondyle
Trochlea
Lateral epicondyle
Which of the structures listed below articulates with the head of the radius superiorly?
Captiluum
Ulna
Medial epicondyle
Trochlea
Lateral epicondyle
A young man presents with a right-sided winged scapula following an injury during a rugby game. His doctor explains that one of his nerves has been damaged. Which nerve is this?
Musculocutaneous nerve
Accessory nerve
Axillary nerve
Long thoracic nerve
Thoracodorsal nerve
A young man presents with a right-sided winged scapula following an injury during a rugby game. His doctor explains that one of his nerves has been damaged. Which nerve is this?
Musculocutaneous nerve
Accessory nerve
Axillary nerve
Long thoracic nerve
Thoracodorsal nerve
Winged scapula occurs due to paralysis of the serratus anterior, which is innervated by the long thoracic nerve. This nerve has superficial course along the ribs, which makes rib injuries a common cause of this disorder.
An obese 40-year-old woman attends the Emergency Department with acute onset lower back pain. During the neurological examination you note reduced knee jerk reflex on the left compared with the right. At what spinal level does this correspond to?
L1,L2
S3-S4
S1-S2
L3-L4
L4-L5
An obese 40-year-old woman attends the Emergency Department with acute onset lower back pain. During the neurological examination you note reduced knee jerk reflex on the left compared with the right. At what spinal level does this correspond to?
L1,L2
S3-S4
S1-S2
L3-L4
L4-L5
A patient sustains damage to the median nerve during a carpal tunnel release. Which of the following muscles will be affected?
Abductor digiti minimi
Abductor pollicis brevis
Adducot pollicis
Palmaris brevis
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
A patient sustains damage to the median nerve during a carpal tunnel release. Which of the following muscles will be affected?
Abductor digiti minimi
Abductor pollicis brevis
Adducot pollicis
Palmaris brevis
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Which nerve derives from L4-S3?
Femoral nerve
Vagus nerve
lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
saphenous nerve
sciatic nerve
Which nerve derives from L4-S3?
Femoral nerve
Vagus nerve
lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
saphenous nerve
sciatic nerve
Where does the tendon of the coracobrachialis originate?
Acromion
Greater tubercle of humerus
Supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
Coracoid process
Infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
Where does the tendon of the coracobrachialis originate?
Acromion
Greater tubercle of humerus
Supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
Coracoid process
Infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
which of the following best describes this joint?
synchrondrosis
syndemosis
synostosis
symphysis
gomphosis
syndrondosis
which of the following best describes this joint?
synchrondrosis
syndemosis
synostosis
symphysis
gomphosis
syndrondosis
What is the tissue indicated by the arrow?
- Bone
- Bone marrow
- Elastic cartilage
- Fibrocartilage
- Fibrocollagenous tissue
- Hyaline cartilage
What is the tissue indicated by the arrow? it comes from a developing skull
- Bone
- Bone marrow
- Elastic cartilage
- Fibrocartilage
5. Fibrocollagenous tissue
6. Hyaline cartilage
what substance is secreted by osteocytes to indicate bone health? [1]
what substance is secreted by osteocytes to indicate bone health? [1]
sclerostin
A woman develops a winged scapula following a mastectomy is a stereotypical history for an injury to which nerve/structure?
Long thoracic nerve
Radial nerve
Ulnar nerve
Lower trunk of the brachial plexus (C8, T1)
Median nerve
Axillary nerve
A woman develops a winged scapula following a mastectomy is a stereotypical history for an injury to which nerve/structure?
Long thoracic nerve
Radial nerve
Ulnar nerve
Lower trunk of the brachial plexus (C8, T1)
Median nerve
Axillary nerve
Which of the following inserts onto the lesser trochanter?
Psoas minor
Psoas major
Sartorius
Obturaror externus
Gemellus
Which of the following inserts onto the lesser trochanter?
Psoas minor
Psoas major
Sartorius
Obturaror externus
Gemellus
what structure is preventing damage to the spinal cord?
- ligamentum flavum
- dens
- transverse ligament
what structure is preventing damage to the spinal cord?
- ligamentum flavum
- dens
- *- transverse ligament**
What structures are found in this region of the hand? (select all that apply)
Ulnar artery
Musculocutaenous nerve
scaphoid bone
radial artery
pisiform bone
What structures are found in this region of the hand? (select all that apply)
Ulnar artery
Musculocutaenous nerve
scaphoid bone
radial artery
pisiform bone
What bony prominence is found here?
Acceptable responses: olecrannon of the ulna, olecrannon, Ulnar olecrannon
what is A?
A = secondary ossification centre
A 24-year-old female is rushed to the emergency department after sustaining an injury during training. She is a competitive powerlifter and her training involves rapid, explosive movements with heavy weights.
On examination, weakness of knee flexion, and some localised knee swelling is noted. The emergency doctor is concerned about the detachment of the biceps femoris from the site of insertion and requests an orthopaedic review.
Which of the following is the site of insertion of the long and short head of biceps femoris?
Medial surface of proximal tibia
Tibial tuberosity
Head of the fibula
Medial tibial condyle
Lesser trochanter
A 24-year-old female is rushed to the emergency department after sustaining an injury during training. She is a competitive powerlifter and her training involves rapid, explosive movements with heavy weights.
On examination, weakness of knee flexion, and some localised knee swelling is noted. The emergency doctor is concerned about the detachment of the biceps femoris from the site of insertion and requests an orthopaedic review.
Which of the following is the site of insertion of the long and short head of biceps femoris?
Medial surface of proximal tibia
Tibial tuberosity
Head of the fibula
Medial tibial condyle
Lesser trochanter
which nerve has being tested here?
a) Musculocutaneous
b) Axillary
c) Median
d) Radial
e) Ulnar
which nerve has being tested here?
a) Musculocutaneous
b) Axillary
c) Median
* *d) Radial**
e) Ulnar
2 breaks
nerves:
- *axillary (red)**
- *radial (yellow)**
which of the following is the M line?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is the M line?
A
B
C
D
E
which best describes the arrow?
sclerotic lesions of bone
periosteal reaction
lucent lesions of bone
osteopenia
osteonecrosis
which best describes the arrow?
sclerotic lesions of bone
periosteal reaction
lucent lesions of bone: dark areas in bone
osteopenia
osteonecrosis
which of the following is the I band?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is the I band?
A
B
C
D
E
which nerve would you be likely to hit if you did IM in D?
- sciatic nerve
- posterior tibial nerve
- anterior tibial nerve
- superficial peroneal nerve
- common peroneal nerve
which nerve would you be likely to hit if you did IM in D?
- *- sciatic nerve**
- posterior tibial nerve
- anterior tibial nerve
- superficial peroneal nerve
- common peroneal nerve
What does the arrow indicate in this developing foot?
Bone
Epithelium
Fibrocollagenous tissue
Hyaline cartilage
Nutrient artery
What does the arrow indicate in this developing foot?
Bone
Epithelium
Fibrocollagenous tissue
Hyaline cartilage
Nutrient artery
ID B, C, E & F?
B: corocoid process
C: glenoid fossa
E: acromion
F: biciptial groove (inbetween the tubercles) for long head of bicep tendon
what type of joint is highlighted?
pivot
saddle
condyloid
hinge
ball and socket
what type of joint is highlighted?
pivot: annular ligament = creates pivot joint !!
saddle
condyloid
hinge
ball and socket
which ligament is damaged here?
- posterior cruciate ligament
- anterior cruciate ligament
- medial collateral ligament
- lateral collateral ligament
which ligament is damaged here?
- *- posterior cruciate ligament**
- anterior cruciate ligament
- medial collateral ligament
- lateral collateral ligament
Which one of the following fingers is not a point of attachment for the palmar interossei?
Middle finger
Little finger
Ring finger
Index finger
None of the above
Which one of the following fingers is not a point of attachment for the palmar interossei?
Middle finger
Little finger
Ring finger
Index finger
None of the above
The middle finger has no attachment of the palmar interosseous.
what type of joint is A?
a) saddle
b) ball and socket
c) planar
d) hinge
e) condyloid
what type of joint is A?
a) saddle
b) ball and socket
* *c) planar**
d) hinge
e) condyloid
which nerve has being tested here?
a) Musculocutaneous
b) Axillary
c) Median
d) Radial
e) Ulnar
which nerve has being tested here?
a) Musculocutaneous
b) Axillary
c) Median
d) Radial
* *e) Ulnar**
Which nerves cause A & B? [2]
A = Radial nerve B = Ulnar nerve & Median
femur has moved backwards!
popliteal artery
sciatic nerve
common peroneal vein
cruciate ligaments
collateral ligaments
menisci
Which one of the following muscles does not attach to the radius
Pronater quadratus
Biceps
Brachioradialis
Supinator
Brachialis
Which one of the following muscles does not attach to the radius
Pronater quadratus
Biceps
Brachioradialis
Supinator
Brachialis
A = synchondrosis (hyaline cart) B = symphysis C = synovial planar joint
what is the tissue indicated by the arrow?
compact bone
fibrocartilage
fibrocolllagenous tissue
hyaline cartilage
trabecular bone
what is the tissue indicated by the arrow?
compact bone
fibrocartilage
fibrocolllagenous tissue
hyaline cartilage
trabecular bone
where is the lesion here?
A - hinge joint: dorsi flexion & plantar flexion
B - MCP: ellipsiod: flex / ext. add / abd
which muscle do the lumbricals arise from?
- flexor digitorum profundus
- brachialis
- flexor digitorum superficialis
- palmaris longus
- flexor carpi ulnaris
which muscle do the lumbricals arise from?
- *- flexor digitorum profundus**
- brachialis
- flexor digitorum superficialis
- palmaris longus
- flexor carpi ulnaris
which of the following is the Z line?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is the Z line?
A
B
C
D
E
Following an axillary node clearing surgery your patient shows the following sign.
Using your knowledge of upper limb anatomy which actions would you expect to be weakened? (select all that apply)
Scapula retraction
Scapula rotation
Scapula protrusion
Scapula elevation
Following an axillary node clearing surgery your patient shows the following sign.
Using your knowledge of upper limb anatomy which actions would you expect to be weakened? (select all that apply)
Scapula retraction
Scapula rotation
Scapula protrusion
Scapula elevation
The sign shown here is scapular winging. This is usually as a result of a weakened serratus anterior muscle. Serratus anterior is innervated by the long thoracic nerve, found running along the medial aspect of the axilla.
Serratus anterior is responsible for scapula protraction and rotation. It also hold the scapula flat against the back.
which nerve has had an injury in this photo?
musculocutaneous
median
ulnar
axillary
radial
which nerve has had an injury in this photo?
musculocutaneous
median
ulnar
axillary
radial
What tissue is indicated by the blue arrow?
- endomysium
- endosteum
- perichondrium
- perimysium
- periosteum
What tissue is indicated by the blue arrow?
- endomysium
- endosteum
- perichondrium
- perimysium
* *5. periosteum**
this patient has shingles predominately in which dermatome?
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
this patient has shingles predominately in which dermatome?
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
The muscles inserting on to the tendon indicated are innervated by which nerve? [1]
Acceptable responses: tibial, tibial nerve
which best describes the joint shown in the picture?
synchrondrosis
syndemosis
synostosis
symphysis
gomphosis
syndrondosis
which best describes the joint shown in the picture?
synchrondrosis
syndemosis
synostosis
symphysis
gomphosis
syndrondosis
Following a humeral fracture this patient has their peripheral nerves tested.
They have been asked to flex their knuckles (metacarpophalyngeal joints) and extend their fingers (interphalageal joints).
Based on the image below which nerves can you conclude are intact?
Ulnar nerve
Median nerve
Axillary nerve
Radial nerve
Following a humeral fracture this patient has their peripheral nerves tested.
They have been asked to flex their knuckles (metacarpophalyngeal joints) and extend their fingers (interphalageal joints).
Based on the image below which nerves can you conclude are intact?
Ulnar nerve
Median nerve
Axillary nerve
Radial nerve
The lumbricles are responsible for this unusal action, flexion at the MCPs and extension at the IPs. There are 4 lumbricles, the lateral 2 are innervated by the median nerve and the medial 2 are innervated by the ulnar nerve.
So based on this position of the hand we can conclude that the median and ulnar nerves are intact. (there are many other tests for these nerves which are used more commonly).
which nerve has being tested here?
a) Musculocutaneous
b) Axillary
c) Median
d) Radial
e) Ulnar
which nerve has being tested here?
a) Musculocutaneous
b) Axillary
* *c) Median**
d) Radial
e) Ulnar
J. Developing bone: The tissue at the arrow is…
- Compact bone
- Dense irregular fibrocollagenous tissue
- Hyaline cartilage (calcified)
- Hyaline cartilage (normal)
- Trabecular bone
J. Developing bone: The tissue at the arrow is…
- Compact bone
- Dense irregular fibrocollagenous tissue
3. Hyaline cartilage (calcified) - Hyaline cartilage (normal)
5. Trabecular bone
which of the following best describes this joint?
synchrondrosis
syndemosis
synostosis
symphysis
gomphosis
syndrondosis
which of the following best describes this joint?
synchrondrosis
syndemosis
synostosis
symphysis : made from fibrocart
gomphosis
syndrondosis
which of the following is the H band?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is the H band?
A
B
C
D
E
Martin is a 33 year old man who undergoes a deep cervical lymph node biopsy on the right side of his neck. Immediately after the surgery, Martin complains of right sided shoulder droop and he is unable to lift the point of the shoulder, and he is unable to elevate the scapula. There is no sensory loss over the shoulder, back and neck. (Clue: this is not a nerve from the brachial plexus, the other main muscle innervated by this nerve is in the anterior neck, with a superior attachment to the mastoid process, and inferior attachments to the sternum and clavicle). Posterior view of Martin’s shoulder showing the shoulder droop
- What nerve has been damaged in Martin and what muscle has become paralysed?*
- Explain why there is no sensory loss in this scenario. (hint there is something special about the nerve that is injured in this case)*
- Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) with the trapezius muscle paralysed.*
- Cranial nerves do not all have motor and sensory fibres, the spinal accessory nerve is purely motor, so there is only a motor loss.*
what is the structure in the centre of the field?
canaliculus
diaphysis
epiphyseal plate
osteon
osteoid
periosteum
what is the structure in the centre of the field?
canaliculus
diaphysis
epiphyseal plate
osteon
osteoid
periosteum
the fracture is in which of the following?
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
the fracture is in which of the following?
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
The vertebral body of L3 does not appear as uniform as its neighbours - it is smaller and irregular. We can identify it as L3 by counting the levels up from the sacrum.
This type of fracture is known as a wedge fracture, and in the absence of trauma in an older person, may be one of the first signs of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis primarily affects trabecular bone, which makes up the majority of the vertebral body hence, the body becomes weaker, bows in the middle, and forces are directed to the periphery. Continued force on a weak vertebral body may cause it to crush.
What is the sensory distribution of this nerve
It does not have a sensory branch
Medial aspect of the thigh
plantar surface of the foot
dorsum of the foot
What is the sensory distribution of this nerve
It does not have a sensory branch
Medial aspect of the thigh
plantar surface of the foot
dorsum of the foot
The nerve wrapping around the fibular neck is the common peroneal nerve. The common peroneal nerve splits into the superficial and deep peroneal branches. These branches provide motor supply to the lateral and anterior compartments respectively.
They also have a sensory component which is distributed across the skin on the lateral aspect of the leg and the dorsum of the foot.
Which nerve would you find in the region highlighted in yellow on the image below?
Ulnar nerve
Median nerve
Axillary nerve
Radial nerve
Which nerve would you find in the region highlighted in yellow on the image below?
Ulnar nerve
Median nerve
Axillary nerve
Radial nerve
what do the arrows depcit?
sclerotic lesions of bone
periosteal reaction
lucent lesions of bone
osteopenia
osteonecrosis
what do the arrows depcit?
sclerotic lesions of bone
periosteal reaction
lucent lesions of bone
osteopenia
osteonecrosis
