HD Flashcards
which part of the embryo is the area responsible for creation of m / f reproductive system? [1]
genital ridge
which gene is responsible for the testes? [1]
SRY gene
where does motility of spertatozoa occur? [1]
in the epididymis
what is the name of for the loss of acrosome on sperm? [1]
where does this occur? [1]
capatication; in the female genital tract
the sperm acrosome is formed which organelle?
nucleus
ribosome
SER
golgi apparatus
lysosome
the sperm acrosome is formed which organelle?
nucleus
ribosome
SER
golgi apparatus
lysosome
what stage of zygotic division is the blastocyst formed?
2-4
4-8
8-16
16-32
32-64
what stage of zygotic division is the blastocyst formed?
2-4
4-8
8-16
16-32
32-64
what stage of zygotic division is the morula formed?
2-4
4-8
8-16
16-32
32-64
what stage of zygotic division is the morula formed?
2-4
4-8
8-16
16-32
32-64
label 1-5 of blastocyst leaving the zona pellucida
which of the following is the gonadal ridge?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
which of the following is the gonadal ridge?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
which of the following is the primordial germ cells?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
which of the following is the primordial germ cells?
1
2
3
4
5
6 red dots
7
which of the following is the spermatids?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the spermatids?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the sertoli cells?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the sertoli cells?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the 1ary spermatocytes?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the 1ary spermatocytes?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the spermatozoa?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the spermatozoa?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the 2ary spermatocytes?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the 2ary spermatocytes?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which ion is associated of with acrosome reaction / fusion of egg & sperm?
K+
Na+
Cl-
Ca2+
HCO3-
which ion is associated of with acrosome reaction / fusion of egg & sperm?
K+
Na+
Cl-
Ca2+
HCO3-
which part of prostate gland do most carnicomas arise from?
Central zone
Peripheral zone
Transitional zone
Periurethral zone
which part of prostate gland do most carnicomas arise from?
Central zone
Peripheral zone
Transitional zone
Periurethral zone
which part of prostate gland undergoes hyperplasia?
Central zone
Peripheral zone
Transitional zone
Periurethral zone
which part of prostate gland undergoes hyperplasia?
Central zone
Peripheral zone
Transitional zone
Periurethral zone
label A-C
A: corpus spongiosum
B: corpora cavernosa
C: Tunica albuginea
which week of germatogensis origin and migration is testosterone released which introduces male gonadal development?
week 4
week 5
week 6
week 7
week 8
which week of germatogensis origin and migration is testosterone released which introduces male gonadal development?
week 4
week 5
week 6
week 7
week 8
gonadal ridge is neither male nor female but at week 7 testosterone is formed which introduces male gonadal development. Testosterone determining factor is coded for on the Y chromosome. Therefore, if you have the Y chromosome it will produce testosterone determining factor and male gonadal differentiation can begin.
In which part of the Fallopian tube does fertilisation most commonly occur?
Isthmus
Ampulla
Fimbrae
Infundibulum
In which part of the Fallopian tube does fertilisation most commonly occur?
Isthmus
Ampulla
Fimbrae
Infundibulum
which structure covers the pelvic viscera? [1]
which structure covers the pelvic viscera? [1]
peritoneum
what is the name for the peritoneum that covers the uterus? [1]
what is the name for this part of the ^ ? [1]
broad ligament
which ligaments are found in the pelvic viscera? of women [3]
round ligament: The round ligaments support and anchor the uterus.
ovarian ligament: which connects the ovary to the uterus.
suspensory ligament provides support also, and this carries the ovarian vasculature within it.
label A
round ligament of uterus
which of the following is A?
suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
broad ligament
which of the following is A?
suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
broad ligament
which of the following is B?
suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
broad ligament
which of the following is B?
suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
broad ligament
which of the following is C?
suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
broad ligament
which of the following is C?
suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
broad ligament
which of the following is D?
suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
broad ligament
which of the following is D?
suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
broad ligament
where are the two areas which have clinical significance as this may be the first location fluid accumulates within the abdomen/pelvis if there is pathology [2]?
vesicouterine pouch
rectouterine pouch
which artery does the uterus receive its blood supply from? [1]
what does this branch into? [1]
where does the ovarian artery originate from? [1]
uterine artery (supplies uterus) –> vaginal artery
where does the ovarian artery originate from? [1]
abdominal artery
which structure does ovarian artery travel in? [1]
which structure does ovarian artery travel in? [1]
suspensory ligament
which arteries provicde blood supply to fallopian tube? [2]
which arteries provicde blood supply to fallopian tube? [2]
ovarian artery
uterine artery
label A-C
A: suspensory ligament of ovary
B: ovary artery
C: uterine artery
what is A [1]
trigone of bladder
Most of the skeletal muscles contained in the perineum and pelvic floor, including the external anal sphincter and external urethral sphincter, are innervated by spinal cord levels WHAT?
Much of the somatic motor and sensory innervation of the perineum is provided by the WHAT nerve? [1]
spinal levels: S2-S4
Much of the somatic motor and sensory innervation of the perineum is provided by the pudendal nerve [1]
describe the path of pudendal nerve
The pudendal nerve leaves the pelvic cavity through the greater sciatic foramen and then immediately enters the perineum inferiorly to the pelvic floor by passing around the ischial spine and through the lesser sciatic foramen.
How is the normal position of the uterus described? [2]
Acceptable responses: Anterverted and anteflexed, anteverted anteflexed, anteflexed anteverted, anteflexed and Anterverted
which of the following is the cervix?
1
2
3
4
5
which of the following is the cervix?
1
2
3
4
5
which of the following is the posterior fornix?
1
2
3
4
5
which of the following is the posterior fornix?
1
2
3
4
5
which of the following is the bladder?
1
2
3
4
5
which of the following is the bladder?
1
2
3
4
5
which of the following is the uterus?
1
2
3
4
5
which of the following is the uterus?
1
2
3
4
5
Where does implantation occur in a normal pregnancy?
Uterus
Cervix
Fallopian Tube
Ovary
Where does implantation occur in a normal pregnancy?
Uterus
Cervix
Fallopian Tube
Ovary
Why is an ectopic pregnancy dangerous?
The foetus will be squashed
Ectopic sites cannot expand and so rupture
Ectopic sites have other functions which are impaired by implantation
Why is an ectopic pregnancy dangerous?
The foetus will be squashed
Ectopic sites cannot expand and so rupture
Ectopic sites have other functions which are impaired by implantation
The main risk of ectopic pregnancies are that ectopic sites (usually the Fallopian tube) cannot expand to the same extent as the uterus, and the site ruptures, resulting in extensive haemorrhage.
Cho’s ectopic pregnancy is implanted in the Fallopian tube. If this site ruptures, what arteries will be the source of the haemorrhage? [2]
Uterine artery
Superior vesicular artery
Ovarian artery
Vaginal artery
Internal pudendal artery
Cho’s ectopic pregnancy is implanted in the Fallopian tube. If this site ruptures, what arteries will be the source of the haemorrhage?
Uterine artery
Superior vesicular artery
Ovarian artery
Vaginal artery
Internal pudendal artery
Sympathetic stimulation on the bladder results in:
Relaxation
Contraction
Sympathetic stimulation on the bladder results in:
Relaxation
Contraction
what are the different regions of the male urethra? [4]
- preprostatic urethra: is the shortest and extends from the bladder neck to the prostate. Surrounding the urethra at this level is the internal urethral sphincter.
- prostatic urethra is the region which passes through the prostate, and the ejaculatory and prostatic ducts drain into it at this level.
- membranous urethra passes through the deep perineal pouch, and is encircled by the external urethral sphincter. Finally, the
- spongy urethra is the longest part, travelling through the corpus spongiosum of the penis and terminating at the external urethral meatus.
which part of the male urethra has the external urethral meatus?
membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra:
which part of the male urethra has the external urethral meatus?
membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra:
which part of the male urethra is the longest?
membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra:
which part of the male urethra is the longest?
membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra:
which part of the male urethra is the shortest?
membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra:
which part of the male urethra is the shortest?
membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra
label A-C xx
A: corpus cavernosum
B: corpus spongiosum
C: urethra
which part of the male urethra is home to the internal urethral sphincter?
membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra
which part of the male urethra is home to the internal urethral sphincter?
membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra
what is the function of the internal sphincter with regards to ejaculation? [1]
The internal sphincter has the additional function of contracting during ejaculation to prevent retrograde ejaculation into the bladder.
which is the most common site for prostate cancer?
central
peripheral
transitional (periurethral)
fibromuscular
which is the most common site for prostate cancer?
central
peripheral
transitional (periurethral)
fibromuscular
label 1-7 xx
1: ureter
2. vas deferens
3: bladder
4: seminal vesicle
5: prostate
6: corpus cavernosum
7: corpuus spongiosum
which of the following is the vas deferens
1
2
3
4
5
which of the following is the vas deferens
1
2
3
4
5
how long after fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tubes doe the blastocyst enter the uterus?
3 days
4 days
5 days
6 days
7 days
how long after fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tubes doe the blastocyst enter the uterus?
3 days
4 days
5 days
6 days
7 days
how long after fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tubes doe the blastocyst hatch?
3 days
4 days
5 days
6 days
7 days
how long after fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tubes doe the blastocyst hatch?
3 days
4 days
5 days
6 days
7 days
how long after fertilisation occurs does the blastocyst implant into the uterine endometrium? [1]
day 8-9
which hormone causes maternal recognition of the pregnancy?
LH
FSH
oestrogen
testosterone
hCG
which hormone causes maternal recognition of the pregnancy?
LH
FSH
oestrogen
testosterone
hCG
which part of the female genital tract does apposition occur in?
uterine tubues / fallopian tubes
vagina
uterus
cervix
endometrium
which part of the female genital tract does apposition occur in?
uterine tubues / fallopian tubes
vagina
uterine cavity
cervix
endometrium
the molecules that are thought are important to be a success in successful implantation are:
what are their roles?
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) -
Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) -
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) -
Human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G)
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) -
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) - converts AA to PGE2 promotes invasion and decidualisation
Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) - involved in attachment and invasion
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) - involved in angiogenesis
Human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) - inhibits antigen-specific lymphocyte response & decreases NK cell function
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) - regulated by IFNs to promote anti-proliferative effects
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) - regulates invasion and proliferation
as soon as implantation has occured, WHICH cells secreted WHICH hormone? [2]
Syncytiotrophoblasts secrete hCG as soon as implantation has occurred
If fertilisation and implantation occurs:
- what happens to the corpus luteum (due to which hormone) [2]
- ## what happens to progestorone levels (and why) [2]
If fertilisation and implantation occurs:
- what happens to the corpus luteum (due to which hormone) [2]
- *corpus luteum does not degenerate; due to hCG**
- what happens to progestorone levels (and why) [2]
- *maintained bc of maintence of corpus luteum -> turns into deicuda**
label A-C
A: oestrogen
B: progesterone
C: hCG
which area does ectopic pregnancy usually occur?
cervix
uterus
oviduct
fallopian tube
infudibulum
which area does ectopic pregnancy usually occur?
cervix
uterus
oviduct
fallopian tube
infudibulum
what happens if the mother is rhesus negative and the fetus is rhesus positve?
i) in the first pregnancy [1]
ii) second pregnancy [1]
If the mother is rhesus negative and the fetus is rhesus positive:
the RBC that pass through into the fetus will sensitise the fetus system,
i) first pregnancy nothing happens
ii) the second pregnancy the antibodies will cross the placenta and destroy the fetal red blood cells.
which of the following is determined in fetal development
genetic sex
gondal development
development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics
which of the following is determined in fetal development
genetic sex
gondal development
development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics
which of the following is determined at fertilisation
genetic sex
gondal development
development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics
which of the following is determined at fertilisation
genetic sex
gondal development
development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics
which of the following is determined during embryonic development
genetic sex
gondal development
development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics
which of the following is determined during embryonic development
genetic sex
gondal development
development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics
which of the following is determined during puberty
genetic sex
gondal development
development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics
which of the following is determined during puberty
genetic sex
gondal development
development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics
which two hormones cause the production of wolffian ducts? [2]
- *mullerian inhib factor (**from sertoli cells)
- *testes determining factor** (from leydig cells)
when does differention into male / female occur?
week 6
week 7
week 8
week 9
week 10
when does differention into male / female occur?
week 6
week 7
week 8
week 9
week 10
which hormone controls the formation of external genitalia?
testosterone
MIF
DHT
cHG
LH
which hormone controls the formation of external genitalia?
testosterone
MIF
DHT
cHG
LH
label A & B [2]
A: gubernaculum testis
B: vaginal process
which of the following is home to the cremaster muscle?
A: transversalis fascia
B: transversus abdominis
C: internal oblique
D: External oblique
what is the function of cremaster muscle? [1]
which of the following is home to the cremaster muscle?
A: transversalis fascia
B: transversus abdominis
C: internal oblique
D: External oblique
cremaster.: smooth muscle. retract the testes [1]
which of the following is home to the external spermatic fascia?
A: transversalis fascia
B: transversus abdominis
C: internal oblique
D: External oblique
which of the following is home to the external spermatic fascia?
A: transversalis fascia
B: transversus abdominis
C: internal oblique
D: External oblique
which of the following is home to the internal spermatic fascia?
A: transversalis fascia
B: transversus abdominis
C: internal oblique
D: External oblique
which of the following is home to the internal spermatic fascia?
A: transversalis fascia
B: transversus abdominis
C: internal oblique
D: External oblique
which of the following is the bladder?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is the bladder?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is one of the ureters?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is one of the ureters?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is the bladder?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is the bladder?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is one of the seminal vesicle?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is one of the seminal vesicle?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is the vas deferens?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is the vas deferens?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is the prostate?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is the prostate
A
B
C
D
E
where is prostate in relation to bladder?
superior
inferior
lateral
medial
where is prostate in relation to bladder?
superior
inferior
lateral
medial
label the different parts of the fallopian tube
which is the most common site of fertilisation in fallopian tube?
infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus
fimbrae
which is the most common site of fertilisation in fallopian tube?
infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus
fimbrae
name this structure [1]
ureters
name this structure [1]
bladder
name this structure [1]
external urethral sphincter
which of the following is the green?
membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra:
which of the following is the green?
membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra:
which of the following is the green?
membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra:
which of the following is the green?
membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra:
which hormone peaks at ovulation?
LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
which hormone peaks at ovulation?
LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
which hormone causes endometrial thickening?
LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
which hormone causes corpus luteum formation?
LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
which hormone causes oestrogen levels to rise?
LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
which hormone causes oestrogen levels to rise?
LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
which of following is A?
LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
which of following is A?
LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
which of following is C?
LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
which of following is C?
LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
which of following is B?
LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
which of following is B?
LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
which of following is D?
LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
which of following is D?
LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
the combined pill is a combination of which two hormones? [2]
oestrogen and progesterone
which type of contraception works by being spermicidal?
IUD
combined pill
progesterone only pill
copper coil
pull out method
which type of contraception works by being spermicidal?
IUD
combined pill
progesterone only pill
copper coil
pull out method
which hormone does the IUS cause contraception by elevating levels of?
LH
FSH
oestrogen
progesterone
ADH
which hormone does the IUS cause contraception by elevating levels of?
LH
FSH
oestrogen
progesterone
ADH
the emergency pill causes a big bleed because of an increased level of:
LH
FSH
oestrogen
progesterone
ADH
the emergency pill causes a big bleed because of an increased level of:
LH
FSH
oestrogen
progesterone
ADH
changes in peripheral vascular resistance occurs in pregnancy because of an increase of
LH
FSH
oestrogen
progesterone
ADH
changes in peripheral vascular resistance occurs in pregnancy because of an increase of
LH
FSH
oestrogen
progesterone
ADH
which hormones regulate development of non-pregnany mammary glands [2]
how does pregnant mammary glands change? [3] due to which hormones? !! [3]
which hormones regulate development of non-pregnany mammary glands [2]
progesterone
oestrogen
how does pregnant mammary glands change?
lobular ductal-alveolar system undergoes hypertrophy
adipose tissue deposition
proliferation of ducts
due to:
estradoil
progesterone
placental peptide hormone
(growth hormone and prolactin may also have a role)
which hormone initiates milk production?
prolactin
FSH
oestrogen
oxytocin
progesterone
which hormone initiates milk production?
prolactin
FSH
oestrogen
oxytocin
progesterone
which hormones inhibit secretrory acitivity of mammary tissue? [2]
prolactin
FSH
oestrogen
oxytocin
progesterone
which hormones inhibit secretrory acitivity of mammary tissue?
prolactin
FSH
oestrogen
oxytocin
progesterone
lactogensis occurs by fall in ^^ levels
milk ejection / suckling relfex is triggered by
prolactin
FSH
oestrogen
oxytocin
progesterone
milk ejection / suckling relfex is triggered by
prolactin
FSH
oestrogen
oxytocin: released in reponse to contraction. causes contraction of myoepithelial cells
progesterone
which hormones cause the creation of the corpus luteum? [2]
when during the menstrual cycle does it develop? [1]
LH and FSH
after ovulation
the corpus luteum causes the development of which hormone? [1]
progesterone
what happens during the menstrual cycle when FSH and LH fall? [1]
FSH and LH fall, the corpus luteum degenerates
Degeneration of the corpus luteum results in loss of progesterone production.
The subsequent falling level of progesterone triggers menstruation and the entire cycle begins again
Which of the following statements about the menstrual cycle is false?
Progesterone levels rise during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle and the secretory phase of the uterine cycle.
Menstruation occurs just after LH and FSH levels peak.
Menstruation occurs after progesterone levels drop.
Estrogen levels rise before ovulation, while progesterone levels rise after.
Which of the following statements about the menstrual cycle is false?
Progesterone levels rise during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle and the secretory phase of the uterine cycle.
Menstruation occurs just after LH and FSH levels peak.
Menstruation occurs after progesterone levels drop.
Estrogen levels rise before ovulation, while progesterone levels rise after.
Which of the following statements about hormone regulation of the female reproductive cycle is false?
LH and FSH are produced in the pituitary, and estradiol and progesterone are produced in the ovaries.
Estradiol and progesterone secreted from the corpus luteum cause the endometrium to thicken.
Both progesterone and estradiol are produced by the follicles.
Secretion of GnRH by the hypothalamus is inhibited by low levels of estradiol but stimulated by high levels of estradiol
Which of the following statements about hormone regulation of the female reproductive cycle is false?
LH and FSH are produced in the pituitary, and estradiol and progesterone are produced in the ovaries.
Estradiol and progesterone secreted from the corpus luteum cause the endometrium to thicken.
Both progesterone and estradiol are produced by the follicles.
Secretion of GnRH by the hypothalamus is inhibited by low levels of estradiol but stimulated by high levels of estradiol
during developement
when is the embryonic period?
when is the foetal period?
during developement
when is the embryonic period: 3-8 weeks
when is the foetal period: 8-38 weeks
which of the following is the cytotrophoblast?
A
B
C
which of the following is the cytotrophoblast?
A
B
C
which of the following is the will develop into a blastocyst?
A
B
C
which of the following is the will develop into a blastocyst?
A
B
C
which of the following is the syncytiotrophoblasts ?
A
B
C
which of the following is the syncytiotrophoblasts ?
A
B
C
what do trophoblats differentiate into? [2]
The trophoblasts differentiate into the cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts
which of the following is the primitive streak
A
B
C
D
which of the following is the primitive streak
A
B
C
D
which of the following is the endoderm
A
B
C
D
which of the following is the endoderm
A
B
C
D
which of the following is the mesoderm
A
B
C
D
which of the following is the mesoderm
A
B
C
D
which of the following is the epiblast
A
B
C
D
which of the following is the ectoderm
A
B
C
D
which of the following is the pubococcygeus
A
B
C
D
which of the following is the pubococcygeus
A
B
C
D
which of the following is the coccygeus
A
B
C
D
which of the following is the coccygeus
A
B
C
D
which of the following is the puborectalis
A
B
C
D
which of the following is the puborectalis
A
B
C
D
which of the following is the iliococcygeus
A
B
C
D
which of the following is the iliococcygeus
A
B
C
D
which of the following is most anterior
puborectalis
pubococcygeus
coccygeus
iliococcygeus
which of the following is most anterior
puborectalis
pubococcygeus
coccygeus
iliococcygeus
which of the following is most posterior levator ani muscle?
puborectalis
pubococcygeus
coccygeus
iliococcygeus
which of the following is most posterior levator ani muscle?
puborectalis
pubococcygeus
coccygeus
iliococcygeus
which of the following is most posterior ?
puborectalis
pubococcygeus
coccygeus
iliococcygeus
which of the following is most posterior ?
puborectalis
pubococcygeus
coccygeus
iliococcygeus
label A-C
A: **endometrium
B: myometrium
C: perimetrium**
which muscle is highlighted here? [1]
piriformis
label A-F
A - coccygeus
B - iliococcygeus
C - pubococcygeus
D - puborectalis
E - tendinous arch of levator ani
F - obturator internus
What is the nerve supply to gluteus maximus? [1]
inferior gluteal nerve
Gluteus medius and minimus receive oxygenated blood from which vessel? [1]
Acceptable responses: Superior gluteal, Superior gluteal artery
combination of which two molecules induces spermatogenesis? [2]
testosterone and androgen binding protein
- Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates FSH & LH from AP
- LH stimulates testosterone production by Leydig cells*
- •Main target of testosterone and pituitary FSH are Sertoli cells*
- •Sertoli cells then secrete androgen binding protein (ABP) and tubular fluid*
- •ABP binds to testosterone & carries it to area of seminiferous tubule where it stimulates spermatogenesis*
which of the following is the sertoli cell?
1
3
4
7
8
which of the following is the sertoli cell?
1
3
4
7
8
which of the following is the mature sperm?
1
3
4
7
8
which of the following is the mature sperm?
1
3
4
7
8
sperm deposition and transport:
- where is sperm depositied in the female? [1]
- what characterisitc of female genital tract assists sperm movement? [1]
- how long goes sperm transport to uterus take? [1]
- what happens to sperm during transport to uterus? [2]
sperm deposition and transport:
- where is sperm depositied in the female? [1]
- *cervical os**
- what characterisitc of female genital tract assists sperm movement? [1]
- *ciliated surface of cervical os**
- how long goes sperm transport to uterus take? [1]
- *2-7 hrs**
- what happens to sperm during transport to uterus? [2]
capacitation;
sperm become hyperactive and sensitive to surrounding signals
how many days after ovulation does blastocyte attach to uterine wall? [1]
7-9 days
what stage of zygotic division is the blastocyst formed?
2-4
4-8
8-16
16-32
32-64
what stage of zygotic division is the blastocyst formed?
2-4
4-8
8-16
16-32
32-64
what stage of zygotic division is the morula formed?
2-4
4-8
8-16
16-32
32-64
what stage of zygotic division is the morula formed?
2-4
4-8
8-16
16-32
32-64
label 1-5 of blastocyst leaving the zona pellucida
what are the the future roles of the trophoblast cells and pluriblast cells of morula? [2]
what are the the future roles of the trophoblast cells and pluriblast cells of morula? [2]
trophoblast cells: attach of embryo to uterus
pluriblast cells: future embryo
which cells form the blood-testis barrier?
sertoli cells
label A & B of seminiferous tubule
A: sertoli cell
B: leydig cell
label A & B
A: Leydig cells
B: Reinke crystals
what type of cell is A? [1]
how can you tell? [1]
what is the function of A? [1]
what type of cell is A? [1]
leydig
how can you tell? [1]
clear cytoplasm
what is the function of A? [1]
The Leydig cells make and secrete testosterone, in response to lutenising hormone from the pituitary.
where does fertilisation usually take place?
uterine tubues / fallopian tubes
vagina
uterus
cervix
endometrium
where does fertilisation usually take place?
uterine tubues / fallopian tubes
vagina
uterus
cervix
endometrium
how long after fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tubes doe the blastocyst enter the uterus?
3 days
4 days
5 days
6 days
7 days
how long after fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tubes doe the blastocyst enter the uterus?
3 days
4 days
5 days
6 days
7 days
how long after fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tubes doe the blastocyst hatch?
3 days
4 days
5 days
6 days
7 days
how long after fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tubes doe the blastocyst hatch?
3 days
4 days
5 days
6 days
7 days
how long after fertilisation occurs does the blastocyst implant into the uterine endometrium? [1]
day 8-9
which hormone causes maternal recognition of the pregnancy?
LH
FSH
oestrogen
testosterone
hCG
which hormone causes maternal recognition of the pregnancy?
LH
FSH
oestrogen
testosterone
hCG
which part of the female genital tract does apposition occur in?
uterine tubues / fallopian tubes
vagina
uterine cavity
cervix
endometrium
which part of the female genital tract does apposition occur in?
uterine tubues / fallopian tubes
vagina
uterine cavity
cervix
endometrium
which cellular layer froms the barrier betwen maternal and fetal circulation? [1]
villous trophoblast
which cell types causes the increase in size of spiral arteries during placental development? [1]
explain how this occurs [2]
cytotrophoblasts (after invading through syncytiotrophoblasts)
replaces the endothelium and smooth muscle of the arteries with themselves (i.e. trophoblasts).
as soon as implantation has occured, WHICH cells secreted WHICH hormone? [2]
Syncytiotrophoblasts secrete hCG as soon as implantation has occurred1
If fertilisation and implantation occurs:
- what happens to the corpus luteum (due to which hormone) [2]
- what happens to progestorone levels (and why) [2]
If fertilisation and implantation occurs:
- what happens to the corpus luteum (due to which hormone) [2]
- *corpus luteum does not degenerate; due to hCG**
- what happens to progestorone levels (and why) [2]
- *maintained bc of maintence of corpus luteum -> turns into deicuda**
label A-C
A: oestrogen
B: progesterone
C: hCG
describe the levels of hCH during pregnancy [1]
what is the luteal:placental shift? [1] what does it signify? [1]
describe the levels of hCH during pregnancy [1]
peaks at 8 weeks then drops
what is the luteal:placental shift? [1] what does it signify? [1]
when hCG levels drop and cross over with progesterone - hCG is replaced by progestorone
describe the levels of hCH during pregnancy [1]
what is the luteal:placental shift? [1] what does it signify? [1]
describe the levels of hCH during pregnancy [1]
peaks at 8 weeks then drops
what is the luteal:placental shift? [1] what does it signify? [1]
when hCG levels drop and cross over with progesterone - hCG is replaced by progestorone
which area does ectopic pregnancy usually occur?
cervix
uterus
oviduct
fallopian tube
infudibulum
which area does ectopic pregnancy usually occur?
cervix
uterus
oviduct
fallopian tube
infudibulum
what do the umbilical vein and arteries carry? [2]
The umbilical vein, coming back from the placenta, will be oxygenated and therefore red which is unlike veins
2 umbilical arteries which is the waste and CO2,etc from the baby being delivered to the placenta.
what is the decidua?
what are the three different regions? [3]
decidua is the specialized layer of endometrium that forms the base of the placental bed.
Decidua basalis – is beneath the implantation site
Decidua capsularis – is the layer that covers the developing embryo
Decidua parietalis – is the remaining endometrium
what happens if the mother is rhesus negative and the fetus is rhesus positve?
i) in the first pregnancy [1]
ii) second pregnancy [1]1
If the mother is rhesus negative and the fetus is rhesus positive:
the RBC that pass through into the fetus will sensitise the fetus system,
i) first pregnancy nothing happens
ii) the second pregnancy the antibodies will cross the placenta and destroy the fetal red blood cells.
name 3 things that placenta will allow through [3]
IgG antibodies
Hormones
Antibiotics
Sedatives
Some viruses, eg rubella
Some organisms, eg treponema pallida (syphilis)
Normally ‘foreign‘ cells express particular human leukocyte antigens recognised by ‘host’ immune system so cells rejected. Trophoblast cells express HLA G. This is not recognised by ‘host’ immune system so cells not rejected
Infiltrating leucocytes secrete IL-2 which regulates the immune system
which of the following is determined in fetal development
genetic sex
gondal development
development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics
which of the following is determined in fetal development
genetic sex
gondal development
development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics
which of the following is determined at fertilisation
genetic sex
gondal development
development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics
which of the following is determined at fertilisation
genetic sex
gondal development
development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics
which of the following is determined during embryonic development
genetic sex
gondal development
development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics
which of the following is determined during embryonic development
genetic sex
gondal development
development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics
what are the different types of mesenchymal cells in male and female? [2]
male = **leydig cells** female = **stromal cells**
when does differention into male / female occur?
week 6
week 7
week 8
week 9
week 10
when does differention into male / female occur?
week 6
week 7
week 8
week 9
week 10
have both the mullerian duct and wollfian duct up to 7 weeks - then differentation occurs
which hormone controls the formation of external genitalia?
testosterone
MIF
DHT
cHG
LH
which hormone controls the formation of external genitalia?
testosterone
MIF
DHT
cHG
LH
which part of the urethrea do the common ejaculatory ducts open into?
membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra
which part of the urethrea do the common ejaculatory ducts open into?
membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra
where is prostate in relation to bladder?
superior
inferior
lateral
medial
where is prostate in relation to bladder?
superior
inferior
lateral
medial
what are the 4 parts of sexual development? [4]
1. Genetic sex
‐ Chromosomal composition: XX or XY
‐ Determined at fertilization, yet this doesn’t mean the organs have developed as male or female at this stage
- G_onadal development_
‐ Development of testes or ovaries
‐ Defined during embryonic development
3. Development of the sex‐specific internal ducts and external genitalia
‐ Hormone dependent
‐ Defined during fetal development
4.Secondary sex characteristics
‐ Defined at puberty
what is A & B?
A = genital ridges B = hindgut
what do mullerian ducts give rise to ? [3]
what do wolffian ducts give rise to ? [3]
what do mullerian ducts give rise to ? [3]
uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix & upper 1/3 vagina
what do wolffian ducts give rise to ? [3]
vas deferens, seminal vesicles and epididymis
female development:
what happens to mullerian ducts? [1] what do they turn into? [1]
what happens to mullerian ducts? [1]
close in and fuse into a continuum
what do they turn into? [1]
vaginal/ uteral canal
label A & B [2]
A: gubernaculum testis
B: vaginal process
label A-D
A: transversalis fascia
B: transversus abdominis
C: internal oblique
D: External oblique
what does DHT cause the production of? [3]
DHT, which will give rise to the male external genitalia (prostate, penis and scrotum).
how many lobes does the prostate have? [3]
1 median
2 lateral
where does the suspenosry ligament run from (where to where)? [2]
where does the suspenosry ligament run from (where to where)? [2]
wall of the cavity –> uterus
what happens if have patients who’s leydig cells dont secrete testosterone?
Sometimes testosterone may not be secreted by Leydig cells.
- Patient presents as female with female external genitalia
- Primary amenorrhea
- No genital ducts/associated structures
- Undescended testes as genetically male XY
- Sertoli cells will still produce MHF which inhibits Mullerian duct, so you will have no uterus , fallopian tubes, cervix or upper vagina
indirect / congenital hernia occurs because of a protrusion of an abdominal viscus into WHICH STRUCTURE? [1]
An indirect inguinal hernia is a congenital hernia, regardless of the patient’s age. It occurs because of protrusion of an abdominal viscus into an open processus vaginalis
which site of action does the combined hormonal contraception work at?
ovary
endometrium
cervix
fundus
fallopian tube
which site of action does the combined hormonal contraception work at?
ovary
endometrium
cervix
fundus
fallopian tube
1
at what stage does the latent phase of 1st stage of labour end?
when the cervix is dilated to 3cm
when the cervix is dilated to 4cm
when the cervix is dilated to 5cm
when the cervix is dilated to 6cm
when the cervix is dilated to 7cm
at what stage does the latent phase of 1st stage of labour end?
when the cervix is dilated to 3cm
when the cervix is dilated to 4cm
when the cervix is dilated to 5cm
when the cervix is dilated to 6cm
when the cervix is dilated to 7cm
what is the cervical dilation during the full dilation of the cervix? [1]
to 10cm
which stage is of the delivery of baby is commonly known as labour
latent phase of 1st stage
active phase of 1st stage
2nd stage
3rd stage
which stage is of the delivery of baby is commonly known as labour
latent phase of 1st stage
active phase of 1st stage
2nd stage
3rd stage
label each stage of labour shown
- Engage
- Flex and descend
- Full dilatation
- Internal rotation then extension
- External rotation
- Expulsion
Growth in neuronal connections leads to what developing? [1]
development of visual acuity
Major problems with development should be detected before the age of:
1 years
2 years
3 years
4 years
5 years
Major problems with development should be detected before the age of:
1 years
2 years
3 years
4 years
5 years
what is autonomic supply to pelvis like?
PNS: pelvic splachnic nerves from S2, S3 & S4
SNS: via superior hypogastric plexus (continuation of the aortic plexus). contains sympathetic, ascedending PNS and viseceral afferent fibres.
superior hypogastric –> left and right inferior hypogastric plexi eitherside of the rectum
which muscle is highlighted here? [1]
piriformis
which muscle is highlighted here? [1]
piriformis
