Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Y1 Qs > HD > Flashcards

HD Flashcards

1
Q

which part of the embryo is the area responsible for creation of m / f reproductive system? [1]

A

genital ridge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which gene is responsible for the testes? [1]

A

SRY gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where does motility of spertatozoa occur? [1]

A

in the epididymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the name of for the loss of acrosome on sperm? [1]

where does this occur? [1]

A

capatication; in the female genital tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the sperm acrosome is formed which organelle?

nucleus
ribosome
SER
golgi apparatus
lysosome

A

the sperm acrosome is formed which organelle?

nucleus
ribosome
SER
golgi apparatus
lysosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what stage of zygotic division is the blastocyst formed?

2-4
4-8
8-16
16-32
32-64

A

what stage of zygotic division is the blastocyst formed?

2-4
4-8
8-16
16-32
32-64

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what stage of zygotic division is the morula formed?

2-4
4-8
8-16
16-32
32-64

A

what stage of zygotic division is the morula formed?

2-4
4-8
8-16
16-32
32-64

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

label 1-5 of blastocyst leaving the zona pellucida

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which of the following is the gonadal ridge?

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

A

which of the following is the gonadal ridge?

1
2
3
4
5
6
​7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which of the following is the primordial germ cells?

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

A

which of the following is the primordial germ cells?

1
2
3
4
5
6 red dots
7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

which of the following is the spermatids?

A
B
C
D
E
F

A

which of the following is the spermatids?

A
B
C
D
E
​F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

which of the following is the sertoli cells?

A
B
C
D
E
F

A

which of the following is the sertoli cells?

A
B
C
D
E
F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

which of the following is the 1ary spermatocytes?

A
B
C
D
E
​F

A

which of the following is the 1ary spermatocytes?

A
B
C
D
E
​F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

which of the following is the spermatozoa?

A
B
C
D
E
F

A

which of the following is the spermatozoa?

A
B
C
D
E
F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

which of the following is the 2ary spermatocytes?

A
B
C
D
E
F

A

which of the following is the 2ary spermatocytes?

A
B
C
D
E
F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

which ion is associated of with acrosome reaction / fusion of egg & sperm?

K+
Na+
Cl-
Ca2+
HCO3-

A

which ion is associated of with acrosome reaction / fusion of egg & sperm?

K+
Na+
Cl-
Ca2+
HCO3-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

which part of prostate gland do most carnicomas arise from?

Central zone
Peripheral zone
Transitional zone
Periurethral zone

A

which part of prostate gland do most carnicomas arise from?

Central zone
Peripheral zone
Transitional zone
Periurethral zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

which part of prostate gland undergoes hyperplasia?

Central zone
Peripheral zone
Transitional zone
Periurethral zone

A

which part of prostate gland undergoes hyperplasia?

Central zone
Peripheral zone
Transitional zone
Periurethral zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

label A-C

A

A: corpus spongiosum
B: corpora cavernosa
C: Tunica albuginea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

which week of germatogensis origin and migration is testosterone released which introduces male gonadal development?

week 4
week 5
week 6
week 7
week 8

A

which week of germatogensis origin and migration is testosterone released which introduces male gonadal development?

week 4
week 5
week 6
week 7
​week 8

gonadal ridge is neither male nor female but at week 7 testosterone is formed which introduces male gonadal development. Testosterone determining factor is coded for on the Y chromosome. Therefore, if you have the Y chromosome it will produce testosterone determining factor and male gonadal differentiation can begin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In which part of the Fallopian tube does fertilisation most commonly occur?

Isthmus
Ampulla
Fimbrae
Infundibulum

A

In which part of the Fallopian tube does fertilisation most commonly occur?

Isthmus
Ampulla
Fimbrae
Infundibulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

which structure covers the pelvic viscera? [1]

A

which structure covers the pelvic viscera? [1]
peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the name for the peritoneum that covers the uterus? [1]

A

what is the name for this part of the ^ ? [1]
broad ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

which ligaments are found in the pelvic viscera? of women [3]

A

round ligament: The round ligaments support and anchor the uterus.

ovarian ligament: which connects the ovary to the uterus.

suspensory ligament provides support also, and this carries the ovarian vasculature within it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
label A
round ligament of uterus
26
which of the following is A? suspensory ligament uterosacral ligament ovarian ligament broad ligament
which of the following is A? suspensory ligament uterosacral ligament ovarian ligament **​broad ligament**
27
which of the following is B? suspensory ligament uterosacral ligament ovarian ligament broad ligament
which of the following is B? suspensory ligament uterosacral ligament **ovarian ligament** ​broad ligament
28
which of the following is C? suspensory ligament uterosacral ligament ovarian ligament broad ligament
which of the following is C? **suspensory ligament** uterosacral ligament ovarian ligament ​broad ligament
29
which of the following is D? suspensory ligament uterosacral ligament ovarian ligament broad ligament
which of the following is D? suspensory ligament **uterosacral ligament** ovarian ligament ​broad ligament
30
where are the two areas which have clinical significance as this may be the first location fluid accumulates within the abdomen/pelvis if there is pathology [2]?
**vesicouterine pouch rectouterine pouch**
31
which artery does the uterus receive its blood supply from? [1] what does this branch into? [1] where does the ovarian artery originate from? [1]
**uterine artery** (supplies uterus) --\> **vaginal artery** where does the ovarian artery originate from? [1] **abdominal artery**
32
which structure does ovarian artery travel in? [1]
which structure does ovarian artery travel in? [1] **suspensory ligament**
33
which arteries provicde blood supply to fallopian tube? [2]
which arteries provicde blood supply to fallopian tube? [2] **ovarian artery uterine artery**
34
label A-C
A: **suspensory ligament of ovary** B: **ovary artery** C: **uterine artery**
35
what is A [1]
trigone of bladder
36
Most of the skeletal muscles contained in the perineum and pelvic floor, including the external anal sphincter and external urethral sphincter, are innervated by spinal cord levels WHAT? Much of the somatic motor and sensory innervation of the perineum is provided by the WHAT nerve? [1]
spinal levels: **S2-S4** Much of the somatic motor and sensory innervation of the perineum is provided by the **pudendal** nerve [1]
37
describe the path of pudendal nerve
The pudendal nerve leaves the pelvic cavity through the **greater sciatic foramen** and then immediately enters the **perineum** inferiorly to the pelvic floor by passing around the **ischial spine** and through the **lesser sciatic foramen.**
38
How is the normal position of the uterus described? [2]
Acceptable responses: **Anterverted and anteflexed, anteverted anteflexed, anteflexed anteverted, anteflexed and Anterverted**
39
which of the following is the cervix? 1 2 3 4 5
which of the following is the cervix? 1 2 3 4 **5**
40
which of the following is the posterior fornix? 1 2 3 4 5
which of the following is the posterior fornix? 1 2 3 **4** 5
41
which of the following is the bladder? 1 2 3 4 5
which of the following is the bladder? 1 **2** 3 4 5
42
which of the following is the uterus? 1 2 3 4 5
which of the following is the uterus? 1 2 **3** 4 5
43
Where does implantation occur in a normal pregnancy? Uterus Cervix Fallopian Tube Ovary
Where does implantation occur in a normal pregnancy? **Uterus** Cervix Fallopian Tube ​Ovary
44
Why is an ectopic pregnancy dangerous? The foetus will be squashed Ectopic sites cannot expand and so rupture Ectopic sites have other functions which are impaired by implantation
Why is an ectopic pregnancy dangerous? The foetus will be squashed **Ectopic sites cannot expand and so rupture** Ectopic sites have other functions which are impaired by implantation **The main risk of ectopic pregnancies are that ectopic sites (usually the Fallopian tube) cannot expand to the same extent as the uterus, and the site ruptures, resulting in extensive haemorrhage.**
45
_Cho's ectopic pregnancy is implanted in the Fallopian tube. If this site ruptures, what arteries will be the source of the haemorrhage? [2]_ Uterine artery Superior vesicular artery Ovarian artery Vaginal artery Internal pudendal artery
_Cho's ectopic pregnancy is implanted in the Fallopian tube. If this site ruptures, what arteries will be the source of the haemorrhage?_ **Uterine artery** Superior vesicular artery **Ovarian artery** Vaginal artery Internal pudendal artery
46
Sympathetic stimulation on the bladder results in: Relaxation Contraction
Sympathetic stimulation on the bladder results in: **Relaxation** Contraction
47
what are the different regions of the male urethra? [4]
1. **preprostatic urethra:** is the shortest and extends from the bladder neck to the prostate. Surrounding the urethra at this level is the _internal urethral sphincter._ 2. **prostatic urethra** is the region which passes through the prostate, and the ejaculatory and prostatic ducts drain into it at this level. 3. **membranous urethra** passes through the deep perineal pouch, and is encircled by the _external urethral sphincter._ Finally, the 4. **spongy urethra** is the longest part, travelling through the corpus spongiosum of the penis and terminating at the external urethral meatus.
48
which part of the male urethra has the external urethral meatus? membranous urethra spongy urethra prostatic urethra preprostatic urethra:
which part of the male urethra has the external urethral meatus? membranous urethra **spongy urethra** prostatic urethra ​preprostatic urethra:
49
which part of the male urethra is the longest? membranous urethra spongy urethra prostatic urethra preprostatic urethra:
which part of the male urethra is the longest? membranous urethra **spongy urethra** prostatic urethra preprostatic urethra:
50
which part of the male urethra is the shortest? membranous urethra spongy urethra prostatic urethra preprostatic urethra:
which part of the male urethra is the shortest? membranous urethra spongy urethra prostatic urethra **preprostatic urethra**
51
label A-C xx
A: corpus cavernosum B: corpus spongiosum C: urethra
52
which part of the male urethra is home to the internal urethral sphincter? membranous urethra spongy urethra prostatic urethra preprostatic urethra
which part of the male urethra is home to the internal urethral sphincter? membranous urethra spongy urethra prostatic urethra **preprostatic urethra**
53
what is the function of the internal sphincter with regards to ejaculation? [1]
The internal sphincter has the additional function of **contracting during ejaculation to prevent retrograde ejaculation into the bladder.**
54
55
which is the most common site for prostate cancer? central peripheral transitional (periurethral) fibromuscular
which is the most common site for prostate cancer? central **peripheral** transitional (periurethral) ​fibromuscular
56
label 1-7 xx
1: ureter 2. vas deferens 3: bladder 4: seminal vesicle 5: prostate 6: corpus cavernosum 7: corpuus spongiosum
57
which of the following is the vas deferens 1 2 3 4 5
which of the following is the vas deferens 1 2 **3** 4 5
58
how long after fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tubes doe the blastocyst enter the uterus? 3 days 4 days 5 days 6 days 7 days
how long after fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tubes doe the blastocyst enter the uterus? 3 days **4 days** 5 days 6 days 7 days
59
how long after fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tubes doe the blastocyst hatch? 3 days 4 days 5 days 6 days 7 days
how long after fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tubes doe the blastocyst hatch? 3 days 4 days 5 days **6 days 7 days**
60
how long after fertilisation occurs does the blastocyst implant into the uterine endometrium? [1]
day 8-9
61
which hormone causes maternal recognition of the pregnancy? LH FSH oestrogen testosterone ​hCG
which hormone causes maternal recognition of the pregnancy? LH FSH oestrogen testosterone **​hCG**
62
which part of the female genital tract does apposition occur in? ​uterine tubues / fallopian tubes vagina uterus cervix endometrium
which part of the female genital tract does apposition occur in? ​uterine tubues / fallopian tubes vagina **uterine cavity** cervix endometrium
63
the molecules that are thought are important to be a success in _successful implantation are:_ what are their roles? **Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)** - **Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF)** - **Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)** - **Human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G)** **Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)** - **Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)**
**Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)** - converts AA to PGE2 promotes invasion and decidualisation **Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF)** - involved in attachment and invasion **Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)** - involved in angiogenesis **Human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G)** - inhibits antigen-specific lymphocyte response & decreases NK cell function **Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)** - regulated by IFNs to promote anti-proliferative effects **Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)** - regulates invasion and proliferation
64
as soon as implantation has occured, WHICH cells secreted WHICH hormone? [2]
**Syncytiotrophoblasts** secrete **hCG** as soon as implantation has occurred
65
_If fertilisation and implantation occurs:_ - what happens to the corpus luteum (due to which hormone) [2] - what happens to progestorone levels (and why) [2] -
_If fertilisation and implantation occurs:_ - what happens to the corpus luteum (due to which hormone) [2] * *corpus luteum does not degenerate; due to hCG** - what happens to progestorone levels (and why) [2] * *maintained bc of maintence of corpus luteum -\> turns into deicuda**
66
label A-C
A: **oestrogen** B: **progesterone** C: **hCG**
67
which area does ectopic pregnancy usually occur? cervix uterus oviduct fallopian tube infudibulum
which area does ectopic pregnancy usually occur? cervix uterus **oviduct** fallopian tube infudibulum
68
what happens if the mother is rhesus negative and the fetus is rhesus positve? i) in the first pregnancy [1] ii) second pregnancy [1]
If the mother is rhesus negative and the fetus is rhesus positive: **the RBC that pass through into the fetus will sensitise the fetus system**, i) first pregnancy _nothing happens_ ii) the second pregnancy the _antibodies will cross the placenta and destroy the fetal red blood cells_.
69
which of the following is determined in fetal development genetic sex gondal development development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia secondary sex characteristics
which of the following is determined in fetal development genetic sex gondal development **development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia** secondary sex characteristics
70
which of the following is determined at fertilisation genetic sex gondal development development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia secondary sex characteristics
which of the following is determined at fertilisation **genetic sex** gondal development development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia secondary sex characteristics
71
which of the following is determined during embryonic development genetic sex gondal development development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia secondary sex characteristics
which of the following is determined during embryonic development genetic sex **gondal development** development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia secondary sex characteristics
72
which of the following is determined during puberty genetic sex gondal development development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia secondary sex characteristics
which of the following is determined during puberty genetic sex gondal development development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia **secondary sex characteristics**
73
which two hormones cause the production of wolffian ducts? [2]
* *mullerian inhib factor (**from sertoli cells) * *testes determining factor** (from leydig cells)
74
when does differention into male / female occur? week 6 week 7 week 8 week 9 ​week 10
when does differention into male / female occur? week 6 **week 7** week 8 week 9 ​week 10
75
which hormone controls the formation of external genitalia? testosterone MIF DHT cHG ​LH
which hormone controls the formation of external genitalia? testosterone MIF **DHT** cHG ​LH
76
label A & B [2]
A: **gubernaculum testis** B: **vaginal process**
77
which of the following is home to the cremaster muscle? A: transversalis fascia B: transversus abdominis C: internal oblique D: External oblique **what is the function of cremaster muscle? [1]**
which of the following is home to the cremaster muscle? A: transversalis fascia B: transversus abdominis **C: internal oblique** D: External oblique cremaster.: **smooth muscle. retract the testes [1]**
78
which of the following is home to the external spermatic fascia? A: transversalis fascia B: transversus abdominis C: internal oblique D: External oblique
which of the following is home to the external spermatic fascia? A: transversalis fascia B: transversus abdominis C: internal oblique **D: External oblique**
79
which of the following is home to the internal spermatic fascia? A: transversalis fascia B: transversus abdominis C: internal oblique D: External oblique
which of the following is home to the internal spermatic fascia? **A: transversalis fascia** B: transversus abdominis C: internal oblique D: External oblique
80
which of the following is the bladder? A B C D E
which of the following is the bladder? **A** B C D E
81
which of the following is one of the ureters? A B C D E
which of the following is one of the ureters? A B C D **​E**
82
which of the following is the bladder? A B C D E
which of the following is the bladder? **A** B C D E
83
which of the following is one of the seminal vesicle? A B C D E
which of the following is one of the seminal vesicle? A B **C** D E
84
which of the following is the vas deferens? A B C D E
which of the following is the vas deferens? A **B** C D E
85
which of the following is the prostate? A B C D E
which of the following is the prostate A B C **D** E
86
where is prostate in relation to bladder? superior ​inferior lateral medial
where is prostate in relation to bladder? superior ​**inferior** lateral medial
87
label the different parts of the fallopian tube
88
which is the most common site of fertilisation in fallopian tube? infundibulum ampulla isthmus fimbrae
which is the most common site of fertilisation in fallopian tube? infundibulum **ampulla** isthmus ​fimbrae
89
name this structure [1]
ureters
90
name this structure [1]
bladder
91
name this structure [1]
external urethral sphincter
92
which of the following is the green? membranous urethra spongy urethra prostatic urethra preprostatic urethra:
which of the following is the green? membranous urethra spongy urethra **prostatic urethra** preprostatic urethra:
93
which of the following is the green? membranous urethra spongy urethra prostatic urethra preprostatic urethra:
which of the following is the green? membranous urethra **spongy urethra** prostatic urethra preprostatic urethra:
94
which hormone peaks at ovulation? LH FSH Oestrogen Progesterone ​Testosterone
which hormone peaks at ovulation? **LH** FSH Oestrogen Progesterone ​Testosterone
95
which hormone causes endometrial thickening? LH FSH Oestrogen Progesterone ​Testosterone
which hormone causes corpus luteum formation? **LH** FSH Oestrogen Progesterone ​Testosterone
96
which hormone causes oestrogen levels to rise? LH FSH Oestrogen Progesterone ​Testosterone
which hormone causes oestrogen levels to rise? LH **FSH** Oestrogen Progesterone ​Testosterone
97
which of following is A? LH FSH Oestrogen Progesterone ​Testosterone
which of following is A? LH FSH **Oestrogen** Progesterone ​Testosterone
98
which of following is C? LH FSH Oestrogen Progesterone ​Testosterone
which of following is C? **LH** FSH Oestrogen Progesterone ​Testosterone
99
which of following is B? LH FSH Oestrogen Progesterone ​Testosterone
which of following is B? LH FSH Oestrogen **Progesterone** ​Testosterone
100
which of following is D? LH FSH Oestrogen Progesterone ​Testosterone
which of following is D? LH **FSH** Oestrogen Progesterone ​Testosterone
101
the combined pill is a combination of which two hormones? [2]
oestrogen and progesterone
102
which type of contraception works by being spermicidal? IUD combined pill progesterone only pill copper coil pull out method
which type of contraception works by being spermicidal? IUD combined pill progesterone only pill **copper coil** pull out method
103
which hormone does the IUS cause contraception by elevating levels of? LH FSH oestrogen progesterone ADH
which hormone does the IUS cause contraception by elevating levels of? LH FSH oestrogen **progesterone** ​ADH
104
the emergency pill causes a big bleed because of an increased level of: LH FSH oestrogen progesterone ​ADH
the emergency pill causes a big bleed because of an increased level of: LH FSH oestrogen **progesterone** ​ADH
105
changes in peripheral vascular resistance occurs in pregnancy because of an increase of LH FSH oestrogen progesterone ​ADH
changes in peripheral vascular resistance occurs in pregnancy because of an increase of LH FSH oestrogen **progesterone** ​ADH
106
which hormones regulate development of non-pregnany mammary glands [2] how does pregnant mammary glands change? [3] due to which hormones? !! [3]
which hormones regulate development of non-pregnany mammary glands [2] **progesterone oestrogen** how does pregnant mammary glands change? **lobular ductal-alveolar system undergoes hypertrophy adipose tissue deposition proliferation of ducts** due to: **estradoil** **progesterone placental peptide hormone (**growth hormone and prolactin may also have a role)
108
which hormone initiates milk production? prolactin FSH oestrogen oxytocin progesterone
which hormone initiates milk production? **prolactin** FSH oestrogen oxytocin progesterone
109
which hormones inhibit secretrory acitivity of mammary tissue? [2] prolactin FSH oestrogen oxytocin progesterone
which hormones inhibit secretrory acitivity of mammary tissue? prolactin FSH **oestrogen** oxytocin **progesterone** **lactogensis occurs by fall in ^^ levels**
110
milk ejection / suckling relfex is triggered by prolactin FSH oestrogen oxytocin progesterone
milk ejection / suckling relfex is triggered by prolactin FSH oestrogen **oxytocin: released in reponse to contraction. causes contraction of myoepithelial cells** progesterone
111
which hormones cause the creation of the corpus luteum? [2] when during the menstrual cycle does it develop? [1]
LH and FSH **after ovulation**
112
the corpus luteum causes the development of which hormone? [1]
**progesterone**
113
what happens during the menstrual cycle when FSH and LH fall? [1]
FSH and LH fall, **the corpus luteum degenerates** Degeneration of the corpus luteum results in **loss of progesterone production.** The subsequent falling level of **progesterone triggers menstruation and the entire cycle begins again**
114
_Which of the following statements about the menstrual cycle is false?_ Progesterone levels rise during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle and the secretory phase of the uterine cycle. Menstruation occurs just after LH and FSH levels peak. Menstruation occurs after progesterone levels drop. Estrogen levels rise before ovulation, while progesterone levels rise after.
_Which of the following statements about the menstrual cycle is false?_ Progesterone levels rise during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle and the secretory phase of the uterine cycle. **Menstruation occurs just after LH and FSH levels peak.** Menstruation occurs after progesterone levels drop. Estrogen levels rise before ovulation, while progesterone levels rise after.
115
116
_Which of the following statements about hormone regulation of the female reproductive cycle is false?_ LH and FSH are produced in the pituitary, and estradiol and progesterone are produced in the ovaries. Estradiol and progesterone secreted from the corpus luteum cause the endometrium to thicken. Both progesterone and estradiol are produced by the follicles. Secretion of GnRH by the hypothalamus is inhibited by low levels of estradiol but stimulated by high levels of estradiol
_Which of the following statements about hormone regulation of the female reproductive cycle is false?_ LH and FSH are produced in the pituitary, and estradiol and progesterone are produced in the ovaries. Estradiol and progesterone secreted from the corpus luteum cause the endometrium to thicken. **Both progesterone and estradiol are produced by the follicles.** Secretion of GnRH by the hypothalamus is inhibited by low levels of estradiol but stimulated by high levels of estradiol
117
during developement when is the embryonic period? when is the foetal period?
during developement when is the embryonic period: **3-8 weeks** when is the foetal period: **8-38 weeks**
118
which of the following is the cytotrophoblast? A B C
which of the following is the cytotrophoblast? A **B** ​C
119
which of the following is the will develop into a blastocyst? A B ​C
which of the following is the will develop into a blastocyst? A B **​C**
120
which of the following is the syncytiotrophoblasts ? A B C
which of the following is the syncytiotrophoblasts ? **A** B C
121
what do trophoblats differentiate into? [2]
The **trophoblasts** differentiate into the **cytotrophoblasts** and **syncytiotrophoblasts**
122
which of the following is the primitive streak A B C D
which of the following is the primitive streak A B C **D**
123
which of the following is the endoderm A B C D
which of the following is the endoderm A B **C** D
124
which of the following is the mesoderm A B C D
which of the following is the mesoderm A **B** C D
125
which of the following is the epiblast A B C D
which of the following is the ectoderm A B C D
126
which of the following is the pubococcygeus A B C D
which of the following is the pubococcygeus A **B** C D ​
127
which of the following is the coccygeus A B C D ​
which of the following is the coccygeus A B C **D** ​
128
which of the following is the puborectalis A B C D
which of the following is the puborectalis **A** B C D ​
129
which of the following is the iliococcygeus A B C D ​
which of the following is the iliococcygeus A B **C** D ​
130
which of the following is most anterior puborectalis pubococcygeus coccygeus iliococcygeus
which of the following is most anterior **puborectalis** pubococcygeus ​coccygeus iliococcygeus
131
which of the following is most posterior levator ani muscle? puborectalis pubococcygeus ​coccygeus iliococcygeus
which of the following is most posterior levator ani muscle? puborectalis pubococcygeus ​coccygeus **iliococcygeus**
138
which of the following is most posterior ? puborectalis pubococcygeus ​coccygeus iliococcygeus
which of the following is most posterior ? puborectalis pubococcygeus ​**coccygeus** iliococcygeus
139
label A-C
A: **endometrium B: myometrium C: perimetrium**
140
141
which muscle is highlighted here? [1]
piriformis
142
label A-F
A - coccygeus B - iliococcygeus C - pubococcygeus D - puborectalis E - tendinous arch of levator ani F - obturator internus
143
What is the nerve supply to gluteus maximus? [1]
inferior gluteal nerve
144
Gluteus medius and minimus receive oxygenated blood from which vessel? [1]
Acceptable responses: Superior gluteal, Superior gluteal artery
145
combination of which two molecules induces spermatogenesis? [2]
**testosterone and androgen binding protein** ## Footnote * - Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates FSH & LH from AP - LH stimulates testosterone production by Leydig cells* * •Main target of testosterone and pituitary FSH are Sertoli cells* * •Sertoli cells then secrete androgen binding protein (ABP) and tubular fluid* * •ABP binds to testosterone & carries it to area of seminiferous tubule where it stimulates spermatogenesis*
146
which of the following is the sertoli cell? 1 3 4 7 8
which of the following is the sertoli cell? 1 3 **4** 7 8
147
which of the following is the mature sperm? 1 3 4 7 8
which of the following is the mature sperm? 1 3 4 **7** 8
148
sperm deposition and transport: - where is sperm depositied in the female? [1] - what characterisitc of female genital tract assists sperm movement? [1] - how long goes sperm transport to uterus take? [1] - what happens to sperm during transport to uterus? [2]
sperm deposition and transport: - where is sperm depositied in the female? [1] * *cervical os** - what characterisitc of female genital tract assists sperm movement? [1] * *ciliated surface of cervical os** - how long goes sperm transport to uterus take? [1] * *2-7 hrs** - what happens to sperm during transport to uterus? [2] **capacitation; sperm become hyperactive and sensitive to surrounding signals**
149
how many days after ovulation does blastocyte attach to uterine wall? [1]
7-9 days
150
what stage of zygotic division is the blastocyst formed? 2-4 4-8 8-16 16-32 32-64
what stage of zygotic division is the blastocyst formed? 2-4 4-8 8-16 16-32 **32-64**
151
what stage of zygotic division is the morula formed? 2-4 4-8 8-16 16-32 32-64
what stage of zygotic division is the morula formed? 2-4 4-8 8-16 **16-32** 32-64
152
label 1-5 of blastocyst leaving the zona pellucida
153
what are the the future roles of the trophoblast cells and pluriblast cells of morula? [2]
what are the the future roles of the trophoblast cells and pluriblast cells of morula? [2] trophoblast cells: **attach of embryo to uterus** pluriblast cells: **future embryo**
154
which cells form the blood-testis barrier?
sertoli cells
155
label A & B of seminiferous tubule
A: **sertoli cell** B: **leydig cell**
156
label A & B
A: **Leydig cells** B: Reinke crystals
157
what type of cell is A? [1] how can you tell? [1] what is the function of A? [1]
what type of cell is A? [1] **leydig** how can you tell? [1] **clear cytoplasm** what is the function of A? [1] **The Leydig cells make and secrete testosterone, in response to lutenising hormone from the pituitary.**
158
where does fertilisation usually take place? uterine tubues / fallopian tubes vagina uterus cervix endometrium
where does fertilisation usually take place? **uterine tubues / fallopian tubes** vagina uterus cervix endometrium
159
how long after fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tubes doe the blastocyst enter the uterus? 3 days 4 days 5 days 6 days 7 days
how long after fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tubes doe the blastocyst enter the uterus? 3 days **4 days** 5 days 6 days 7 days
160
how long after fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tubes doe the blastocyst hatch? 3 days 4 days 5 days 6 days 7 days
how long after fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tubes doe the blastocyst hatch? 3 days 4 days 5 days **6 days 7 days**
161
how long after fertilisation occurs does the blastocyst implant into the uterine endometrium? [1]
day 8-9
162
which hormone causes maternal recognition of the pregnancy? LH FSH oestrogen testosterone ​hCG
which hormone causes maternal recognition of the pregnancy? LH FSH oestrogen testosterone ​**hCG**
163
which part of the female genital tract does apposition occur in? uterine tubues / fallopian tubes vagina uterine cavity cervix endometrium
which part of the female genital tract does apposition occur in? uterine tubues / fallopian tubes vagina **uterine cavity** cervix endometrium
164
which cellular layer froms the barrier betwen maternal and fetal circulation? [1]
villous trophoblast
165
which cell types causes the increase in size of spiral arteries during placental development? [1] explain how this occurs [2]
**cytotrophoblasts** (after invading through syncytiotrophoblasts) **replaces the endothelium and smooth muscl**e of the arteries with themselves (i.e. trophoblasts).
166
167
as soon as implantation has occured, WHICH cells secreted WHICH hormone? [2]
Syncytiotrophoblasts secrete hCG as soon as implantation has occurred1
168
If fertilisation and implantation occurs: - what happens to the corpus luteum (due to which hormone) [2] - what happens to progestorone levels (and why) [2]
If fertilisation and implantation occurs: - what happens to the corpus luteum (due to which hormone) [2] * *corpus luteum does not degenerate; due to hCG** - what happens to progestorone levels (and why) [2] * *maintained bc of maintence of corpus luteum -\> turns into deicuda**
169
label A-C
A: **oestrogen** B: **progesterone** C: **hCG**
170
describe the levels of hCH during pregnancy [1] what is the luteal:placental shift? [1] what does it signify? [1]
describe the levels of hCH during pregnancy [1] **peaks at 8 weeks then drops** what is the luteal:placental shift? [1] what does it signify? [1] **when hCG levels drop and cross over with progesterone - hCG is replaced by progestorone**
171
describe the levels of hCH during pregnancy [1] what is the luteal:placental shift? [1] what does it signify? [1]
describe the levels of hCH during pregnancy [1] **peaks at 8 weeks then drops** what is the luteal:placental shift? [1] what does it signify? [1] **when hCG levels drop and cross over with progesterone - hCG is replaced by progestorone**
172
which area does ectopic pregnancy usually occur? cervix uterus oviduct fallopian tube infudibulum
which area does ectopic pregnancy usually occur? cervix uterus **oviduct** fallopian tube infudibulum
173
what do the umbilical vein and arteries carry? [2]
**The umbilical vein,** coming back from the placenta, will be **oxygenated** and therefore red which is unlike veins **2 umbilical arteries** which is the **waste** and **CO2**,etc from the baby being delivered to the placenta.
174
what is the decidua? what are the three different regions? [3]
decidua is the specialized layer of endometrium that forms the base of the placental bed. **Decidua basalis** – is beneath the implantation site **Decidua capsularis –** is the layer that covers the developing embryo **Decidua parietalis** – is the remaining endometrium
175
what happens if the mother is rhesus negative and the fetus is rhesus positve? i) in the first pregnancy [1] ii) second pregnancy [1]1
If the mother is rhesus negative and the fetus is rhesus positive: the RBC that pass through into the fetus will sensitise the fetus system, i) first pregnancy nothing happens ii) the second pregnancy the antibodies will cross the placenta and destroy the fetal red blood cells.
176
177
name 3 things that placenta will allow through [3]
IgG antibodies Hormones Antibiotics Sedatives Some viruses, eg rubella Some organisms, eg treponema pallida (syphilis)
178
Normally ‘foreign‘ cells express particular human leukocyte antigens recognised by ‘host’ immune system so cells rejected. **Trophoblast cells express HLA G.** This is not recognised by ‘host’ immune system so cells not rejected **Infiltrating leucocytes secrete IL-2 w**hich regulates the immune system
179
which of the following is determined in fetal development genetic sex gondal development development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia secondary sex characteristics
which of the following is determined in fetal development genetic sex gondal development **development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia** secondary sex characteristics
180
which of the following is determined at fertilisation genetic sex gondal development development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia secondary sex characteristics
which of the following is determined at fertilisation **genetic sex** gondal development development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia secondary sex characteristics
181
which of the following is determined during embryonic development genetic sex gondal development development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia secondary sex characteristics
which of the following is determined during embryonic development genetic sex **gondal development** development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia secondary sex characteristics
182
183
what are the different types of mesenchymal cells in male and female? [2]
``` male = **leydig cells** female = **stromal cells** ```
184
185
when does differention into male / female occur? week 6 week 7 week 8 week 9 week 10
when does differention into male / female occur? week 6 **week 7** week 8 week 9 ​week 10 ## Footnote **have both the mullerian duct and wollfian duct up to 7 weeks - then differentation occurs**
186
which hormone controls the formation of external genitalia? testosterone MIF DHT cHG LH
which hormone controls the formation of external genitalia? testosterone MIF **DHT** cHG LH
187
which part of the urethrea do the common ejaculatory ducts open into? membranous urethra spongy urethra prostatic urethra preprostatic urethra
which part of the urethrea do the common ejaculatory ducts open into? membranous urethra spongy urethra prostatic urethra preprostatic urethra
188
where is prostate in relation to bladder? superior ​inferior lateral medial
where is prostate in relation to bladder? superior **​inferior** lateral medial
189
what are the 4 parts of sexual development? [4]
_1. Genetic sex_ ‐ Chromosomal composition: XX or XY ‐ Determined at fertilization, yet this doesn’t mean the organs have developed as male or female at this stage 2. G_onadal development_ ‐ Development of testes or ovaries ‐ Defined during embryonic development _3. Development of the sex‐specific internal ducts and external genitalia_ ‐ Hormone dependent ‐ Defined during fetal development 4._Secondary sex characteristics_ ‐ Defined at puberty
190
what is A & B?
``` A = genital ridges B = hindgut ```
192
193
what do mullerian ducts give rise to ? [3] what do wolffian ducts give rise to ? [3]
what do mullerian ducts give rise to ? [3] **uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix & upper 1/3 vagina** ​what do wolffian ducts give rise to ? [3] **vas deferens, seminal vesicles and epididymis**
195
female development: what happens to mullerian ducts? [1] what do they turn into? [1]
what happens to mullerian ducts? [1] **close in and fuse into a continuum** what do they turn into? [1] **vaginal/ uteral canal**
196
label A & B [2]
A: **gubernaculum testis** B: **vaginal process**
197
label A-D
A: **transversalis fascia** B: **transversus abdominis** C: **internal oblique** D: **External oblique**
198
what does DHT cause the production of? [3]
DHT, which will give rise to the **male external genitalia (prostate, penis and scrotum).**
199
how many lobes does the prostate have? [3]
1 median 2 lateral
200
where does the suspenosry ligament run from (where to where)? [2]
_where does the suspenosry ligament run from (where to where)? [2]_ **wall of the cavity --\> uterus**
201
what happens if have patients who's leydig cells dont secrete testosterone?
Sometimes testosterone may not be secreted by Leydig cells. * Patient presents as **female with female external genitalia** * Primary amenorrhea * **No genital ducts/associated structures** * **Undescended testes as genetically male XY** * Sertoli cells will still produce MHF which inhibits Mullerian duct, so you will **have no uterus , fallopian tubes, cervix or upper vagina**
205
indirect / congenital hernia occurs because of a protrusion of an abdominal viscus into WHICH STRUCTURE? [1]
An indirect inguinal hernia is a congenital hernia, regardless of the patient's age. It occurs because of protrusion of an abdominal viscus into an open processus vaginalis
206
207
which site of action does the combined hormonal contraception work at? ovary endometrium cervix fundus fallopian tube
which site of action does the combined hormonal contraception work at? **ovary** endometrium cervix fundus fallopian tube
208
1
209
at what stage does the latent phase of 1st stage of labour end? when the cervix is dilated to 3cm when the cervix is dilated to 4cm when the cervix is dilated to 5cm when the cervix is dilated to 6cm when the cervix is dilated to 7cm
at what stage does the latent phase of 1st stage of labour end? when the cervix is dilated to 3cm **when the cervix is dilated to 4cm** when the cervix is dilated to 5cm when the cervix is dilated to 6cm when the cervix is dilated to 7cm
210
what is the cervical dilation during the full dilation of the cervix? [1]
**to 10cm**
211
which stage is of the delivery of baby is commonly known as labour latent phase of 1st stage active phase of 1st stage 2nd stage 3rd stage
which stage is of the delivery of baby is commonly known as labour latent phase of 1st stage **active phase of 1st stage** 2nd stage 3rd stage
212
label each stage of labour shown
1. Engage 2. Flex and descend 3. Full dilatation 4. Internal rotation then extension 5. External rotation 6. Expulsion
213
Growth in neuronal connections leads to what developing? [1]
**development of visual acuity**
214
Major problems with development should be detected before the age of: 1 years 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years
Major problems with development should be detected before the age of: 1 years 2 years 3 years **4 years** 5 years
215
what is autonomic supply to pelvis like?
PNS: **pelvic splachnic nerves** from **S2, S3 & S4** SNS: via **superior hypogastric plexus (**continuation of the aortic plexus). contains sympathetic, ascedending PNS and viseceral afferent fibres. **superior hypogastric --\> left and right inferior hypogastric plexi eitherside of the rectum**
216
which muscle is highlighted here? [1]
piriformis
217
which muscle is highlighted here? [1]
piriformis

Y1 Qs (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions