Mental Health Depression Flashcards by Cait McGroerty

Reduction in or lack of energy.

Anergia

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inability to find meaning or pleasure in existence.

Anhedonia

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classification of more recently released antidepressants affecting a variety of neurotransmitters

Atypical antidepressants

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mild to mod mood disturbance characterized by chronic depression syndrome that is usually present for 2+y

Dysthymic disorder:

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Tx for depression

–>grand mal seizure induced by an electrical current through electrodes placed on temples.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

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Admin muscle relaxant during ECT–>

minimize seizure activity & prevents damage to long bones and cervical vertebrae.

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ECT

Electroconvulsive therapy

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Increased T in sleep
Not restful/ refreshing
Possibly to escape painful stimuli

Hypersomnia

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Inability to fall/ stay asleep or both; early morning awakening common

Insomnia

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classification of antidepressants –>inhibit monoamine oxidase, enzyme that breaks down amines (serotonin and norepinephrine) Necessitates tryamine-free diet

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

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A pervasive and sustained emotion that, when extreme, can markedly color the way the individual perceives the world.

Mood

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Pt constantly paces, bite their nails, smokes, tap fingers/ engages in some other tension-relieving activity.

Psychomotor agitation:

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Slowed mvmnts
Difficult to complete
Inactivity and incontinence.

Psychomotor retardation

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First-line antidepressants

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

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block reuptake serotonin–> serotonin acts for an extended period @ synaptic binding sites

(SSRIs)

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inhibit the reuptake of NE & Serotonin by presynaptic neurons, increasing Time NE & serotonin are available to the postsynaptic receptors.

Tricyclic antidepressants

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Bipolar disorder
1+ episode of Mana
alt w/ maj depression

Bipolar 1

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hypomanic episodes

alt w/ major depression.

Bipolar 2

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meaningless rhyming of words, often in a forceful manner

Clang associations

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Mood swing that alt btwn hypomania & depression (NOT major depression)

Cyclothymia

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continuous flow of speech in which the person jumps rapidly topic to topic

Flight of ideas:

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Common themes of flight of ideas

grandiose/ fantasized evaluation of personal sexual prowess, business ability, artistic talents, and so forth.

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mild form of mania, marked by elation and hyperactivity

- NO significant impairment to work, family, or social life

Hypomanic:

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Exaggerated belief in or claims about one’s importance or identity.

Grandiosity

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- anti manic drug | - stabilize the manic phase

Lithium carbonate | -can modify future manic episodes & protect against future depressive episodes

unstable elevated mood in which delusion, poor judgment, and signs of impaired reality testing are evident.

Mania

Rapid cycling

4+ mood episodes in a 12-mo

Acute, often painful, sustained contraction of muscles

Acute Dystonia

Acute Dystonia usually effects

the head and neck

Acute Dystonia typically occurs

2-5 d after the introduction of certain antipsychotic medications.

outward manifestation of a person’s feelings and emotions

Affect

Schizophrenia Affect

May be flat, blunted, inappropriate or bizarre affect.

which ideas shift from one subject to another in an oblique or unrelated manner

Associative looseness | disturbance of thinking

aka 2nd generation antipsychotics

Atypical antipsychotics:

- classification of antipsychotic med which commonly interact w/ serotonin & dompanine receptors. - low profile for extrapyramidal side effects.

Atypical antipsychotics:

first line of Tx for psychosis

Atypical antipsychotics:

“Voices,” that directs the person to take action.

Command hallucinations

work by D2 receptor antagonism SE include extrapyramidal s/s Effective for + s/s NOT -

Conventional antipsychotics

false belief held to be true even w/ evidence to the contrary

Delusions:

Repeating of the last words spoken by another; mimicry or imitation of the speech of another person.

Echolalia:

Imitations of anthers movements

Echopraxia:

SE of certain psychotic drugs | particularly the phenothiazines

EPS-Extrapyramidal side effects

3 reversible extrapyramidal SE

acute dystonia akathisia pseudoparkinsonism

Most serious & not reversible extrapyramidal side effects

tardive dyskinesia

sense perception for which no external stimulus exists

Hallucinations

error in the perception of a sensory stimulus

Illusion

absence of something that should be present

Negative symptoms

Made up word meaning only to pt often part of a delusional system.

Neologisms:

rare and sometimes fatal reaction to high-potency neuroleptic drugs

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)

S/S Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS):

muscle rigidity, fever, and elevated WBC

presence of something that is not normally present

Positive symptoms

medication-induced temporary constellation of symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease.

Pseudoparkinsonism

serious & irreversible SE of the phenothiazines & related drugs; consists of involuntary tonic muscle spasms typically involving the tongue, fingers, toes, neck, or pelvis.

Tardive dyskinesia (TD or TDK):

Most disabling of mental disorders

Schizophrenia

came up with the term schizophrenia (= “split mind”) in 1911 NOT Split personality

Eugene Bleuler

Age of Onset Schizophrenia

almost always late adolescence or early adulthood

Role of stress-Schizophrenia

Onset/ relapse almost always r/t stress

More common in men

Schizophrenia

Nongenetic factors of Schizophrenia

Alter the structures of the brain--> | Affect the brain’s neurotransmitter system

% increase in dopamine receptors (Postmortem) Schizophrenia

66%

Amphetamines, cocaine, Ritalin, and levodopa

increase levels of dopamine --> | exacerbation of s/s of Schizophrenia

MRI --> Ventricular enlargement

Schizophrenia

MRI Schizophrenia

Ventricular enlargement Slightly sm. prefrontal cortex, temporal cortex, hippocampus Larger right hemisphere Decreased activity of L Hem

Phases of Schizophrenia

Premorbid Phase Prodromal Phase Acute Phase Residual/ Maintenance Phase

Negative S/S Schizophrenia | Structural changes

Decreased cerebral blood flow & brain wt | Increased ventricular:brain

Negative S/S Schizophrenia | Affective

Inappropriate Bland/ Flat Apathy

Negative S/S Schizophrenia | Behavior

Anergia Waxy Flexibility Posturing Pacing and Rocking

Positive Symptoms Schizophrenia | Sense of Self

Weak Ego Boundaries Echolalia Echopraxia

Neurocognitive Disorders

Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) Delirium Dementia

1* Symptom of MCI

Memory impairment

Affected by Major Depression

``` Caucasian & Hispanic Females 35-44, & 65+ yo AA Men (15-24yo) ```

Core Symptoms of Depression

``` Sadness Despair Emptiness Anhedonia Low self-esteem Apathy low motivation Social withdrawal Excessive emo sensitivity Irritability SI ```

DSM-5 Major Depression

5 S/S 2+1 | Must include depressed mood or anhedonia

Typical onset of Acute Dystonia

2-5 d after the introduction of certain antipsychotic medications.