Exam 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Childhood Mortality: Under age 1
A
Airway - suffocation
2
Q
Childhood Mortality: Ages 1-3
A
Motor vehicle; Drowning
3
Q
Childhood Mortality: Ages 4-11
A
Motor vehicle
Drowning
Homicide
4
Q
Childhood Mortality: Ages 12 - 19
A
Motor vehicle
Homicide (may be more intentional)
Suicide
5
Q
The prevalence of specific illness in the population at a particular time
A
Morbidity
6
Q
Pais:
A
Latin for Child
7
Q
1912
A
Childrens Bureau
1st study on infant mortality rate
8
Q
1935
A
Social Security
9
Q
1938
A
Fair labor standards→child labor laws
10
Q
1940’s
A
Isolation: kids not placed in the same ward
11
Q
1974
A
WIC: Woman Infant and Children <5yo
12
Q
1993
A
FMLA- Family Medical Leave: 12 weeks unpaid leave w/o fear of loosing your position
13
Q
Barriers to Health Care for Children
A
- Financial: Insurance
- Systems: Transportation
- Lack of knowledge
- DRG’s: Dx dictates time of stay
14
Q
In the first 12mo birth wt
A
Triples
Ave 21-22lbs
Biggest Change
15
Q
Birth wt doubles by
A
4-6 mo
Ave 16 lb
16
Q
Birth Length during the first 12mo
A
increases by 50%
17
Q
Posterior Fontanel typically closes by
A
3 mo
18
Q
Anterior Fontanel typically closes by
A
8-18 mo
19
Q
Babies are placed on back
A
to sleep
20
Q
Babies are prone when
A
playing
21
Q
Cephalocaudal development
A
head –>trunk–>LE
Infants
22
Q
Proximodistal development
A
Near to far (Midline to peripheral)
23
Q
Fine motor development
A
Coordination of hand and finger movements
24
Q
Psychosocial Development: Trust vs Mistrust Age
A
Birth to 18 mo
25
Characteristics of Trust vs Mistrust
attachment to mothering figure
needs max comfort w/ min. uncertainty to trust self, others, and environment
Desired outcome=hope
Meet basic need-->trust
26
S/S of teething
```
low grade fever
increased drooling
irritable
chewing on everything
disturbed sleep
```
27
number of teeth=
age of child in mo - 6
28
Tx for Teething
Cold=soothing -->frozen teething rings, frozen washcloth
Non-Rx topical anesthetic (baby ora-jel)
Tylenol/ Ibuprofen
29
Begin Flouride at
6 mo of age
30
Dental Care
begins as soon as 1* teeth erupts w/ soft wash cloth over gums & teeth; progress to toothbrush
31
Goal of Dental Care
Promote healthy tooth formation and prevent decay
32
Teething discomfort is common when
the crown of the tooth breaks thru the periodontal membrane
33
Thumb Sucking & Pacifier
1* Pleasure
Strong Normal Need
Peaks @ 18-20 mo
34
The first teeth erupt
lower central incisors
~6 mo
followed by upper central incisors
35
Major problem of Pacifier
Cleanliness
Not well made--> come apart--> aspirate
Do NOT allow to wear on string around neck
36
Solid Foods
After 4-6 mo
| R/t immaturity of GI
37
Extrusion Reflex
Causes food to be pushed out of mouth
- put food on back of tongue
- Fades after 3-6 mo
38
Introduce New Foods
1 at a Time (for entire week)
Sm amts (1-2tsp) at a time
Low salt, sugar, and additives
Use a +Attitude
39
DO NOT put food in bottles with Formula
May Aspirate
40
NB stomach holds
~2Tbsp (30mL)
41
1 yo stomach holds
~2 cups (240mL)
42
First Solid Food to Introduce to NB
Iron fortified infant cereal
| 5-6 mo
43
Introduce Vegetables at
7 mo
44
Introduce Fruits at
8 mo
45
Introduce Meats at
9 mo
46
Introduce Egg Yolks at
10 mo
47
Table food may be introduced by
1 yr
48
Reflexive Period
Birth to 1 mo - Sucking
Asc. btwn an action and sequential response
Ex: Hunger-->nipple in mouth-->sucking-->satisfaction
49
Primary Circular Reaction
1 - 4 mo - Replace reflex w/ voluntary acts
| Asc Nipple with Mothers Voice
50
Hand-eye coordination
| Sounds (Cooing) start
Primary Circular Reaction
| 1-4 mo
51
Grasp Object w/in sight
| Out of sight, out of mind
Primary Circular Reaction
| 1-4mo
52
Secondary Circular Reactions
4-8 mo
| Begin object permanence
53
Mastery volunteer actions (shake rattle to hear noise)
Secondary Circular Reactions
| 4-8 mo
54
Coordination of 2ndary Circular Reactions
8-12 mo
55
Object permanence is demonstrated (actively seeks obj)
Secondary Circular Reaction
| 8-12 mo
56
Stop alcohol how many months prior to conception
3 mo
57
Abstinence scoring system
objectively w/d symptoms
| Initiate w/in 2h of birth, then q4h
58
Toddler (age)
12-36mo
| "Terrible & Loveable Twos"
59
Average Wt Gain for Toddlers
4-6lb per yr
| Birth wt quadrupled
60
Ave Wt @ 2 yrs
27lb
61
Average Ht Increase for Toddlers
3 inches per year
62
Walks w/o help
15 mo
| usually since 13 mo
63
Creeps up stairs
Knees w/o support
Can't walk around corners/ stop suddenly w/o loosing bal
Can't throw ball w/o falling
15 mo
| Gross Motor
64
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
Psychosocial Development of a toddler (12-36mo)
65
Has Vocabulary of about 300 words
24 mo
Talks incessantly
2-3 word sentences
66
Gives first and last name
30 mo
67
Stage of Parallel Play
| -Pulls people to show them something
24 mo
68
Dresses self in simple clothing
| No regard to Rt or L, Front to Back
24 mo
69
Voluntary control of rectal and urethral sphincters
18-24 mo
70
Highest incidence of poisoning
Highest incidence occurs in 2yo
| d/t improper storage
71
Average wt @ 3 yo
32 lbs
72
Average wt @ 4 yo
37 lbs
73
Average wt @ 5 yo
41 lbs
74
Average wt gain from 3-5 yo
5lbs per year
75
Ht Changes 3-5 yo
2.5-3 in/ yr
legs elongated rather than trunk
growth slows & stabilizes
76
Average ht @ 3 yo
37 in
77
Ave ht @ 4 yo
40 in
78
Ave ht @ 5
43 in
79
Initiative vs Guilt
| Psychosocial Development Age
3-6 yo
80
Animism
Belief that obj. have some kind of consciousness…. i.e. "The car is tired"
Common in 2-7 yo
81
Language Development 3 yo
```
900 words
telegraphic speech (3-4 word sent)
Talks incessantly (rather paying attention or not)
Repeats sent of 6 syllables
Many questions
```
82
```
1500+ word vocal
Tells exaggerated stories
Knows simple songs
1+ colors
Comprehends analogies
Questioning Peaks
```
4 yo
83
Skips and hops on 1 foot
4 yo
84
Catches ball reliably
4 yo
85
Throws ball overhand
4 yo
86
Walks downstairs using alternate footing
4 yo
87
Skips and hops on ALT feet
5 yo
88
Throws & catches well
5 yo
89
Jumps Rope
5 yo
90
Walks backward w/ heel to toe
5 yo
91
Jumps from height of 12 inches and lands on toes
5 yo
92
3 yo girl w/ imaginary friend named Emma
Normal - Encourage
93
4 yo uses curse words at the dinner table….
We don't use those words
| There are better words you could use..
94
Balances on alt. feet w/ eyes closed
5 yo
95
Rides tricycle
3 yo
96
Jumps off bottom step
3 yo
97
Stands on 1 foot for a few secs
3 yo
98
Up stairs alternating feet
| May come down using both feet on one step
3 yo
99
Broad jumps
3 yo
100
Tries to dance, but balance not adequate
3 yo
101
Goal of Initiative vs Guilt
to develop a sense of purpose & ability to initiate & direct own activities
102
Characteristics of Preoperational Stage
Egocentrism
Animism
Centration
103
Tends to be a perfectionist (age)
7 yo
104
Repeats performances to master
7 yo
105
Movement fluid/ graceful
Likely to overdo
Hard to quiet down after recess
8-9 yo
106
Makes common use of tools such as hammer, saw, screwdriver, sewing implements
8-9 yo
107
May steal
7 yo
108
Industry vs Inferiority Success
--> virtue of competence
completion of projects
Pride and achievement
Unsuccessful --> unworthy/ inadequate
109
Infant Psychosocial Development
Birth-12mo (18 mo)
| Trust vs Mistrust
110
Infant Cognitive Piaget (0-24mo)
Sensory Motor Stage
111
Reflexive Period
Birth-1 mo
| Sucking- asc. btwn an act & sequential response
112
Primary Circular Reactions
1-4 mo
Reflex becomes voluntary acts
Asc. nipple w/ mothers voice
113
Grasp objects within sight
Primary Circular Reactions
| 1-4 mo
114
Sounds (cooing) starts
Primary Circular Reaction
| 1-4 mo
115
Secondary Circular Reactions
4-8 mo
Mastery vol. actions
Learns from intentional behavior
Begin object permanence
116
Begin object permanence
4-8 mo
117
Can turn head from side to side when prone
Lifts head momentarily from bed
Marked head lag
Gross Motor Development
| 1 mo
118
Rolls from back to side
4 mo gross motor
119
When held in standing position, able to bear slight fraction of wt on legs
3 mo gross motor
120
Can turn over from and to back
5 mo gross motor
121
Rolls from back to abd
6 mo gross motor
122
Sits, leaning forward on both hands
7 mo gross motor
123
Sits steadily unsupported
8 mo gross motor
124
Pulls self to standing position & stands holding onto furniture
10 mo gross motor
125
Walks w/ 1 hand held
| May attempt to stand alone/ first steps
12 mo gross motor
126
Hands Predominately Closed
| Grasp Reflex Strong
1 mo
| Fine Motor
127
3 mo fine motor
Actively holds rattle, but will not reach for it
| Grasp reflex absent
128
Grasp objects voluntarily
Plays w/toes
Takes objects directly to mouth
5 mo fine motor
129
Pulls feet to mouth
6+ mo fine motor
130
Holds Bottle
6 mo fine motor
131
Preference for dominent hand evident
9 mo
132
Pick up game: drops item deliberately to be picked up
11 mo
133
Manages spoon w/out rotation
18 months
134
Up & Down the stairs alone w/ 2 feet on ea. step
24 months
135
Manages spoon w/out rotation
18 months
136
Chest circumference exceeds the abd measurement;
| Legs appear slightly bowed & walks with wide base gait
Toddler
137
2X ht of a 2 yo
adult ht
138
Picks up objects w/o falling
18 mo gross motor
139
Manages spoon w/o rotation
18 mo fine motor
140
Uses cup well, but rotates spoon
15 mo fine motor
141
In drawing, imitates vertical & circular strokes
24 mo fine motor
142
Holds crayon with fingers rather than fist
30 mo fine motor
143
Preconventional Morality Level- Stage 1
Punishment & Obedience Orientation
Conformity to rules based on fear of punishment rather than authority-- More severe the punishment, the more "bad" the act.
144
Conform to rules based on fear of punishment
| More severe the punishment, the more bad the act.
Toddlers
145
Tertiary Circular Reactions
12-18 mo
Interest in novelty & repetition
Understands causality
Inquisitive and curious
146
Continually hitting toy hammer on a variety of surfaces/ objects represents which level of cognitive development
Tertiary Circular Reactions
| 12-18mo
147
"If I throw my toy out of the crib, I cannot reach it"represents which level of cognitive development
Tertiary Circular Reactions
12-18mo
Understands Causality
148
Differentiate self from others
Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 mo)
149
Think before acting
Egocentric
Imitations become more symbolic
Metal Combinations
Cognitive Development
18-24 mo
150
Measles, mumps, rubella - MMR
2 doses: 12-15 mo & 4-6yrs
151
Polio- IVP vaccine
2,4 6-18 mo
| Booster 4-6 yrs
152
Varicella (chickenpox) vaccine
1 dose: 12-18 mo
