Menopause Flashcards

1
Q

Define menopause.

A

When menstrual cycles have stopped for entire year.

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2
Q

When does menopause usually begin.

A

Above the age of 50.

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3
Q

Name 2 hormones that decrease during menopause.

A

Oestrogen. Progesterone.

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4
Q

Name 2 hormones that increase during menopause.

A

GnRH (as oestrogren decreases). FSH. LH.

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5
Q

What is the perimenopause stage?

A

4 years before the final menstrual period, where there are missed/irregular menstrual cycles and changes in bleeding patterns (heavy, prolonged, light).

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6
Q

Why does FSH increase during menopause?

A

There is a lack of inhibitory feedback from oestrogen on hypothalamus.

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7
Q

What causes menopause?

A

A decreased number of oocytes, results in a reduced number of oestrogen.

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8
Q

Give 2 symptoms of the short-term effects of menopause.

A

Headaches. Palpitations. Leg cramps. Hot-flushes/night sweats. Mood changes.

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9
Q

Give 2 symptoms of the long-term effects of menopause.

A

Vaginal dryness. Increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Osteoporosis (oestrogen importance in bone cell resorption by osteoclasts).

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10
Q

Hormone replacement therapy is used to treat menopause. Name 2 of the 3 hormones used.

A

Oestrogen. Progesterone. Testosterone.

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11
Q

What is progesterones role as a hormone replacement therapy?

A

It can be used to protect the endometrium if a uterus is present.

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12
Q

What is testosterones role as a hormone replacement therapy?

A

It improves overall energy. It increases sexual desire and arousal.

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13
Q

What is used Replens used for?

A

Treats vaginal dryness.

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14
Q

What can be used to treat osteoporosis in menopause patients?

A

Vitamin D and calcium supplements.

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15
Q

What is used to treat mood changes in menopause?

A

Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor e.g. Citalopram, Escitalopram, Fluoxetine, Paroxetine, Sertraline, Vilazodone.

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16
Q

What is Gabapentin’s role in treating a complication of menopause?

A

It treats joint pain and muscle pain.

17
Q

What does POI stand for?

A

Premature ovarian insufficiency?

18
Q

What does Premature Ovarian Insufficiency mean?

A

It’s the loss of normal function of your ovaries before age 40. If your ovaries fail, they don’t produce normal amounts of the hormone estrogen or release eggs regularly. Infertility is a common result.

19
Q

Give 2 clinical diagnoses for Premature Ovarian Insufficiency.

A

Amenorrhoea (no periods) for 4 months. FSH level greater than 30.

20
Q

What level of FSH suggests menopause?

A

Level greater than 30.

21
Q

Give 3 clinical features of Premature Ovarian Insufficiency.

A

Depression. Osteoporosis. Headaches. Cardiovascular disease. Nausea. Coronary artery disease.

22
Q

Give 2 treatments used to treat Premature Ovarian Insufficiency.

A

Hormone replacement therapy e.g. hormones or contraceptive patches releasing hormones. Fertility treatment. Psychological support.

23
Q

Is Premature Ovarian Insufficiency a sex linked inheritance disorder?

A

Yes. X-linked dominant - more than 200 CGG repeats.