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psychology paper 1 > Memory- STM and LTM > Flashcards

Memory- STM and LTM Flashcards

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1
Q

What is encoding

A

The way in which infomation is represented in the memory store

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2
Q

What is duration

A

A measure of how long a memory lasts before it is no longer available

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3
Q

What is capacity

A

A measure of how much infomation can be stored in memory

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4
Q

Who invented the multi store model

A

Atkinson and shiffrin

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5
Q

Describe the multi-store model

A 
Environmental stimuli 
Sensory memory 
Attention 
STM 
Maintnence rehearsal
LTM 
retrieval
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6
Q

Evaluate the MSM

A

Maintnence rehearsal doesn’t take into account flash bulb memory

KF contradicts the MSM because model states the store are unitary but his STM damage was only verbal not visual

HM, KF and Clive all support MSM because it shows distinction between STM and LTM

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7
Q

Who invented the working memory model?

A

Baddeley and hitch

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8
Q

Describe the central executive

A

Directs attention to particular tasks

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9
Q

Describe the episodic buffer

A

Is a general store and accounts for things that use both visual and accoustic at the same time

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10
Q

Describe the phonological loop

A

Controls auditory information

Auditory store- holds speech based infomation from 1-2 seconds

Articulatory process- when written words are converted to sub-vocals

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11
Q

Describe the Visuo- spatial sketchpad

A

Processes visual infomation and the relationship between things

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12
Q

Evaluate the working memory model

A

Strength: studies from brain damaged patients show that certain tasks using visual as opposed to verbal showing there’s seperate systems

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13
Q

What study supports the capacity of STM

A

Millers magic number 7+-2

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14
Q

Describe the procedure of millers magic number study

A

He reviewed psychological research and concluded that the span of immediate memory is about seven items, sometimes a bit more, sometimes a bit less

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15
Q

Who supported the duration of STM

A

peterson and Peterson

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16
Q

Describe the procedure of Peterson and Peterson study into STM

A

24 students were tested over 8 trials. They were given a constant syllable and a three didgit number to remember. They were asked to recall after a retention interval which increased.
90% over 3 seconds
20% over 9 seconds
2% over 18 seconds

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17
Q

Who studied the duration of LTM

A

Harry Baharick et al

18
Q

Describe the procedure of Harry Baharick’s LTM duration study

A

Yearbook face recall
50 photos
48 years declined to 70%

19
Q

Who supported acoustic and semantic encoding

A

Alan Baddeley

20
Q

Outline the study of Alan Baddeley coding

A

Used list of words acoustically similar
Used a list of words that were not similar
He found participants had difficulty remembering acoustically similar words in STM but not in LTM, where as it was the opposite for samantic.
This shows STM is encoded acoustically and LTM semantically

21
Q

Evaluate research into the capacity of STM

A

Individual differences. JACOBS found that a 6 year old could hold 6 words but a 19 year old 8 digits. This may be due to increase in brain capacity or learning of new techniques.
SIMON The size of the chunk matters- those who try to hold larger chunks find it difficult than smaller chunks

22
Q

Evaluate research into the duration of memory

A

Its artificial, trying to remember syllables may be easier than meaningful information however we do try to remember unmeaningful things such as phone numbers etc

23
Q

What is episodic memory

A

Personal memories of events that have happened in your life

24
Q

what is semantic memory

A

Facts and knowledge about the world

25
Q

what is procedural memory

A

Memory for how to do things

26
Q

‘Describe and evaluate types of LTM’

what would you include

A

Procedural, episodic, semantic
Supported by Brain scan techniques for example the episodic memory is associated with hippocampus and this lights up when people think about events in their life.
Brain damaged patients such as HM lost episodic and semantic memory showing there are unitary parts

27
Q

What are the 3 explanations for forgetting

A

Interference (Pro active and retro active) Retrieval failure

28
Q

Outline research into retroactive interference

A

Muller
gave participants list of nuance words to learn for 6 minutes
gave a retention interval and asked to record
those with a retention interval had bad recall

29
Q

Outline research into proactive interfearance

A

Carried out by underwood
Analysed findings from a number of studies and found d that the longer the list, the less likely recall there was
only 20% remembered if they learned over 10 words

30
Q

Evaluate how interference causes forgetting

A

The studies are lab based and are reductionist to what we try to remember in real life.
Participants lack motivation to remember words if they are not meaningful making it invalid

31
Q

What is retrieval failure

A

The absence of cues

32
Q

State the two types of retrieval cues

A

context cues and state cues

33
Q

Write two strengths of Long term memory

A

Results of brain scans. Tulving made ppts carry out LTM activities and certain areas of the brain activated. different brain areas show distinction.

HM and Clive wearing. Both hippocampus was dammaged so they didnt have episodic recall.

34
Q

Give a weakness of the types of LTM

A

Episodic and samantic may not be distinct. In order to create semantic you must form episodic to gain knowledge. Doesnt support distinction between the types

35
Q

what parts of the brain are the types of LTM linked to

A

Episodic– hippocampus
semantic–temporal lobe
procedural– cerebeum

36
Q

What are the 4 sections of the working memory model

A

Central executive
Episodic buffet
Phonological loop
Visio-spatial sketch pad

37
Q

Describe the function of the phonological loop

A

Controls auditory information
Sub devided into:
Auditory store— holding speech infomation for 1-2 seconds
Articulately process— converging written words into sub vocal ie reading a book. Rehearsal takes place here

38
Q

Describe the episodic buffer

A

Added later to the model for when both visual and acoustic happen together is watching TV

39
Q

Describe the visuo spatial sketch pad

A

Accounts for procession visual and spatial infomation such as the realisationship between things like walking from home to school

40
Q

Is the working memory model a model or short term or long term memory

A

Short term

psychology paper 1 (11 decks)

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