memory B.2 definitions of forgetting Flashcards
What are the two explanations for forgetting
Retrieval failure
Interference theory
Explain retrieval failure A01
Content cues- things in the environment
State cues- mental state acting as a cue
What are the names of the studies supporting context and state cues for retrieval failure
context- Baddley, tulving and pearlstone
state- carter and Cassidy supported by michael eysneck
Explain proactive interfearance with a study to support
Old memories interfearing with new
Underwood- analysed meta analysis
10 lists- 20% recall
1 list- 70% recall
Explain retro-active interfearance with a study to support
New memories interfear with old
Muller- performance was weak after retention task of learning nonsense sylabls for 6 minutes
Outline tulving and pearlstones research into retrieval falilure
Participents had to learn 48 words belonging to 12 categories.
Each word was presented as category+ word e.g. Fruit+orange
There were two different environments they had to either recall as many as they could or were given cues in the form of the category names.
In free recall condition 40% of words recalled
In cued recall 60% words recalled
Evaluate tulving and pearlstones research into forgetting
Lab made it establish clear cause and effect
Real world application, trying to imagine the room you’re in is just as effective as being in the room to generate a cue
Explain Baddley and Hitch study into interference theory
Rugby Players:
Some players played all of games in a season
some players only played a few because of injury
If interference is true, those playing less games will be able to recall all of the team names in the season due to less interference of other games
Explain underwoods study into pro active interference
Meta- Analysis
10 lists learned–> 20% recall
1 list learned–> 70% recall
Explain mullers study into retroactive interference
Nonsense syllabus to learn for 6 minutes, after retention interval asked to recall.
Performance was less good if given a retention task in the interval
Explain accessibility vs. vulnerability as an evaluation of interference with a study
Psychologists question whether memories are completely lost or just temporarily lost
Ceraso found if memory was tested again after 24 hours recognition (accessibility) showed spontaneous recovery where as recall (availability) stayed the same
Explain individual differences as an evaluation for interference theory
Studies have shown those with greater working memory are less vulnerable to pro active interference because they have the mechanisms to counteract the effects of interference
explain baddleys study into retrieval failure
Divers had to learn words under water and on land
found learnig and recall was sucsessful in the same environment
40% lower recall in a different environment
Evaluate badleys diver study
The validity of the context doesnt apply to real life because the conditions of on land and under water are different by two extremes.
what is the supporting study for state cues
carter and cassidy sidated by anti hystermines to recall words
