memory - retrieval failure (explanations of forgetting)

Question 1

what is retrieval failure?

Answer 1

when information is initially placed in memory, associated cues are stores at the same time. If these cues aren’t available at the time of recall, forgetting may occur

Question 2

encoding specificity principle

Answer 2

Tulving (1983)

a cue has to be both present at encoding and present at retrieval

Question 3

what is context-dependent forgetting?

Answer 3

recall depends on external cue

Question 4

what is state-dependent forgetting?

Answer 4

recall depends on internal cue

Question 5

who researched context-dependent forgetting?

Answer 5

Godden and Baddeley (1975) used deep-sea divers, using on land and under water as the two different contexts

those with the same context had 40% more accurate recall

Question 6

who researched state-dependent forgetting?

Answer 6

Carter and Cassaday (1998) used antihistamine drugs on participants to change internal cues

participants’ recall was significantly worse if there was a difference in internal state at learning and recall

Question 7

strength - real-world application

Answer 7

can help us overcome forgetting in everyday situations by recalling the environment in which you learnt it

Question 8

strength -research support

Answer 8

Godden and Baddeley (1975) and Carter and Cassady (1998) both demonstrate that lack of relevant cues can cause significant reduction in accurate recall

Question 9

limitation - context effects aren’t that strong

Answer 9

Baddeley (1997)

two conditions need to be drastically different (i.e under water and on land) which is rare in everyday lift

Question 10

limitation - depends on type of memory being tested

Answer 10

Godden and Baddeley replicated their study but used a recognition test rather than recall test

found no context-dependent effect