Memory Pt.2

Question 1

The Encoding Specificity Hypothesis

Answer 1

Memory retrieval is better when there is overlap in some source with encoding
-A major source of overlap is CONTEXT
-Context can refer to : internal state, external environment, processing

Question 2

Internal Context : State-Dependent Learning

Answer 2

Alcohol dependent learning is an example of…

Question 3

External Context

Answer 3

The deep sea divers experiment is an example of…

Question 4

Processing Context : Transfer-Appropriate Processing

Answer 4

The overlap between processes during encoding and retreival determines memory strength
-Shallow encoding
-Deep encoding

Question 5

Phife’s caffeine intake while studying affected their memory recall during the exam

Answer 5

Phife is studying for their final exam in a quiet room while drinking coffee. During the exam, they downed a decaf coffee before the exam, and found it difficult to recall the information studied. Which scenario best explains Phife’s difficulty in recalling the information?

Question 6

Episodic Memory

Answer 6

Recollecting unique events within their specific time and place
-Mentally time-traveling back
-Retrieving what + where + when of an event

Question 7

Semantic Memory

Answer 7

Culturally-shared knowledge and knowledge about the self that isn’t attached to a time and place
-Facts/knowledge
-No retrieval of learning, just what you know

Question 8

Semantic Dementia

Answer 8

Affects temporal lobes
Early on in disease:
-Relatively spared at episodic memory tasks
-Impaired at word naming and picture matching tasks (semantic memory)

Question 9

Hippocampal Damage

Answer 9

Episodic memory impaired (cannot copy images after a delay)
-Semantic memory preserved (normal facts and general knowledge)

Question 10

-Can read the report and know what is means
-Knows it’s his because his name is on it
-Can’t remember what he used to do there
-Semantic memory fine/ Episodic memory impaired

Answer 10

Patient KC/Hippocampal Damage

Question 11

Anoetic Consciousness

Answer 11

-Implicit memory
-No awareness or personal engagement

Question 12

Noetic Consciousness

Answer 12

-Semantic memory
-Awareness but no personal engagement

Question 13

Autonoetic Consciousness

Answer 13

-Episodic memory
-Awareness and personal engagement

Question 14

The Reappearance Hypothesis

Answer 14

-An episodic memory trace is recalled the same way at each retrieval
-Based on clinical observations
-Recurrent memories are unchanged from the original event in cases like PTSD
-Suggestion that memories reappear for highly emotional memories

Question 15

Flashbulb Memories

Answer 15

These memories form from events that are:
-Emotionally arousing
-Surprising or shocking
-Important to the self (have consequence)
Public flashbulb events
Thought to be supported by special mechanisms leads to repetitive detailed recall, resistant to forgetting

Question 16

-Get as distorted as other memories, but we’re more confident we recall the details

Answer 16

Are flashbulb memories special?

Question 17

The 1997 verdict for the O.J. Simpson murder trial
-Initial -> 15 months, 50% recollections changed
-Initial -> 32 months, 70% recollections changed

Answer 17

Example of how flashbulb memories change?

Question 18

-Not recurrent recordings of events
-Change over time and are not resistent to memory distortion, even if memory feels strong
-Must accept the theory that memories are reconstructed

Answer 18

Proof that flashbulb memories do not reappear?

Question 19

-We may use general knowledge, semantic memory (schemas) to infer the way things ‘‘must have been’’ in a recalled memory
-We may insert false information into the constructed memory, affecting later retrieval

Answer 19

2 examples that support the idea that we construct our memories…-

Question 20

The War of Ghosts Experiment

Answer 20

Participants remembered a simplified version of the story and it became more conventional with repeated retrievals
-Omissions and alterations to match Western schema

Question 21

Schemas can lead to false memories

Answer 21

-Study scenes associated with schema-consistent items removed
-Classroom without a chalkboard
-Not in the scene but would make sense there
-50% responded its presence

Question 22

False Memories Effects

Answer 22

1. Misattribution
2. Misinformation

Question 23

Misattribution

Answer 23

A familiar feeling can lead to incorrect associations
-E.g. between something you see and a past event
-Retrieving familiar information from the wrong source

Question 24

Misinformation

Answer 24

Details can be added to memories during retrieval
-E.g. new information added in to old memory
-How a question is framed can affect how information is remembered

Question 25

Implanting Memories

Answer 25

-Participants recalled childhood experiences recounted by their parents over three experimental sessions -A false memory was added to the list of experiences by the experimentor an overnight stay in a hospital -20% of people had a false memory of this event by the end of the third session

Question 26

Memory Consolidation

Answer 26

-Experinces are encoded and then consolidated into a long-term memory trace -The formation of stable cortical representations of memories

Question 27

Memory Re-Consolidation

Answer 27

-When a trace becomes activated, a memory retrieved, it becomes de-stable -Cortical connections can be strengthened or modified -This alters how the memory trace is reconsolidated -Retrieval changes a memory trace

Question 28

-The same neural process that helps us construct memories help us imagine the future and plan for our lives -You need your past to imagine your future -E.g. problem solving, planning, creativity tasks

Answer 28

Why we have a constructed memory?