Memory Pt.1 Flashcards
an episodic memory
Recalling what you did for your birthday last year is an example of…
a semantic memory
Understanding the difference betwen a cat and a mouse is an example of…
a procedural memory
Riding a bike is an example of…
-Episodic + working memory impaired
-Semantic + procedural memory intact
-This supports the idea that there are different types of memory that engage different brain systems
What were the findings from the case of Clive Wearing?
- Encoding
- Storage
- Retrieval
Three stages of memory
-Have to make sure our memory is distinct from previous memories
- break apart specific memory into pattern (encoding)
- store it as that pattern - memory not stored as a unit (storage)
- one of the units reactivated the memory- pattern recognition (retrieval)
Memory as patterns
-Important for memory
-Glues components into pattern
The hippocampus and memory
The multi-store model : Memory as systems
- Sensory memory
- Short-term memory
- Long-term memory
Sensory Memory
-Automatic reflections of a sense
-Gustatory memory
-Olfactory memory
-Echoic memory
-Echoic memory
-Haptic memory
-Iconic memory
Iconic memory: Afterimages
Helpful for seeing things smoothly
-We see 75 frames/second
-Movies are 24 frames/second
-View movies as a smooth event
-Your afterimage is filling in gaps
Positive afterimage
A visual memory that represents the perceived image in the same colours
Negative afterimage
I visual memory is the (colour) inverse of the perceived image
-Slightly longer than positive afterimage (few seconds)
Sensory memory is short but large
How long does sensory memory last?
Whole report
People would remember 4-5 items
Partial Report
People did very well
Short term memory
Attended information moves from sensory to…
-Limited time capacity 20-30 seconds
-Limited capacity 7 +/- 2
Primacy Effect
-You will remember first names on a list the best
-First names being rehearsed more
-Rehearsal in short term memory makes a long term memory
Recency Effects
You will remember last names on a list the most
Barb! Right in the middle
At a restaurant, a server took Billy, Barb and then Linda’s order, but didn’t write these orders down! Which person’s order is the server most likely to forget?
Chunking strategy
Grouping items together in a meaningful way
The Chunking Effect
-Chunking increases with knowledge
-Expert chess players recall more pieces on a chess board than new chess players
-This effect is not present if the pieces are on the board randomly
Working Memory
Retention and manipulation of information not in our environment
-Essential for many cognitive functions
1. Central Executive
2. The Phonological Loop
3. Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
4. Episodic Buffer
Central Executive
Conscious awareness of information
The Phonological Loop
-Phonological Store
-Articulatory Control Loop
Phonological Store
Passive store for verbal information
‘‘The inner ear’’
-Holds on to information
Articulatory Control Loop
Active rehearsal of verbal information
‘‘The inner voice’’
-Mentally saying something to yourself
-Used to convert written material into sounds (reading)
-Specialized role in language
The Viusospatial Sketchpad
-The visual cache
-The inner scribe
-Can be associated with what + where pathways
The Visual Cache
Information about visual features
The Inner Scribe
Information about spatial location, movement and sequences
Neuroimaging Evidence
Different areas of the brain are active for visual and verbal working memory tasks
Double Dissociation in Neuropsychological Cases
-Patient ELD has problems recalling visual-spatial but not verbal material in the short term
-Patient PV has problems recalling verbal but not visual material in the short term
The Episodic Buffer
Integrates information from short- and long-term memory
-E.g. how we can hold someone’s face + name together in mind
Implicit Memory
Playing the piano and tying your shoes are examples of…
Explicit Memory
Remembering your firs piano lesson, knowing the french word for Burrito and thinking about the ski trip you took last weekend are examples of…
Ebbinghaus
Learned nonsense syllables, tested memory at various intervals, and examined what was retained (forgotten)
The Forgetting Curve is exponential
Memory loss is largest early on and slows down
-Fastest right after you learn something
The Spacing Effect
Forgetting is reduced when learning is spread over time
-Explanation : Repeated information is more valuable
-Lesson : Don’t cram
Active Rehearsal + The Testing Effect
Test yourself to learn better
Levels of Processing Theory
The strength of a memory (and potential for forgetting) depends on processes engaged at encoding
-Memory is stronger with deep processing
Shallow processing
Focus on sensory information
-E.g. upper or lower case
sounds of words
Deep processing
Integrate higher-level knowledge (things we know) with learned information
-E.g. if word is synonym of another word
if words related to themselves or not
Mnemonics
Organizational strategies to help encode information, link new information to prior knowledge
-Chunking stategies
-Acronyms to remember lists
-Imagery and the Method of Loci
Method of Loci
Use a familiar image to link encoded information together
Decay Theory
Memories are lost over time due to disuse
-Like a muscle you don’t use, a memory gets weaker
Interference Theory
Interference is responsible for much of forgetting
-Encoded memories are liable and need to be consolidated into stable long-term memories
-During pre-consolidation period, memories are suscptible to disruption and effects of interfering information
Proactive Interference
Prior information interferes with encoding a new memory
-E.g. trouble learning a new phone number because your old number keeps popping up in your memory
Retroactive Interference
Newly learned information interferes with a prior encoded memory
-E.g. trouble remembering an older password after you formed a new password
Similarity Effects
The more alike something is to what is already learned, the more it will mingle and interfere with memory
-E.g. if you want to remember an episode of Severance… cook some stew afterwards rather than watch another Adam Scott show
