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Cognition > Approaches To Mind-Body Link > Flashcards

Approaches To Mind-Body Link Flashcards

1
Q

Mind-Body Problem

A

The question of how mental events, such as thoughts, beliefs, and sensations, are related to physical mechanisms

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2
Q

Dualism

A

The mind and brain are seperate entities that are equally important

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3
Q

Monism

A

The mind and brain are the same; Only one entity exists

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4
Q

Dualism : Interactionism

A
  • The mind and brain interact to induce events in each other
  • Interact + influence one another
  • Mind can affect body
  • Body can affect mind
  • BIDIRECTIONAL
    -E.g. When I feel stressed out, this causes my heart rate to increase and me to sweat a lot
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5
Q

Dualism : Epiphenomenalism

A
  • Mental thoughts (mind) are caused by physical events (brain)
  • ONE WAY INTERACTION
  • The steam (mind) does not affect how the train (brain) works
  • E.g. I don’t think being tired causes yawning, but I think both are caused by changes in the brain
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6
Q

Monism : Idealism

A
  • All reality is a mental construct
    -This is the only kind of reality
    -The mind matters
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7
Q

Monism : Neutral Monism

A
  • The underlying nature is not mental or physical but something else
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8
Q

Monism : Materialism

A
  • All reality is the result of physical processes
    -Also called physicalism; The brain matters
    -Cognitive Neuroscience view
    -I study the brain to understand the mind
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9
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

-Brain and Spinal cord
- Cognition primarily takes place here
-Conscious and voluntary actions

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10
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A
  • Outside the brain and spinal cord (body)
  • Motor and involuntary actions
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11
Q

PNS : Somatic Nervous System

A
  • Signals from brain to end organs
  • Voluntary control of muscles and senses
  • E.g. Flexing muscles
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12
Q

PNS : Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • Up- and down- regulayes involuntary bodily functions
    -E.g. Digestion, respiration
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13
Q

ANS : Sympathetic System

A

-Flight -or - flight responses

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14
Q

ANS : Parasympathetic System

A
  • Digest- and - rest reponses
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15
Q

Dorsal

A

Top of the brain

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16
Q

Ventral

A

Bottom of the brain

17
Q

Rostral

A

Front of the brain

18
Q

Caudal

A

Back of the brain

19
Q

Phrenology

A
  • Gall and Spurzheim (late 1700s)
  • Parts of the brain correspond to mental functions and personality
    -Observe someone’s brain to figure out what they’re like
    -Well-used mental functions = brain area grows (bump)
  • Under-used mental functions = brain area shrinks (dent)
20
Q

Functional localization

A

Modern neuroscience identifies brain area or networks that supports a particular function

21
Q

Voluntary Behavioural Measurements

A
  • Objective measures (Experimenter will observe/capture from participant)
    -Subjective self-report (Ask participant to report)
    -Central Nervous System
22
Q

Involuntary Measurements

A
  • Changes in body to learn about psychological factors
    -Face or body gestures
    -Eye movements
    -Skin conductance
    -Peripheral Nervous System
23
Q

Animal Models

A
  • Provides a causal link between brain and behaviour
  • Doesn’t tell us about human cognition
    -Differences in brain structure and function across species
24
Q

Split-brain Findings

A
  • When corpus callosum is cut, brain hemispheres cannot communicate with each other
    -Left hemisphere supports speech and language processing
    -Information to the right visual field (left hemisphere) can be verbally named and described in words
    Right hemisphere supports visual-spatial processing
    -Information to left visual field (right hemisphere) cannot be described verbally but can be expressed via visual-spatial processes
25
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

-Measures activity in a large group neurons at certain times
-Provides estimate of when the brain is active
-Good timing information (temporal resolution); millisecond level
-Not good brain location information (spatial resolution)
-Must collect a lot of experimental trials

26
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

-Anatomy of brain (How it looks)
-Used to detect structural anomalies
- E.g. Volume, location of grey matter

27
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

-Information about activity in the brain (How the brain is engaged)
-An indirect measure as it measures blood flow and not activity directly
-Creates a spatial image of brain activity
- But very slow

28
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A
  • Noninvasive method of changing brain activity that can inhibit or increase activity
    -Induce virtual lesions
    -Good to test causality (testing effect of temporary lesion or stimulation)
    -Change your brain and study the effects!
    -Hard to localize effects
    -The way it works in not entirely clear

Cognition (8 decks)

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