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Memory Processes Flashcards

1
Q

Three Stages of
Memory Processing

A

Encode
Storage
Retrieval

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2
Q

FORMS OF ENCODING

A

Short-term Storage

Long-Term Storage

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3
Q

encoding in short-term memory
appears to be primarily acoustic

A

Short-term Storage

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4
Q

most information stored in long-term memory
primarily is encoded __________
- left parahippocampal place area
- visual and acoustic information can also be
encoded in long-term memory

A

Semantically

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5
Q

TRANSFER OF INFORMATION FROM SHORT-TERM
MEMORY TO LONG-TERM MEMORY

A
  • INTERFERENCE
  • DECAY
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6
Q

when competing information
interferes with our storing
information

A

INTERFERENCE

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7
Q

when we forget facts just
because time passes

A

DECAY

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8
Q

How we move information depends on whether the
information involves:

A

Declarative memory

Nondeclarative memory

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9
Q
  • facts and knowledge
A

Declarative memory

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10
Q

Entrance into long-term declarative memory may occur through
a variety of processes

A
  • Deliberately attending
    to information to
    comprehend it.
  • Consolidation
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11
Q

By making connections or
associations between the new
information and what we
already know and undertsand

A

Consolidation.
process of integrating new
information into stored information

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12
Q

involve reflecting on our own memory
processes to improve our memory

A

Metamemory Strategies

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13
Q

our ability to think about and control
our own processes of thought and ways
of enhancing our thinking

A

Metacognition

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14
Q

technique people use for keeping information active, the repeated recitation of an item

A

REHEARSAL

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15
Q

the individual somehow
elaborates on the items to be
remembered

A

ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL

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16
Q

the individual simply repeats
the items to be remembered

A

MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL

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17
Q

He noticed that the distribution of study (memory rehearsal) sessions over time affects the consolidation of information in long-term memory

A

THE SPACING EFFECT. Hermann Ebbinghaus

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18
Q

-various sessions are spaced over
time

A

DISTRIBUTED PRACTICE

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19
Q

-the sleep stage characterized by dreaming and increased brainwave
activity
-aids us in the formation of memory

A

Rem sleep

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20
Q

acts as a rapid learning system
temporarily maintains new experiences until can be
appropriately assimilated into the more gradual
neocortical representation system of the brain

A

Hippocampus

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21
Q
  • important brain region for memory
    formation, and new cells are generated there
    continuously
A

dentate gyrus

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22
Q

specific techniques to help you organize and memorize information

A

Mnemonic Devices

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23
Q

Mnemonic Devices

A
  • Categorical Clustering
  • Interactive images
  • Acronym
  • Acrostic
  • Pegword system
  • Method of Loci
  • Keyword system
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24
Q

-imagery of isolated items

A

FREE RECALL

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25
Mnemonic devices and other techniques for aiding memory involve metamemory
REMINDERS FORCING FUNCTIONS
26
SUBJECT TO DECLINE AS WE AGE
Retrospective memory Prospective memory
27
women recall emotionally charged pictures better than men
Gender difference
28
repeated stimulation of particular neural pathways tends to strengthen the likelihood of firing
Long-Term Potentiation
29
formation of memories
Brain Oscillations
30
a memory disorder that results from Vitamin B1 deficiency and is associated with alcoholism
KORSAKOFF SYNDROME
31
-sessions are crammed together in a very short space of time
Massed Practice
32
- to maximize the effects on long-term recall, the spacing should ideally be distributed over month
Spacing effect
33
-verbal rehearsal
Serial recall
34
visualize walking around an area with distinctive landmarks that you know well, and then link the various landmarks to specific items to be remembered
METHOD OF LOCI
35
organize a list of items into a set of categories
CATEGORICAL CLUSTERING
36
associate each new word with a word on a previously memorized list and form an interactive image between two words
PEGWORD SYSTEM
37
form an interactive image that links the sound and meaning of a foreign word with the sound and meaning of a familiar word
KEYWORD SYSTEM
38
external memory aids
REMINDERS
39
physical constraints that prevents us from acting without at least considering the key information to be remembered
FORCING FUNCTIONS
40
memory for the past
Retrospective memory
41
memory for things we need to do or remember in the future
Prospective memory
42
key role in memory for classically conditioned responses and contributes to many cognitive task in general
Cerebellum
43
Two RETRIEVAL FROM SHORT-TERM MEMORY
Parallel Processing Serial Processing
44
simultaneous handling of multiple operations (items in short-term memory would be retrieved all at once)
Parallel Processing
45
The participant will check the test digit against all the digits in the positive set even though a match was found partway through the list. The response time is always the same, no matter where the test digit was located in the positive set.
Exhaustive Serial Processing
46
simultaneous operations being done one after another (retrieval in succession rather than all at once)
Serial Processing
47
The participant will check the test digit against only against those digits needed to make a response. Once the test digit has been located, the process is terminated. Response time increases as the test digit is located later in the positive set.
Self-terminating Serial Processing
48
Two RETRIEVAL FROM LONG-TERM MEMORY (Tulving & Pearlstone, 1966)
Free recall Cued recall
49
(TWO) RETRIEVAL FROM LONG-TERM MEMORY (Tulving & Pearlstone, 1966)
Free recall Cued recall
50
RETRIEVAL FROM LONG-TERM MEMORY (Khader et al., 2005)
Spatial Position Facial Association
51
Two Processes of Forgetting and Memory Distortion
Interference Theory and Decay Theory
52
occurs when competing information causes us to forget something
Interference
53
occurs when the passage of time causes us to forget.
decay
54
TASK USED IN INTERFERENCE THEORY
Brown-Peterson Task
55
Newly acquired knowledge impedes the recall of older material. It is caused by activity occurring after we learn something but before we are asked to recall that thing.
Retroactive interference
56
It occurs when material that was learned in the past impedes the learning of the new material. The interfering material occurs before learning of the to-be-remembered material.
Proactive interference
57
- mental frameworks that represent knowledge in a meaningful way
SCHEMAS
58
- represents the probability of recall of a given word, given its serial position (order of presentation) in a list
Serial Position Curve
59
superior recall of words at and near the beginning of a list
Primacy effect
60
superior recall of words at and near the end of a list
Recency effect
61
prior experience affects how we recall things and what we actually recall from memory
constructive
62
It refers to the memory of an individual’s history. It is constructive
Autobiographical Memory
63
Autobiographical memory describe in terms of:
Semantic Memory and episodic memory
64
a memory of an event so powerful that the person remembers the event as vividly as if it were indelibly preserved on film
flashbulb memory—
65
It happens when our brain creates false memories. These false memories are then stored in the brain, and their validity is not considered.
Memory distortions
66
These distortions tend to occur in seven specific ways, which Schacter (2001) refers to as the “seven sins of memory.”
Transience Misattribution Blocking Absent- mindedness Suggestibility Bias Persistence
67
Is a legal term that refers to an account given by people of an event they have witnessed. It is also what happens when a person witnesses a crime (or accident, or other legally important event) and later gets up on the stand and recalls for the court, all the details of the witnessed event.
Eyewitness Testimony
68
Is a legal term that refers to an account given by people of an event they have witnessed. It is also what happens when a person witnesses a crime (or accident, or other legally important event) and later gets up on the stand and recalls for the court, all the details of the witnessed event.
Eyewitness Testimony
69
Are memories that are alleged to have been pushed down into unconsciousness because of the distress they cause. Such memories, according to the view of psychologists who believe in their existence, are inaccessible, but they can be dredged up.
Repressed Memories

Cognitive Psychology (7 decks)

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