Memory Processes Flashcards
Three Stages of
Memory Processing
Encode
Storage
Retrieval
FORMS OF ENCODING
Short-term Storage
Long-Term Storage
encoding in short-term memory
appears to be primarily acoustic
Short-term Storage
most information stored in long-term memory
primarily is encoded __________
- left parahippocampal place area
- visual and acoustic information can also be
encoded in long-term memory
Semantically
TRANSFER OF INFORMATION FROM SHORT-TERM
MEMORY TO LONG-TERM MEMORY
- INTERFERENCE
- DECAY
when competing information
interferes with our storing
information
INTERFERENCE
when we forget facts just
because time passes
DECAY
How we move information depends on whether the
information involves:
Declarative memory
Nondeclarative memory
- facts and knowledge
Declarative memory
Entrance into long-term declarative memory may occur through
a variety of processes
- Deliberately attending
to information to
comprehend it. - Consolidation
By making connections or
associations between the new
information and what we
already know and undertsand
Consolidation.
process of integrating new
information into stored information
involve reflecting on our own memory
processes to improve our memory
Metamemory Strategies
our ability to think about and control
our own processes of thought and ways
of enhancing our thinking
Metacognition
technique people use for keeping information active, the repeated recitation of an item
REHEARSAL
the individual somehow
elaborates on the items to be
remembered
ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL
the individual simply repeats
the items to be remembered
MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL
He noticed that the distribution of study (memory rehearsal) sessions over time affects the consolidation of information in long-term memory
THE SPACING EFFECT. Hermann Ebbinghaus
-various sessions are spaced over
time
DISTRIBUTED PRACTICE
-the sleep stage characterized by dreaming and increased brainwave
activity
-aids us in the formation of memory
Rem sleep
acts as a rapid learning system
temporarily maintains new experiences until can be
appropriately assimilated into the more gradual
neocortical representation system of the brain
Hippocampus
- important brain region for memory
formation, and new cells are generated there
continuously
dentate gyrus
specific techniques to help you organize and memorize information
Mnemonic Devices
Mnemonic Devices
- Categorical Clustering
- Interactive images
- Acronym
- Acrostic
- Pegword system
- Method of Loci
- Keyword system
-imagery of isolated items
FREE RECALL
Mnemonic devices and other techniques for aiding
memory involve metamemory
REMINDERS
FORCING FUNCTIONS
SUBJECT TO DECLINE AS
WE AGE
Retrospective memory
Prospective memory
women recall emotionally
charged pictures better than
men
Gender difference
repeated stimulation of particular neural
pathways tends to strengthen the likelihood
of firing
Long-Term Potentiation
formation of memories
Brain Oscillations
a memory disorder that results from Vitamin
B1 deficiency and is associated with
alcoholism
KORSAKOFF SYNDROME
-sessions are crammed together in a very
short space of time
Massed Practice
- to maximize the effects on long-term recall, the
spacing should ideally be distributed over month
Spacing effect
-verbal rehearsal
Serial recall
visualize walking around an area
with distinctive landmarks that
you know well, and then link the
various landmarks to specific
items to be remembered
METHOD OF LOCI
organize a list of
items into a set of
categories
CATEGORICAL
CLUSTERING
associate each new word with a
word on a previously memorized
list and form an interactive image
between two words
PEGWORD SYSTEM
form an interactive image that
links the sound and meaning of
a foreign word with the sound
and meaning of a familiar word
KEYWORD SYSTEM
external memory aids
REMINDERS
physical constraints that
prevents us from acting
without at least considering
the key information to be
remembered
FORCING FUNCTIONS
memory for the past
Retrospective
memory
memory for things we
need to do or remember
in the future
Prospective memory
key role in memory for classically
conditioned responses and contributes
to many cognitive task in general
Cerebellum
Two RETRIEVAL FROM SHORT-TERM MEMORY
Parallel Processing
Serial Processing
simultaneous handling of multiple operations
(items in short-term memory would be retrieved all at once)
Parallel Processing
The participant will check the test
digit against all the digits in the
positive set even though a match was
found partway through the list.
The response time is always the
same, no matter where the test digit
was located in the positive set.
Exhaustive
Serial Processing
simultaneous operations being done one after another
(retrieval in succession rather than all at once)
Serial Processing
The participant will check the test digit
against only against those digits
needed to make a response. Once the
test digit has been located, the
process is terminated.
Response time increases as the test
digit is located later in the positive set.
Self-terminating
Serial Processing
Two RETRIEVAL FROM LONG-TERM MEMORY
(Tulving & Pearlstone, 1966)
Free recall
Cued recall
(TWO) RETRIEVAL FROM LONG-TERM MEMORY
(Tulving & Pearlstone, 1966)
Free recall
Cued recall
RETRIEVAL FROM LONG-TERM MEMORY
(Khader et al., 2005)
Spatial Position
Facial Association
Two Processes of Forgetting
and Memory Distortion
Interference Theory and Decay Theory
occurs when competing information causes us to forget something
Interference
occurs when the passage of time causes us to forget.
decay
TASK USED IN INTERFERENCE THEORY
Brown-Peterson Task
Newly acquired knowledge impedes
the recall of older material.
It is caused by activity occurring after
we learn something but before we are
asked to recall that thing.
Retroactive interference
It occurs when material that was learned in
the past impedes the learning
of the new material.
The interfering material occurs before
learning of the to-be-remembered material.
Proactive interference
- mental frameworks that
represent knowledge in a meaningful way
SCHEMAS
- represents the
probability of recall of a given word, given
its serial position (order of presentation)
in a list
Serial Position Curve
superior recall of words
at and near the beginning of a list
Primacy effect
superior recall of words
at and near the end of a list
Recency effect
prior experience affects how we recall things and what we actually recall
from memory
constructive
It refers to the memory of an individual’s history. It is constructive
Autobiographical Memory
Autobiographical memory describe in terms of:
Semantic Memory and episodic memory
a memory of an
event so powerful that the person remembers the event as vividly as if it were indelibly preserved on film
flashbulb memory—
It happens when
our brain creates false memories.
These false memories are then
stored in the brain, and their
validity is not considered.
Memory distortions
These distortions tend to occur in seven specific ways, which Schacter (2001) refers to as the “seven sins of memory.”
Transience
Misattribution
Blocking
Absent- mindedness
Suggestibility
Bias
Persistence
Is a legal term that refers to an account given by
people of an event they have witnessed. It is also
what happens when a person witnesses a crime (or
accident, or other legally important event) and
later gets up on the stand and recalls for the
court, all the details of the witnessed event.
Eyewitness Testimony
Is a legal term that refers to an account given by
people of an event they have witnessed. It is also
what happens when a person witnesses a crime (or
accident, or other legally important event) and
later gets up on the stand and recalls for the
court, all the details of the witnessed event.
Eyewitness Testimony
Are memories that are alleged to have been
pushed down into unconsciousness because of the
distress they cause. Such memories, according to
the view of psychologists who believe in their
existence, are inaccessible, but they can be
dredged up.
Repressed Memories
