Chapter 7 Flashcards
the form for what you
know in your mind about things, ideas, events, and so
on, in the outside world
knowledge representation
two kinds of knowledge structures
Declarative knowledge
Procedural knowledge
observation
of one’s mental and emotional
processes.
Introspectionist Approach-
- deduce logically
how people represent knowledge
Rationalist Approach
Ways to observe how we represent
Knowledge in our
minds
Introspective approach
Rationalist Approach
refers to facts
that can be stated, such as the date of
your birth, the name of your best friend,
or the way a rabbit looks.
Declarative knowledge
refers to
knowledge of procedures that can be
implemented
Procedural knowledge
There are two main sources of
empirical data on knowledge
representation:
-Standard laboratory experiments
-neuropsychological studies
experimental work, researchers
indirectly study knowledge
representation because they
cannot look into people’s minds
directly
Standard Laboratory Experiments
(1) they observe how the normal brain responds to
various cognitive tasks involving knowledge
representation.
(2) they observe the links between various deficits in
knowledge representation and associated pathologies
in the brain.
Neuropsychological studies
Pictures in
Your Mind
Mental
Imagery
The mental representation of things that are not
currently seen or sensed by the sense organs
IMAGERY
Use both pictorial and verbal codes
for representing information in our
minds
DUAL-CODE THEORY
TWO CODES ORGANIZE INFORMATION INTO
KNOWLEDGE THAT CAN BE ACTED ON, STORED SOMEHOW, AND LATER
RETRIEVED FOR SUBSEQUENT USE.
- Analog codes
2.Symbolic code
resemble the objects they
are representing.
Analog codes
it’s a form of knowledge
representation that has been chosen
arbitrarily to stand for something that
does not perceptually resemble what is
being represented.
Symbolic code
Its storing Knowledge
as Abstract
Concepts:
Propositional
Theory
suggests that we do not store mental
representations in the form of images
or mere words.
PROPOSITIONAL THEORY
—secondary and derivative
phenomena that occur as a result of other
more basic cognitive processes.
Epiphenomena
to express the
underlying meaning of a relationship.
predicate calculus
Type of relationship
Actions
Attributes
Spatial Position
Class or category membership
IT CAN BE INTERPRETED IN
MORE THAN ONE WAY. OFTEN USED IN STUDIES OF PERCEPTION.
AMBIGUOUS
FIGURE
involve a shift in the positional orientations of the
figures on the mental “page” or “screen” on which
the image is he shift would be of the duck’s back
to the rabbit’s front, and the duck’s front to the
rabbit’s back.
mental realignment
(reinterpretation) of parts of
the figure. This reconstrual would be of the duck’s
bill as the rabbit’s ears.
mental
reconstrual
Participants first were shown another ambiguous figure involving realignment of the reference frame a hawk’s head/a goose’s tail, and a hawk’s tail/a goose’s head).
Implicit reference frame hint
Participants were asked to modify the reference frame by considering either “the back of the head of the animal they had already seen as the front of the head of some other animal” considered a conceptual hint) or “the front of the thing you were
seeing as the back of something else”.
Explicit reference frame hint
Participants were directed to attend to
regions of the figure where realignments or reconstruals
were to occur.
Attentional hint
Participants were asked to construe an image from parts determined to be “good” (according to both objective [geometrical] and empirical [interrater agreement] criteria), rather than from parts
determined to be “bad” (according to similar criteria).
Construals from “good” parts
It says, although visual imagery is not identical to
visual perception, it is functionally
equivalent to it.
functional
equivalence hypothesis
IT PROVIDES AN
INTERESTING EXAMPLE OF THE
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PERCEPTION
AND IMAGERY
SCHIZOPHRENIA
THESE ARE EXPERIENCES
OF “HEARING” THAT OCCUR IN THE
ABSENCE OF ACTUAL AUDITORY
STIMULI.
AUDITORY
HALLUCINATIONS
It involves rotationally
transforming an object’s visual mental
image (Takano & Okubo, 2003; Zacks, 2008).
Mental rotation
Zooming in on
Mental Images:
Image Scaling
Examining
Objects:
Image
Scanning
Examining
Objects:
Image
Scanning
a person ignores half of
his or her visual field.
spatial neglect
a person
asked to imagine a scene and then describe it ignores half of the imagined
scene.
representational neglect
She manipulated
experimenter expectancies by suggesting to
one group of experimenters that task
performance would be expected to be better
for perceptual tasks than for imaginal ones.
She suggested the opposite outcome to a
second group of experimenters
Intons-Peterson (1983)
These are knowledge structures that
individuals construct to understand and explain their
experiences.
Mental models
An alternative synthesis of the literature
suggests that mental representations may take
any of three forms: propositions, images, or
mental models.
JOHNSON-LAIRD’S MENTAL MODELS
TWO KINDS OF IMAGES:
VISUAL IMAGERY
SPATIAL
IMAGERY
It refers to the use of images
that represent characteristics such
as colors and shapes.
visual imagery
It refers to images that
represent features such as depth
dimensions, distances, and orientations.
Spatial imagery
It deals with the
acquisition, organization, and use
of knowledge about objects and
actions in 2-D and 3-D space.
Spatial cognition
These are internal
representations of our physical
environment, particularly
centering on spatial relationships
Cognitive maps
Humans seem to use three types of knowledge when
forming and using cognitive maps:
Landmark knowledge
Route-road Knowledge
Survey knowledge
It is information about particular features at
a location and which may be based on both imaginal and
propositional representations (Thorndyke, 1981).
Landmark knowledge
It involves specific pathways for moving
from one location to another (Thorndyke & Hayes-Roth, 1982). It
may be based on both procedural knowledge and declarative
knowledge.
Route-road knowledge
It involves estimated distances between
landmarks, much as they might appear on survey maps
(Thorndyke & Hayes-Roth, 1982). It may be represented imaginally
or propositionally (e.g., in numerically specified distances).
Survey knowledge
It involves estimated distances between
landmarks, much as they might appear on survey maps
(Thorndyke & Hayes-Roth, 1982). It may be represented imaginally
or propositionally (e.g., in numerically specified distances).
Survey knowledge
When we use landmarks, route-road,
and survey knowledge, we sometimes
use rules of thumb that influence our
estimations of distance. These rules of
thumb are cognitive strategies termed
_____
heuristics
