Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

the form for what you
know in your mind about things, ideas, events, and so
on, in the outside world

A

knowledge representation

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2
Q

two kinds of knowledge structures

A

Declarative knowledge
Procedural knowledge

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3
Q

observation
of one’s mental and emotional
processes.

A

Introspectionist Approach-

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4
Q
  • deduce logically
    how people represent knowledge
A

Rationalist Approach

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5
Q

Ways to observe how we represent
Knowledge in our
minds

A

Introspective approach
Rationalist Approach

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6
Q

refers to facts
that can be stated, such as the date of
your birth, the name of your best friend,
or the way a rabbit looks.

A

Declarative knowledge

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7
Q

refers to
knowledge of procedures that can be
implemented

A

Procedural knowledge

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8
Q

There are two main sources of
empirical data on knowledge
representation:

A

-Standard laboratory experiments
-neuropsychological studies

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9
Q

experimental work, researchers
indirectly study knowledge
representation because they
cannot look into people’s minds
directly

A

Standard Laboratory Experiments

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10
Q

(1) they observe how the normal brain responds to
various cognitive tasks involving knowledge
representation.
(2) they observe the links between various deficits in
knowledge representation and associated pathologies
in the brain.

A

Neuropsychological studies

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11
Q

Pictures in
Your Mind

A

Mental
Imagery

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12
Q

The mental representation of things that are not
currently seen or sensed by the sense organs

A

IMAGERY

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13
Q

Use both pictorial and verbal codes
for representing information in our
minds

A

DUAL-CODE THEORY

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14
Q

TWO CODES ORGANIZE INFORMATION INTO
KNOWLEDGE THAT CAN BE ACTED ON, STORED SOMEHOW, AND LATER
RETRIEVED FOR SUBSEQUENT USE.

A
  1. Analog codes
    2.Symbolic code
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15
Q

resemble the objects they
are representing.

A

Analog codes

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16
Q

it’s a form of knowledge
representation that has been chosen
arbitrarily to stand for something that
does not perceptually resemble what is
being represented.

A

Symbolic code

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17
Q

Its storing Knowledge
as Abstract
Concepts:

A

Propositional
Theory

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18
Q

suggests that we do not store mental
representations in the form of images
or mere words.

A

PROPOSITIONAL THEORY

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19
Q

—secondary and derivative
phenomena that occur as a result of other
more basic cognitive processes.

A

Epiphenomena

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20
Q

to express the
underlying meaning of a relationship.

A

predicate calculus

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21
Q

Type of relationship

A

Actions
Attributes
Spatial Position
Class or category membership

22
Q

IT CAN BE INTERPRETED IN
MORE THAN ONE WAY. OFTEN USED IN STUDIES OF PERCEPTION.

A

AMBIGUOUS
FIGURE

23
Q

involve a shift in the positional orientations of the
figures on the mental “page” or “screen” on which
the image is he shift would be of the duck’s back
to the rabbit’s front, and the duck’s front to the
rabbit’s back.

A

mental realignment

24
Q

(reinterpretation) of parts of
the figure. This reconstrual would be of the duck’s
bill as the rabbit’s ears.

A

mental
reconstrual

25
Q

Participants first were shown another ambiguous figure involving realignment of the reference frame a hawk’s head/a goose’s tail, and a hawk’s tail/a goose’s head).

A

Implicit reference frame hint

26
Q

Participants were asked to modify the reference frame by considering either “the back of the head of the animal they had already seen as the front of the head of some other animal” considered a conceptual hint) or “the front of the thing you were
seeing as the back of something else”.

A

Explicit reference frame hint

27
Q

Participants were directed to attend to
regions of the figure where realignments or reconstruals
were to occur.

A

Attentional hint

28
Q

Participants were asked to construe an image from parts determined to be “good” (according to both objective [geometrical] and empirical [interrater agreement] criteria), rather than from parts
determined to be “bad” (according to similar criteria).

A

Construals from “good” parts

29
Q

It says, although visual imagery is not identical to
visual perception, it is functionally
equivalent to it.

A

functional
equivalence hypothesis

30
Q

IT PROVIDES AN
INTERESTING EXAMPLE OF THE
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PERCEPTION
AND IMAGERY

A

SCHIZOPHRENIA

31
Q

THESE ARE EXPERIENCES
OF “HEARING” THAT OCCUR IN THE
ABSENCE OF ACTUAL AUDITORY
STIMULI.

A

AUDITORY
HALLUCINATIONS

32
Q

It involves rotationally
transforming an object’s visual mental
image (Takano & Okubo, 2003; Zacks, 2008).

A

Mental rotation

33
Q

Zooming in on
Mental Images:

A

Image Scaling

34
Q

Examining
Objects:

A

Image
Scanning

35
Q

Examining
Objects:

A

Image
Scanning

36
Q

a person ignores half of
his or her visual field.

A

spatial neglect

37
Q

a person
asked to imagine a scene and then describe it ignores half of the imagined
scene.

A

representational neglect

38
Q

She manipulated
experimenter expectancies by suggesting to
one group of experimenters that task
performance would be expected to be better
for perceptual tasks than for imaginal ones.
She suggested the opposite outcome to a
second group of experimenters

A

Intons-Peterson (1983)

39
Q

These are knowledge structures that
individuals construct to understand and explain their
experiences.

A

Mental models

40
Q

An alternative synthesis of the literature
suggests that mental representations may take
any of three forms: propositions, images, or
mental models.

A

JOHNSON-LAIRD’S MENTAL MODELS

41
Q

TWO KINDS OF IMAGES:

A

VISUAL IMAGERY
SPATIAL
IMAGERY

42
Q

It refers to the use of images
that represent characteristics such
as colors and shapes.

A

visual imagery

43
Q

It refers to images that
represent features such as depth
dimensions, distances, and orientations.

A

Spatial imagery

44
Q

It deals with the
acquisition, organization, and use
of knowledge about objects and
actions in 2-D and 3-D space.

A

Spatial cognition

45
Q

These are internal
representations of our physical
environment, particularly
centering on spatial relationships

A

Cognitive maps

46
Q

Humans seem to use three types of knowledge when
forming and using cognitive maps:

A

Landmark knowledge
Route-road Knowledge
Survey knowledge

47
Q

It is information about particular features at
a location and which may be based on both imaginal and
propositional representations (Thorndyke, 1981).

A

Landmark knowledge

48
Q

It involves specific pathways for moving
from one location to another (Thorndyke & Hayes-Roth, 1982). It
may be based on both procedural knowledge and declarative
knowledge.

A

Route-road knowledge

49
Q

It involves estimated distances between
landmarks, much as they might appear on survey maps
(Thorndyke & Hayes-Roth, 1982). It may be represented imaginally
or propositionally (e.g., in numerically specified distances).

A

Survey knowledge

50
Q

It involves estimated distances between
landmarks, much as they might appear on survey maps
(Thorndyke & Hayes-Roth, 1982). It may be represented imaginally
or propositionally (e.g., in numerically specified distances).

A

Survey knowledge

51
Q

When we use landmarks, route-road,
and survey knowledge, we sometimes
use rules of thumb that influence our
estimations of distance. These rules of
thumb are cognitive strategies termed
_____

A

heuristics