1ST Flashcards by Lorraine Jane Socrates

Study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about information

Cognitive Psychology

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Used by psychologists to know what we are thinking.

Dialectic thinking

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They must study how people perceive various shapes, why they remember some facts but forget others, or how they learn language.

Cognitive psychologist

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A developmental process whereby ideas evolve over time through back-and-forth exchange of ideas; in a way, it is like a discussion spread out over an extended period of time.

Dialectic

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Three Dialectical processes

A Thesis is proposed
An Antithesis emerges
A Synthesis integrates the viewpoints

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A statement of belief.

Ex. Some people believe that human nature “genes” influence many aspects of human behaviour.

Thesis

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Counters a thesis.

Ex. An alternative view is that our environment “nurture” almost entirely determines many aspects of human behavior.

Antithesis

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integrates the most credible
features of each of two (or more) views. For example, in the debate over nature versus nurture, the interaction between our innate (inborn) nature and environmental nurture may govern human nature

Synthesis

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Philosophical origins of Psychology

Rationalism versus Empiricism

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Two approaches to understanding the human mind

Philosophy and physiology

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seeks a scientific study of life-sustaining functions in living matter, primarily through empirical (observation based) methods

Physiology

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seeks to understand the general nature of many aspects of the world, in part through introspection, the examination of inner ideas and experiences (from intro, “inward, within,” and spect, “look”)

Philosophy

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They believe that the route to knowledge is through thinking and logical analysis. They do not need any experiments to develop new knowledge.

Rationalist

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True of False

Aristotle is a rationalist.

False. Aristotle is an empiricist.

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True or False

Plato is a rationalist.

True

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They believe that we acquire knowledge via empirical evidence—
that is, we obtain evidence through experience and observation

Empiricist

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He viewed the introspective, reflective method as being superior
to empirical methods for finding truth. The famous expression cogito, ergo sum (I think, therefore I am)

Rene Descartes. Thesis

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He believed that humans are born without knowledge and therefore must seek
knowledge through empirical observation. He’s term for this view was tabula rasa
(meaning “blank slate” in Latin). The idea is that life and experience “write” knowledge on us.

John Locke. Antithesis

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He synthesized the idea of Descartes and Locke.

Immanuel Kant.

Inner self + outer self

Perception+ sensation

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Early Dialectics in the Psychology of Cognition

A. Structuralism
B. Functionalism
C. Associationism
D. Behaviorism
E. Gestalt Psychology

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seeks to understand the (configuration of elements) of the mind and its perceptions by analyzing
those perceptions into their constituent components (affection, attention, memory, and sensation).

Structuralism

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A German psychologist whose ideas contributed to the development of structuralism.

Wilhelm Wundt
Founder of structuralism in psychology.

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It is the conscious observation of one’s own thinking processes. The aim of this is to look at the elementary components of an object or process.

Introspection

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Understanding the process of the mind. Alternative to structuralism

Functionalism

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Should focus on the processes of thought rather than on its contents. It seeks to understand what people do and why they do it.

Functionalism

believe that knowledge is validated by its usefulness: What can you do with it?

Pragmatist

examines how elements of the mind, such as events or ideas, can become associated with one another in the mind to result in a form of learning.

Associationism

3 processes of associationism

- contiguity (associating things that tend to occur together at about the same time); - similarity (associating things with similar features or properties); or - contrast (associating things that show polarities, such as hot/cold, light/dark, day/night).

He proposed the Theory of Forgetting

Herman Ebbinghaus - nonsense syllables -maintenance rehearsal

"Law of Effect" A stimulus will tend to produce a certain response over time if an organism is rewarded for that response

Edward Lee Thorndike Role of "Satisfaction" is the key to forming association

focuses only on the relation between observable behavior and environmental events or stimuli. The idea was to make physical whatever others might have called “mental”

Behaviorism

classically conditioned learning

Ivan Pavlov

The “father” of radical behaviorism

John B. watson

The Whole Is More Than the Sum of Its Parts: it states that we best understand psychological phenomena Lwhen we view them as organized, structured wholes

Gestalt Psychology

According to them, we could not understand problem solving merely by looking at minute elements of observable behavior

Max Wertheimer Wolfgang Kohler

belief that most human behavior explains how people think.

Cognitism "Cognitive revolution"

Proposed the concept of cell assembly

Donald Hebb

He challenged the behaviorist view that the human brain is a passive organ merely responding to environmental contingencies outside the individual

Karl Spencer Lashley He also considered the brain to be an active, dynamic organizer.

wrote an entire book describing how language acquisition and usage could be explained purely in terms of environmental contingencies

B.F. Skinner -reinforcement

He stressed both the biological basis and the creative potential of language

Noam Chomsky LAD - Language Acquisition Device

He suggested that soon it would be hard to distinguish the communication of machines from that of humans. And suggested a test that judges whether a computer program’s output was indistinguishable from the output of humans

Turing "Turing test"

It is defined as human attempts to construct systems that show intelligence and, particularly, the intelligent processing of information

Artificial intelligence (AI)

Goals of Research

data gathering, data analysis, theory development, hypothesis formulation, hypothesis testing, and perhaps even application to settings outside the research environment.

Tentative proposals regarding expected empirical consequences of the theory, such as the outcomes of research.

Hypotheses

an organized body of general explanatory principles regarding a phenomenon, usually based on observations

Theory

indicates the likelihood that a given set of results would be obtained if only chance factors were in operation.

Statistical Significance

Distinctive Research Methods

(1) laboratory/controlled experiments, (2) neuroscientific research, (3) self-reports, (4) case studies, (5) naturalistic observation, and (6) computer simulations and AI.

Individually manipulated, carefully regulated

Independent variable

Outcome responses

Dependent variable

Irrelevant variables that are held constant

Control Variable

Irrelevant variables that have been left uncontrollable in a study

Confounding variables

Process to get the result

1. Present-correct 2. Error-rate 3. Subtraction method

Controls as many aspects of the experimental situation as possible

Laboratory/controlled experiments

In-depth studies of individuals

Case studies

An individual's account of cognitive processes

Self-report

Investigators study the relationship between cognitive performance and cerebral events and structures

Neuroscientific research -post mortem -studying images - info abt cerebral process

Imitate a given human function or process

Computer simulations and AI

Detailed studies of cognitive performance in everyday situations and non laboratory contexts

Naturalistic observation

studies how the brain and other aspects of the nervous system are linked to cognitive processing and, ultimately, to behavior

Cognitive Neuroscience

It is the organ in our bodies that most directly controls our thoughts, emotions, and motivations.

Brain

refers to the specific areas of the brain that control specific skills or behaviors. Major focus of the brain research

Localization of function

Gross Anatomy of the brain

Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain

Located toward the top and front of the brain

Forebrain

Give the parts of the forebrain

cerebral cortex Basal ganglia Limbic system Thalamus Hypothalamus

Collection of neurons crucial to motor function

Basal Ganglia

Outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres. Higher form of thinking and other mental processes

Cerebral cortex

Emotion, motivation, memory, and learning

Limbic system

Three central interconnected cerebral leaning

Septum, amygdala, hippocampus

Emotion, anger, and aggression

Amygdala

Involved in anger and fear

Septum

Memory formation, flexible learning, spatial memory.

Hippocampus

Regulates the behavior related to species survival: 4F's -helps regulate emotions and react to stress

Hypothalamus

-Relays incoming sensory information through groups of neurons -helps in the control of sleep and waking

Thalamus

Control eye movement and coordination

Midbrain

4 F's

Fight Flight Feed F*ck

A network of neurons essential to regulating consciousness, including sleep, wakefulness, arousal, attention to some extent, and vital functions, such as heartbeat and breathing

Reticular activating system (RAS)

Survival brain

Hindbrain

Controls heart activity and largely controls breathing,.swallowing, and digestion

Medulla Oblongata

Contains neural fibers that pass signals from one part of the brain to another

Pons "Bridge"

"Little brain"

Cerebellum

Controls bodily coordination, balance, and muscle tone. Memory involving procedure - related movements

Cerebellum

Enables us to think, plan, coordinate thoughts and actions, perceive visual and sound patterns, and use language

Cerebral cortex

Grey Matter: Unmyelinated White Matter:_____________

Myelinated

Sulci: small grooves Fissures: _________ Gyri: __________

Large grooves Bulges between adjacent sulci or fissures

From one side to another

Contralateral

On the same side

Ipsilateral

It is a dense aggregate of neural fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

Corpus callosum

How did the psychologist find out that two hemispheres have different responsibilities?

Hemispheric Specialization

He had treated more than 40 patients suffering from aphasia- loss of speech -

Marc Dax

He claimed that an autopsy revealed that an aphasic stroke patient had lesion in the left cerebral hemisphere of the brain

Paul Broca

What area of the brain contributes to speech?

Broca's area -left hemisphere that is critical in speech

He studied language-deficient patients who could speak but whose speech made no sense

Carl Wernicke

Area of the brain which contributes to language comprehension

Wernicke's area

Father of neuropsychology

Karl Spencer Lashley

He believes each hemisphere behaves in many respects like a separate brain. Lateralization

Roger Sperry

Patients who have undergone an operation severing the corpus callosum

Split-brain patients

Surgically severing this neurological bride prevents epileptic seizures from spreading from one hemisphere to another

Split-brain surgery

The left and the right hemispheres are not coordinated

Alien hands syndrome

Lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

Frontal lobe Temporal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe

Toward the front of the brain

Frontal lobe

Motor processing and higher thought processes (abstract reasoning, problem-solving, planning, and judgement

Frontal lobe

Complex motor control and tasks require integration of information over time

Prefrontal cortex

Planning, control, and execution of movement particularly of movement involving any kind of delayed response

Primary motor cortex

Upper back portion of the brain

Parietal lobe

Associated with somatosensory processing

Parietal lobe

Receives information from the senses about pressure, texture, temperature, and pain

Primary somatosensory cortex

Where is the temporal lobe located?

Below the parietal lobe, directly under your temples

Auditory processing, compre ding language, auditory region is primarily contralateral

Temporal lobe

Can retain visual memories

Temporal lobe

It is the basis for our ability to perceive, adapt to, and interact with the world around us.

Nervous system

Dysfunction of the basal ganglia can result in ___________.

Motor deficits. Tremors, involuntary movements , changes in posture and muscle tone, and slowness of movement. Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease

Visual processing. Contains numerous visual areas, each specialized to analyze specific aspects of a scene, including color, motion, location, and form

Occipital lobe

are the areas in the lobes in which sensory processing occurs. These areas are referred to as projection areas because the nerves contain sensory information going to (projecting to) the thalamus.

Projection areas

is primarily in the occipital lobe. Some neural fibers carrying visual information travel ipsilaterally from the left eye to the left cerebral hemisphere and from the right eye to the right cerebral hemisphere

Visual vortex

Rostral: Nasal region (front) Ventral: Caudal: Dorsal:

Rostral: Nasal region (front) Ventral: bottom surface Caudal: "tail" back part Dorsal: "back" upside of the brain

Individual neural cells. Transmit electrical signals from one location to another in the nervous system

Neurons

the part of the brain associated with complex cognition. It is also the part of the cerebral cortex that evolved most recently

Neocortex

Contains the nucleus of the cell responsible for the life of the neurons

Soma (cell body)

branchlike structures that receive information from other neurons, and the soma integrates the information.

Dendrites

A long, thin tube that extends (and sometimes splits) from the soma and responds to the information, when appropriate, by transmitting an electrochemical signal, which travels to the terminus (end), where the signal can be transmitted to other neurons

Axon

white, fatty substance that surrounds some of the axons of the nervous system, which accounts for some of the whiteness of the white matter of the brain.

Myelin

Electrical signals

Action potentials

Small knobs found at the ends of the branches of an axon that do not directly touch the dendrites of the next neuron.

Terminal buttons

serves as a juncture between the terminal buttons of one or more neurons and the dendrites (or sometimes the soma) of one or more other neurons

Synapse

Chemical messengers

Neurotransmitter

Associated with memory functions Sleep and arousal

Acetylcholine

associated with attention, learning, and movement coordination. also is involved in motivational processes, such as reward and reinforcement.

Dopamine

plays an important role in eating behavior and body-weight regulation, appetite, weight, impulsivity

Serotonin

Three types of chemical substances. Neurotransmitter

Monoamine Amino-acid Neuropeptides

Viewing the structures and function of the brain

Postmortem studies Studying Live Nonhuman Animals Studying Live Humans

Researchers observe and document the behavior of people who show signs of brain damage while they are alive

Postmortem studies