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1ST Flashcards

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1
Q

Study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about information

A

Cognitive Psychology

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2
Q

Used by psychologists to know what we are thinking.

A

Dialectic thinking

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3
Q

They must study how people perceive various shapes, why they remember some facts but forget others, or how they learn language.

A

Cognitive psychologist

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4
Q

A developmental process whereby ideas evolve over time through back-and-forth exchange of ideas; in a way, it is like a discussion spread out over an extended period of time.

A

Dialectic

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5
Q

Three Dialectical processes

A
  1. A Thesis is proposed
  2. An Antithesis emerges
  3. A Synthesis integrates the viewpoints
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6
Q

A statement of belief.

Ex. Some people believe that human nature “genes” influence many aspects of human behaviour.

A

Thesis

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7
Q

Counters a thesis.

Ex. An alternative view is that our environment “nurture” almost entirely determines many aspects of human behavior.

A

Antithesis

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8
Q

integrates the most credible
features of each of two (or more) views. For example, in the debate over nature versus nurture, the interaction between our innate (inborn) nature and environmental nurture may govern human nature

A

Synthesis

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9
Q

Philosophical origins of Psychology

A

Rationalism versus Empiricism

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10
Q

Two approaches to understanding the human mind

A

Philosophy and physiology

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11
Q

seeks a scientific study of life-sustaining functions in living matter, primarily through empirical (observation based) methods

A

Physiology

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12
Q

seeks to understand the general nature of many aspects of the world, in part through introspection, the examination of inner ideas and experiences (from intro, “inward, within,” and spect, “look”)

A

Philosophy

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13
Q

They believe that the route to knowledge is through thinking and logical analysis. They do not need any experiments to develop new knowledge.

A

Rationalist

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14
Q

True of False

Aristotle is a rationalist.

A

False. Aristotle is an empiricist.

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15
Q

True or False

Plato is a rationalist.

A

True

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16
Q

They believe that we acquire knowledge via empirical evidence—
that is, we obtain evidence through experience and observation

A

Empiricist

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17
Q

He viewed the introspective, reflective method as being superior
to empirical methods for finding truth. The famous expression cogito, ergo sum (I think, therefore I am)

A

Rene Descartes. Thesis

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18
Q

He believed that humans are born without knowledge and therefore must seek
knowledge through empirical observation. He’s term for this view was tabula rasa
(meaning “blank slate” in Latin). The idea is that life and experience “write” knowledge on us.

A

John Locke. Antithesis

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19
Q

He synthesized the idea of Descartes and Locke.

A

Immanuel Kant.

Inner self + outer self

Perception+ sensation

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20
Q

Early Dialectics in the Psychology of Cognition

A

A. Structuralism
B. Functionalism
C. Associationism
D. Behaviorism
E. Gestalt Psychology

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21
Q

seeks to understand the (configuration of elements) of the mind and its perceptions by analyzing
those perceptions into their constituent components (affection, attention, memory, and sensation).

A

Structuralism

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22
Q

A German psychologist whose ideas contributed to the development of structuralism.

A

Wilhelm Wundt
Founder of structuralism in psychology.

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23
Q

It is the conscious observation of one’s own thinking processes. The aim of this is to look at the elementary components of an object or process.

A

Introspection

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24
Q

Understanding the process of the mind. Alternative to structuralism

A

Functionalism

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25
Q

Should focus on the processes of thought rather than on its contents.
It seeks to understand what people do and why they do it.

A

Functionalism

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26
Q

believe that knowledge is validated by its usefulness: What can you do with it?

A

Pragmatist

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27
Q

examines how elements of the mind, such as
events or ideas, can become associated with one another in the mind to result in a form
of learning.

A

Associationism

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28
Q

3 processes of associationism

A
  • contiguity (associating things that tend to occur together at about the same time);
  • similarity (associating things with similar features or properties); or
  • contrast (associating things that show polarities, such as hot/cold, light/dark,
    day/night).
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29
Q

He proposed the Theory of Forgetting

A

Herman Ebbinghaus

  • nonsense syllables
    -maintenance rehearsal
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30
Q

“Law of Effect”

A stimulus will tend to produce a certain
response over time if an organism is rewarded for that response

A

Edward Lee Thorndike

Role of “Satisfaction” is the key to forming association

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31
Q

focuses only on the relation
between observable behavior and environmental events or stimuli. The idea was to make physical whatever others might have called “mental”

A

Behaviorism

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32
Q

classically conditioned learning

A

Ivan Pavlov

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33
Q

The “father” of radical behaviorism

A

John B. watson

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34
Q

The Whole Is More Than the Sum of Its Parts: it states that we best understand psychological phenomena
Lwhen we view them as organized, structured wholes

A

Gestalt Psychology

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35
Q

According to them, we could not understand problem solving merely by looking
at minute elements of observable behavior

A

Max Wertheimer
Wolfgang Kohler

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36
Q

belief that most human behavior explains how people think.

A

Cognitism

“Cognitive revolution”

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37
Q

Proposed the concept of cell assembly

A

Donald Hebb

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38
Q

He challenged the behaviorist view that the human brain is a passive organ merely responding to environmental contingencies outside the individual

A

Karl Spencer Lashley

He also considered the brain to be an active, dynamic organizer.

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39
Q

wrote an entire book describing how
language acquisition and usage could be explained purely in terms of environmental
contingencies

A

B.F. Skinner

-reinforcement

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40
Q

He stressed both the biological basis and the creative potential of language

A

Noam Chomsky

LAD - Language Acquisition Device

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41
Q

He suggested that soon it would be hard to distinguish the communication of machines from that of humans. And suggested a test that judges whether a computer program’s output was indistinguishable from the output of humans

A

Turing

“Turing test”

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42
Q

It is defined as human attempts to construct systems that show intelligence and, particularly, the intelligent processing of information

A

Artificial intelligence (AI)

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43
Q

Goals of Research

A

data gathering, data analysis, theory development, hypothesis formulation, hypothesis testing, and perhaps even application to settings outside
the research environment.

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44
Q

Tentative proposals regarding expected
empirical consequences of the theory, such as the outcomes of research.

A

Hypotheses

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45
Q

an organized body of general explanatory principles regarding a phenomenon,
usually based on observations

A

Theory

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46
Q

indicates the likelihood that a given set of results would be obtained if only chance factors were in
operation.

A

Statistical Significance

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47
Q

Distinctive Research Methods

A

(1) laboratory/controlled experiments,
(2) neuroscientific research,
(3) self-reports,
(4) case studies,
(5) naturalistic observation, and
(6) computer simulations and AI.

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48
Q

Individually manipulated, carefully regulated

A

Independent variable

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49
Q

Outcome responses

A

Dependent variable

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50
Q

Irrelevant variables that are held constant

A

Control Variable

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51
Q

Irrelevant variables that have been left uncontrollable in a study

A

Confounding variables

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52
Q

Process to get the result

A
  1. Present-correct
  2. Error-rate
  3. Subtraction method
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53
Q

Controls as many aspects of the experimental situation as possible

A

Laboratory/controlled experiments

54
Q

In-depth studies of individuals

A

Case studies

55
Q

An individual’s account of cognitive processes

A

Self-report

56
Q

Investigators study the relationship between cognitive performance and cerebral events and structures

A

Neuroscientific research

-post mortem
-studying images
- info abt cerebral process

57
Q

Imitate a given human function or process

A

Computer simulations and AI

58
Q

Detailed studies of cognitive performance in everyday situations and non laboratory contexts

A

Naturalistic observation

59
Q

studies how the brain and other aspects of the nervous
system are linked to cognitive processing and, ultimately, to behavior

A

Cognitive Neuroscience

60
Q

It is the
organ in our bodies that most directly controls our thoughts, emotions, and motivations.

A

Brain

61
Q

refers to the specific areas of the brain that control specific skills or behaviors. Major focus of the brain research

A

Localization of function

62
Q

Gross Anatomy of the brain

A

Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain

63
Q

Located toward the top and front of the brain

A

Forebrain

64
Q

Give the parts of the forebrain

A

cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Limbic system
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

65
Q

Collection of neurons crucial to motor function

A

Basal Ganglia

66
Q

Outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres.
Higher form of thinking and other mental processes

A

Cerebral cortex

67
Q

Emotion, motivation, memory, and learning

A

Limbic system

68
Q

Three central interconnected cerebral leaning

A

Septum, amygdala, hippocampus

69
Q

Emotion, anger, and aggression

A

Amygdala

70
Q

Involved in anger and fear

A

Septum

71
Q

Memory formation, flexible learning, spatial memory.

A

Hippocampus

72
Q

Regulates the behavior related to species survival: 4F’s

-helps regulate emotions and react to stress

A

Hypothalamus

73
Q

-Relays incoming sensory information through groups of neurons

-helps in the control of sleep and waking

A

Thalamus

74
Q

Control eye movement and coordination

A

Midbrain

75
Q

4 F’s

A

Fight
Flight
Feed
F*ck

76
Q

A network of neurons essential to regulating consciousness, including sleep, wakefulness, arousal, attention to some extent, and vital functions, such as heartbeat and breathing

A

Reticular activating system (RAS)

77
Q

Survival brain

A

Hindbrain

78
Q

Controls heart activity and largely controls breathing,.swallowing, and digestion

A

Medulla Oblongata

79
Q

Contains neural fibers that pass signals from one part of the brain to another

A

Pons

“Bridge”

80
Q

“Little brain”

A

Cerebellum

81
Q

Controls bodily coordination, balance, and muscle tone.
Memory involving procedure - related movements

A

Cerebellum

82
Q

Enables us to think, plan, coordinate thoughts and actions, perceive visual and sound patterns, and use language

A

Cerebral cortex

83
Q

Grey Matter: Unmyelinated
White Matter:_____________

A

Myelinated

84
Q

Sulci: small grooves
Fissures: _________
Gyri: __________

A

Large grooves
Bulges between adjacent sulci or fissures

85
Q

From one side to another

A

Contralateral

86
Q

On the same side

A

Ipsilateral

87
Q

It is a dense aggregate of neural fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

88
Q

How did the psychologist find out that two hemispheres have different responsibilities?

A

Hemispheric Specialization

89
Q

He had treated more than 40 patients suffering from aphasia- loss of speech -

A

Marc Dax

90
Q

He claimed that an autopsy revealed that an aphasic stroke patient had lesion in the left cerebral hemisphere of the brain

A

Paul Broca

91
Q

What area of the brain contributes to speech?

A

Broca’s area

-left hemisphere that is critical in speech

92
Q

He studied language-deficient patients who could speak but whose speech made no sense

A

Carl Wernicke

93
Q

Area of the brain which contributes to language comprehension

A

Wernicke’s area

94
Q

Father of neuropsychology

A

Karl Spencer Lashley

95
Q

He believes each hemisphere behaves in many respects like a separate brain. Lateralization

A

Roger Sperry

96
Q

Patients who have undergone an operation severing the corpus callosum

A

Split-brain patients

97
Q

Surgically severing this neurological bride prevents epileptic seizures from spreading from one hemisphere to another

A

Split-brain surgery

98
Q

The left and the right hemispheres are not coordinated

A

Alien hands syndrome

99
Q

Lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

A

Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe

100
Q

Toward the front of the brain

A

Frontal lobe

101
Q

Motor processing and higher thought processes (abstract reasoning, problem-solving, planning, and judgement

A

Frontal lobe

102
Q

Complex motor control and tasks require integration of information over time

A

Prefrontal cortex

103
Q

Planning, control, and execution of movement particularly of movement involving any kind of delayed response

A

Primary motor cortex

104
Q

Upper back portion of the brain

A

Parietal lobe

105
Q

Associated with somatosensory processing

A

Parietal lobe

106
Q

Receives information from the senses about pressure, texture, temperature, and pain

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

107
Q

Where is the temporal lobe located?

A

Below the parietal lobe, directly under your temples

108
Q

Auditory processing, compre ding language, auditory region is primarily contralateral

A

Temporal lobe

109
Q

Can retain visual memories

A

Temporal lobe

110
Q

It is the basis for our ability to perceive, adapt to, and interact with the world around us.

A

Nervous system

111
Q

Dysfunction of the basal ganglia can result in ___________.

A

Motor deficits.

Tremors, involuntary movements , changes in posture and muscle tone, and slowness of movement.

Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease

112
Q

Visual processing. Contains numerous visual areas, each specialized to analyze specific aspects of a scene, including color, motion, location, and form

A

Occipital lobe

113
Q

are the areas in the lobes in which sensory processing occurs. These
areas are referred to as projection areas because the nerves contain sensory information going to (projecting to) the thalamus.

A

Projection areas

114
Q

is primarily in the occipital lobe. Some neural fibers carrying
visual information travel ipsilaterally from the left eye to the left cerebral hemisphere
and from the right eye to the right cerebral hemisphere

A

Visual vortex

115
Q

Rostral: Nasal region (front)
Ventral:
Caudal:
Dorsal:

A

Rostral: Nasal region (front)
Ventral: bottom surface
Caudal: “tail” back part
Dorsal: “back” upside of the brain

116
Q

Individual neural cells. Transmit electrical signals from one location to another in the nervous system

A

Neurons

117
Q

the part of the brain associated with
complex cognition. It is also the part of the cerebral cortex that evolved most recently

A

Neocortex

118
Q

Contains the nucleus of the cell responsible for the life of the neurons

A

Soma (cell body)

119
Q

branchlike structures that
receive information from other neurons, and the soma integrates the information.

A

Dendrites

120
Q

A long, thin tube that extends (and sometimes splits) from the soma and responds to the
information, when appropriate, by transmitting an electrochemical signal, which travels
to the terminus (end), where the signal can be transmitted to other neurons

A

Axon

121
Q

white, fatty substance that surrounds some of
the axons of the nervous system, which accounts for some of the whiteness of the white
matter of the brain.

A

Myelin

122
Q

Electrical signals

A

Action potentials

123
Q

Small knobs found at the ends of the branches of an axon
that do not directly touch the dendrites of the next neuron.

A

Terminal buttons

124
Q

serves as a juncture between the terminal buttons of one or
more neurons and the dendrites (or sometimes the soma) of one or more other neurons

A

Synapse

125
Q

Chemical messengers

A

Neurotransmitter

126
Q

Associated with memory functions
Sleep and arousal

A

Acetylcholine

127
Q

associated with attention, learning, and movement coordination. also is involved in motivational processes, such as reward and reinforcement.

A

Dopamine

128
Q

plays an important role in eating behavior and body-weight regulation, appetite, weight, impulsivity

A

Serotonin

129
Q

Three types of chemical substances. Neurotransmitter

A

Monoamine
Amino-acid
Neuropeptides

130
Q

Viewing the structures and function of the brain

A

Postmortem studies
Studying Live Nonhuman Animals
Studying Live Humans

131
Q

Researchers observe and document the behavior of people who show signs of brain
damage while they are alive

A

Postmortem studies

Cognitive Psychology (7 decks)

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