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302 > Memory Loss > Flashcards

Memory Loss Flashcards

1
Q

What is Dementia?

A

Cognitive impairment which is progressive, multi domain affects life and due to brain disease occurring in over 40s

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2
Q

cognitive domains?

A

memory
language
visuospatial
executive
social behavioural
psychiatric

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3
Q

Alzheimer’s disease features?

A

beta amyloid aggregation
then tau aggregration (neurofibrillary tangles)
loss of function, loss of cells
amyloid angiopathy

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4
Q

what is TDP-43?

A

DNA binding protein

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5
Q

FTLD and prion cause

A

rapid brain shrinkage

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6
Q

visuospatial alone?

A

posterior cortical atrophy

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7
Q

FTLD often includes?

A

tau TDP43 FUS

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8
Q

parkinsons disease includes which protein?

A

alpha synuclein

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9
Q

fixed cognitive impairment?

A

ADHD, ASD, learning disability, perinatal hypoxia, meningitis, head injury, stroke

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10
Q

vascular dementia?

A

slowness and efficiency of thought, not memory or language

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11
Q

slowable causes of cognitive impairment?

A

hydrocephalus normal pressure
b12 deficiency
cerebrovascular damage
alcohol damage

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12
Q

which ion causes cognitive impairment?

A

hyponatraemia

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13
Q

mild cognitive impairment?

A

only one domain typically memory
or doesnt affect daily life

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14
Q

Benefits of MRI?

A

no radiation
better imaging: grey matter - cortical thickness, atrophy
white matter- vascular lesions

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15
Q

fazekas scale looks at?

A

white matter change, vessel disease

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16
Q

diagnosis of alzheimers?

A

markers of amyloid deposition and neurodegenerative changes

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17
Q

what does FDG-PET look at in Alzheimers?

A

hypometabolism- temporoparietal usually drop out more

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18
Q

frontal lobe damage can cause?

A

disinhibition

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19
Q

semantic memory loss?

A

know what things are and facts , temporal lobe left

20
Q

Lewy body dementia features?

A

parkinsonian features, hallucinations

21
Q

what imaging can you do for lewy body dementia?

A

dopaminergic SPECT, due to reduced dopamine uptake

22
Q

how to image Tau?

A

PET radiolabel tau with braak staging

23
Q

scanning for Alzheimers?

A

neuroinflammatory scanning
high resolution MRI- subfield-level
diffusion tensor imaging and tractogrpahy- meaure white matter tract

24
Q

cognitive reserve?

A

adaptability of cognitive processes underpinning differential susceptibility to brain aging or disease

25
Q

brain reserve?

A

neurons and synapses

26
Q

risk factor for Alzheimers?

A

apoE e4 allele

27
Q

what is associated with slower cognitive decline

A

higher brain BDNF gene expression

28
Q

what increases the anticoagulant effect of warfarin and by which mechanism?

A

metronidazole, CYP450 inhibition

29
Q

what would reduce exposure to theophylline and mechanism?

A

rifampicin, inducer of cytochrome P450

30
Q

which are the cytochrome p450 inhibitors?

A

amiodarone
ciprofloxacin
erythromycin
clarithromycin
metronidazole
fluconazole
isoniazid
alcohol
grapefruit juice

31
Q

cytochrome p450 inducers?

A

increase drug metabolism and reduce exposure
CRAP
carbamazepine
rifampicin
alcohol chronic
phenytoin

32
Q

colchicine side effect?

A

b

33
Q

etoricoxib is a?

A

cox 2 inhibitor

34
Q

advantage of cox 2 inhibitor?

A

selective, so less likely to cause gastric side effects

35
Q

NSAIDs cause?

A

increase sodium reabsorption and hence water too

36
Q

cox 2 inhibitors have a risk of?

A

clotting

37
Q

amiodarone causes?

A

inhibits efflux of digoxin by p glycoprotein pump and therefore reduced its clearance

38
Q

common side effects of amiodarone?

A

thyroid- hypo/hyper
grey skin- shield from light, photosensitivity
sleep disorders
hepatic
corneal deposits/ optic neuropathy, blurred vision
pulmonary toxicity

39
Q

loading dose for amiodarone?

A

high half life and strongly protein bound (albumin) so give lots to block of all proteins

40
Q

how many half lives to achieve a steady state?

A

5

41
Q

for sepsis gentamicin is given?

A

1 daily, infective endocarditis 2 daily

42
Q

why is weight important for gentamicin?

A

water soluble drug, always dose on a lean body weight

43
Q

significant drug interaction with gentamicin?

A

bumetanide- loop diuretic
ototoxic side effects
increases risk of nephrotoxicity

44
Q

scoring system for stroke risk?

A

CHA2DSVAS

45
Q

how does apixaban work?

A

factor 10 inhibitor

46
Q

in AKI metformin needs to be stopped because of?

A

acidosis

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