Memory: Improving The Accuracy Of Eyewitness Testimony - The Cognitive Interview - 24/25 Flashcards

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1
Q

The police use which type of interview to gain the most accurate eyewitness testimonies?

A

The Cognitive Interview

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2
Q

What does the cognitive interview facilitate in terms of eyewitness testimony?

A

Most accurate EWT

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3
Q

What type of questions are used in a cognitive interview?

A

Open

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4
Q

Open questions are used so witnesses can … on their own answers

A

Expand

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5
Q

What type of questions are NOT used in a cognitive interview?

A

Closed/Leading Questions

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6
Q

Who created the cognitive interview?

A

Fisher & Geiselman

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7
Q

Name the 4 techniques in the cognitive interview:

A

Recall Everything
Context Reinstatement
Recall in Reverse
Recall from a Changed Perspective

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8
Q

How many techniques does the cognitive interview contain?

A

4

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9
Q

In recall everything, witnesses are encouraged to recall all details including…

A

trivial details

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10
Q

What may trivial details do to an eyewitness testimony?

A

Trigger recall/memories

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11
Q

Participants are encouraged to recall all details of the event including minor/trivial details - what technique is this?

A

Recall Everything

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12
Q

Asking a witness to mentally place themselves back at the scene of the crime is which technique of the cognitive interview?

A

Context Reinstatement

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13
Q

In context reinstatement, witnesses are asked to mentally place themselves where?

A

At the scene of the crime

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14
Q

When mentally placing themselves back at the scene of the crime, what 2 factors are witnesses asked to report on?

A

What they can see and how they felt (emotion)

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15
Q

Asking a witness how they felt on the morning prior to a crime e.g. a robbery is an example of what technique?

A

Context Reinstatement

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16
Q

What type of cue does asking the participant to mentally place themselves back at the scene of the crime and report on what they could see trigger?

A

External cues

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17
Q

What type of reinstatement does asking the participant to mentally place themselves back at the scene of the crime and report on what they could see trigger?

A

Context

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18
Q

What type of cue does asking the participant to mentally place themselves back at the scene of the crime and report on what they felt?

A

Internal Cues

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19
Q

What type of reinstatement does asking the participant to mentally place themselves back at the scene of the crime and report on what they felt?

A

Context Reinstatement

20
Q

In recall in reverse, the witness is asked to report what happened in a different

A

Chronological order

21
Q

What technique of the cognitive interview is asking the witness to recall events of the crime in a different chronological order?

A

Recall in Reverse

22
Q

What is prevented by asking the witness to recall in a different chronological order?

A

Schema/Expectations

23
Q

What is it harder for the witness to do when recalling in reverse?

A

Lie

24
Q

Which 2 techniques of the cognitive interview are effective in preventing schema/expectations?

A

Recall in Reverse

Recall from a Changed Perspective

25
Q

Which technique of the cognitive interview is asking the witness to recall the crime from another person’s perspective e.g. the perpetrator?

A

Recall from changed perspective

26
Q

Recall from changed perspective asks the witness to recall the event from….

A

Another person’s perspective

27
Q

Recalling the events of a crime from another person’s perspective is effective in preventing?

A

Schema/Expectations

28
Q

What technique is the following question from in the cognitive interview:
‘Start from the beginning, what happened the morning of the robbery?’

A

Recall Everything

29
Q

What technique is the following question from in the cognitive interview:
‘Close your eyes, what do you see? What was the weather like//how were you feeling when the robbers entered the bank?’

A

Context Reinstatement

30
Q

What technique is the following question from in the cognitive interview:
‘Tell us what happened from when the police arrived at the bank back to the beginning of the day’

A

Recall in Reverse

31
Q

What technique is the following question from in the cognitive interview:
‘Imagine you are the bank robber, what did you see?’

A

Recall from a Changed Perspective

32
Q

Describe ‘recall everything’

A

The witness is asked to report all details of the event, even if it seems irrelevant.

33
Q

How might ‘recall everything’ improve eye witness testimony?

A

Might act as a trigger to a memory and additional information.

34
Q

Give an example of a question that might be asked when witnesses are being asked to recall everything.

A

“Start from the beginning, what happened on the morning of the robbery.”

35
Q

Describe ‘context reinstatement’

A

Witness is asked to mentally place themselves back at the scene of the event and imagine the environment such as the weather and what they could see, and their emotions.

36
Q

How will context reinstatement improve eyewitness testimony?

A

Using context and state dependent cues might trigger memories of the event that might appear forgotten but are inaccessible due to retieval failure.

37
Q

Give an example of a question that might be asked in context reinstatement.

A

“Close your eyes…what do you see, what is the weather like, what was X wearing, how were you feeling?”

38
Q

Describe ‘recall in reverse’

A

The witness is asked to report what happened in a different chronological order

39
Q

How does recall in reverse improve eyewitness testimony?

A

Prevents witnesses reporting what they expected to happen (schema) rather than what happened. It also prevents dishonesty, as it is harder to lie when having to reverse a story.

40
Q

Describe ‘recall from a changed perspective’

A

The witness is asked to recall the incident from another person’s perspective who witnessed the crime e.g. another witness or the perpetrator.

41
Q

How will recall from a changed perspective improve eyewitness testimony?

A

May prevent witnesses reporting what they expected to happen (schema) rather than what happened.

42
Q

Give an example of a question that demonstrates recall from a changed perspective.

A

“Imagine you’re the bank robber…what do you see?”

43
Q

Who provides research to support the effectiveness of the cognitive interview in improving the accuracy of EWT?

A

Köhnken et al (1999)

44
Q

What did Köhnken et al report in their meta analysis?

A

Cognitive interview had an increase of 41% in correct information compared to the standard interview.

45
Q

What did Köhnken et al suggest about false positives in cognitive interview?

A

As well as correct information, often more incorrect iterms are also recalled in cognitive interview, with a 61% increase of incorrect information reported in a cognitive interview compared to a standard interview.

46
Q

What limitation of the cognitive interview to Milne and Bull (2002) suggest?

A

Not all techniques in the CI are equally as effective. Milne and Bull found that each technique produced more information than the standard interview, but also found that using a combination of report everything and context reinstatement produced better recall than any of the other elements.