Memory

Question 1

Atkinson and Shiffrin

Answer 1

Multi-store memory model

Question 2

Baddeley and Hitch

Answer 2

Visuo-spatial sketchpad / phonological loop

Found that ppts found that it is hard to use the same component at the same time (tapping your head and rubbing your tummy) but able to complete dual tasks when using different slave systems (pat head and say the alphabet)

Question 3

Bunge et al

Answer 3

MRI scanner shows performing a dual task has significantly more brain activity = supports evidence of 4 components

Question 4

KF case study

Answer 4

Had a motorbike accident and his verbal memory was largely affected but his visual memory was unaffected.

STM has a separate component

Question 5

Liberman

Answer 5

Working memory model
Criticizes the WMM as suggests the visuo-spatial sketchpad implies that all spatial info was first visual

Argues that blind people have excellent spatial awareness even though never had any visual information

Question 6

Alkhakifa

Answer 6

Patient with severe LTM demonstrated a STM capactity of 25 items.

This exceeds the capacity of both Phonological loop and the Visuo-spatial sketchpad.
Suggests the existence of the episodic buffer

Question 7

Finke

Answer 7

Long term memory
CASE STUDY = Porf. Cellist who suffered with amnesia due to damage in several brain areas through illness
His episodic and semantic LTM were badly effected (couldn’t remember musical facts) but his procedural memory was fine (able to read and play) so suggests LTM is in different components

Question 8

Clive wearing

Answer 8

STM - 7 secs = meant to be 18-30 seconds and has no LTM

Shows that STM and LTM are different stores

Question 9

Schmidt et al

Answer 9

211 ppts in Netherlands (Molenburg) with 48 numbers replacing names of streetnames
Identified retroactive interference
Positive correlation showed between the no. of times ppt moved outside of Molenburg and the number of streets forgotten

Question 10

Overton

Answer 10

STATE DEPENDENT
When learnt info sober - can recall info better sober than drunk
When learnt info drunk - can recall better drunk

Question 11

Godden and Baddeley

Answer 11

CONTEXT DEPENDENT
Divers:
When learnt info on beach - recall better on beach
When learnt underwater - recall better underwater

Question 12

Loftus and Palmer

Answer 12

45 American students, Lab, independent measures design
Film of traffic accident and asked
‘What speed did the car # hit the other car?
5 different conditions #
Contracted, Hit, Bumped, Collided or Smashed

Smashed = gave higher speed
Contracted= gave lower speed

Question 13

Fisher et al

Answer 13

COGNITIVE INTERVIEW
7 trained detectives elicited 47% more information after training and 63% more information than the untrained detectives.
85% of all statements being correct in all conditions. In this field study, accuracy had to be established by corroboration with another source. In 24 cases with corroborating evidence (16 by pre-trained detectives), 94% of statements were corroborated.

BUT time taken to interview was longer however not significantly more though

Question 14

Improving EWT
Cognitive interview (4)

Answer 14

Context reinstatement (principle of retrieval failure/cue-dependent forgetting that cues may trigger recall)
Focused retrieval (detail triggers other memories)
Extensive retrieval/chanhe perspective (reduces influence of schema)
Change order(reduced influence of schema)