Addiction

Question 1

Coa and Su

Answer 1

Risk factors - personality

2.4% of ppts suffered from OCD showed high neurotic and psychotic traits

Question 2

Piazza et al

Answer 2

Risk factors - stress

Tested rats for vulnerability to addiction through stress

• pinched rats tail = stress
• rats stressed = eat amphetamines

Question 3

Shields et al

Answer 3

Risk factor - genetic influence

42 twin pairs that were reared apart
9 pairs actually discordant showing how genetic similarity is a major factor in starting to smoke

Question 4

Goddard

Answer 4

Risk factor - family influences
Longitudinal study research to examine factors that may predict youngsters’ smoking

Kids who see their parents smoke do too !

7 TIMES MORE LIKELY

Question 5

Paterson et al

Answer 5

Nicotine addiction - brain chemistry

Found support through epilepsy drug GABA, that reduces surge of dopamine
= reduces addictive properties of nicotine without major side effects

Question 6

Nerin and Jane

Answer 6

Nicotine addiction - Brain chemistry REFUTE
Onset of smoking addiction is sig. between different sexes

Women start smoking much later = biological reasoning for this is ignored

Accused of beta bias

Question 7

Harakeh et al

Answer 7

Learning theory and cue - reactivity
428 families with 2 adolescent children ( 13 yrs - 17 yrs)

Younger sibling who don’t smoke were more affected by their older siblings and friends smoking = vicarious reinforcement play a part in smoking addiction

Question 8

Grant et al

Answer 8

Gambling addiction - learning explanation
found sample of problem gamblers that relapsed over 40% claimed they missed the ‘thrill’ of gambling
=reinforcement is linked to gambling addiction

Question 9

Griffiths

Answer 9

The gamblers fallacy - maintenance and relapse: cognitive bias

‘Thinking out loud’ or ‘ non - thinking out loud’ condition
£3 gambling money for each ppt
14% regular gamblers -made irrational verbalisations

Question 10

Stead et al

Answer 10

Drug therapies
150 studies in the effectiveness of Nicotine Replacement Therapy and found it to be more effective than placebo treatments

BUT does it really help people to quit smoking as nicotine is still released - maybe new addiction

Question 11

Howard

Answer 11

Aversion therapy
82 US alcoholic ppts across 5 session in a 10 treatment

Antabuse + preferred alcoholic drink (smell and taste) = wait 5 - 8 mins = vomiting!

But doesn’t have long term effectiveness - just become addicted to another drink

Question 12

Mc Conaghy

Answer 12

Covert sensation
Compared aversion therapy with covert sensation to treat addiction

Both effective in removing the urge covert sensation was made so :

1 year follow up;
Covert - 90 %
Aversion - 30 %
reduced gambling activity - with less cravings

Question 13

Ladoucer

Answer 13

CBT

66 pathological gamblers to either CBT or waiting list

86% were no longer classified by DSM criteria as pathological gambler

They had better perception and control over their gambling

Question 14

Walker et al

Answer 14

Theory of planned behaviour

Used interviews to assess where TPB could explain gambling.

Behaviour beliefs, subjective norms and intention was a good predictor of behavioural change

BUT percieved behavioural control was not important

Supports some elements of the model but not all.

Question 15

Parker and Parikh

Answer 15

Prochaska 6 stage model

Aid planning programmes of health care interventions.

Model performed well and helped facilitate the organising of successful programmes

Practical applications.