Attachment

Question 1

Shauffer and Emerson

Answer 1

Stages of attachment (4: pre-attachment phase, indiscriminate, discriminate and multi-stage attachment)
60 babies, Glasgow
Diary kept by mothers
25-32 weeks - 50% showed separation anxiety
40 weeks - 80% made specific attachments
@18 months - 87% made more than 1 bond

Question 2

Carpenter

REFUTE :(

Answer 2

2 week old infants looked at their mothers face for longer on a photo when voice matched the face otherwise showed signs of distress

Question 3

Lorenz

Answer 3

Graylag goose : 50/50 real mum and adoptive mum (Lorenz)
Marked Lorenz goslings and put all in a box together
When box removed 50/50 followed mum and Lorenz
Irreversible imprinting as Lorenz goslings never followed mum

Question 4

Harlow

Answer 4

Rhesus monkeys
Food vs Comfort
Under stress, in new environment monkeys went to toweling monkey over wire mother with or without milk

Question 5

Bowlby’s monotropic theory

Answer 5

Social releasers
Critical period
Adaptive
Monotropy
Internal working model

Question 6

Ainsworth

Answer 6

STRANGE SITUATION
Type A - Insecure Avoidant (15%)
Type B - Secure (70%)
Type C - Insecure resistant (15%)

8 episodes lasting 3 minutes except first 1 lasting 30 secs
Recorded behaviour present every 15 seconds = time sampling
5 catergories recorded

Question 7

Van Ijzendoorn

Answer 7

Meta analysis of 8 countries (32 studies)
Type- High%, Low %
Type A - Germany, Japan
Type B - UK, China
Type C - Israel, UK

Question 8

Bowlby’s 44 thieves

Answer 8

31:13 M:F , 5-17 yrs old
More than 1/2 had separated from their mothers for 6 months + during their first five years.
32% of the young thieves showed ‘affection-less psychopathy’
SO…
separation/deprivation in the child’s early life caused permanent emotional damage.

Question 9

Rutter

Answer 9

INSTITUTIONALISATION
111 Romanian orphans - found that the sooner the children were adopted, the faster their developmental progress.

Found attachment problems of hyperactivity, cognitive impairment when institutionalised.
50% were retarded in cognitive function and most underweight

Age 11 of same children showed normal levels of functioning at a follow up

Question 10

Hazan and Shaver

Answer 10

Purpose:
To see if correlation between the infant’s attachment type and their future approach to romantic relationships

Printed in a newspaper and classified attachment styles with Strange situation

ANXIOUS-RESISTANT- Experienced love as involving obsession, a desire for reciprocation and emotional highs and lows. Extreme sexual attraction and jealousy

SECURE TYPES- love as happy, friendly and trusting. Can accept their partner regardless of faults.

Adult love styles: ANXIOUS-AVOIDANT- Typically feared intimacy. Jealousy. Emotional highs and lows. Believed they didn’t need love to be happy.

Supports the idea of internal working model

Question 11

Field

Answer 11

Role of the father

Behaviours of primary caretaker mothers with primary and secondary caretaker fathers compared.

Video analysis of Face-to-face interactions were of 4 month old infants.

Fathers engaged more in game playing and held their infants less.

However, primary caregiver fathers engaged in significantly more smiling, imitative grimaces, and imitative vocalizations than did secondary caretaker fathers and these were comparable with mothers’ behaviour.

Question 12

Role of father

Answer 12

Degree of sensitivity - more secure attacjment when more sensitive
Type of attachment with own parents - single fathers seem to find same attchments as they did with their parents
Maritial intimacy - how intimate a father is in his relationship affects attachment with children
Supportive co parenting - support father gives to mother affects type of attachment he will have with his children