Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

An internal record of some previous event or experience
- No memory = no learning

• A mental representation
• A psychological version of original sound, thought, object or concept

Question 2

Process

Answer 2

Re-presenting of things we have seen, thought, spoken or experienced
- Without the original stimulus

Question 3

Encoding

Answer 3

Conversion of sensory info into a form that can be processed by the brain

Question 4

Storage

Answer 4

Step 2, after encoding

• The retention of information
• Through network of neurons

Question 5

Retrieval

Answer 5

Recovery of information stored in the brain

Question 6

Sensory Memory

Answer 6

Memory retained for a brief period of time

• Info is encoded rapidly, based on physical properties of stimulation
• Info. that is considered important is passed onto STM

Question 7

Short Term Memory

Answer 7

Information is stored for 30sec

- Rehearsed to keep it longer

Question 8

Millar

Answer 8

1956

- 7 plus or minus 2 pieces of unrelated information

Question 9

Rehearsal

Answer 9

Maintenance rehearsal: repeating it allowed, not used to transfer to LTM
- need to be used ASAP

• Elaborate Rehearsal: Actively process the information rather than repeating it,
• Try to make material more meaningful so it can be used later

Question 10

Long Term Memory

Answer 10

Relatively permanent storage of information
- Very large
30 sec -> forever
Can be hard to retrieve information sometimes

Question 11

Procedural memory

Answer 11

Stores the way you do things
How to of memory
Implicit memory
Automatic

E.g how to play tennis

Question 12

Declarative memory

Answer 12

The ‘what’ of memory
Explicit memory
Requires effort to retrieve
e.g. Rules in tennis

Question 13

Episodic Memory

Answer 13

Memory from past personal events
Ones own interpretation of an exp in life
Linked to particular feelings and sensations

Question 14

Semantic Memory

Answer 14

Knowledge of facts and infos
- Based on understanding and interpretation
Often of spoken or written material

Question 15

Forgetting

Answer 15

Failure to retrieve or use information previously stored as required
- Inability to recall previously learned information

- Can forget due to:
Retrieval failure
Interference
Motivated forgetting
Decay

Question 16

Remembering

Answer 16

Successful retrieval,

Question 17

Retrieval Failure

Answer 17

Inability to retrieve certain pieces of information

Question 18

Interference

Answer 18

Can’t be successfully retrieved because related info. gets mixed up and blocks retrieval

Question 19

Motivated forgetting

Answer 19

Inability to retrieve information because there is advantage to not remembering

Question 20

Decay

Answer 20

Fading away of memory over time

More evident in sensory stage and STM

Question 21

Enhancing retrieval of info.

Answer 21

Memory can be improved by:
playing closer attention
experiencing it and using it
rehearsal
mnemonics

Question 22

Amnesia

Answer 22

Causes memory loss, can be temp. or perm.
- Caused by head injuries/brain injuries or drugs

• Anterograde: can’t learn new things
• Retrograde: Can’t remember past events

Question 23

Alzheimers

Answer 23

Progressive -> fatal
Impairs higher brain functions (memory, thinking, personality)
- The cause of dementia

• Sporadic: strikes adults both sex
• Familial: rare genetic mutation

No cure.