Memory 2 Flashcards
What evidence is there to suggest that the Two-Step model could be wrong?
Children with episodic memory issues can still learn new information
Children with episodic memory issues are still able to learn new information, research has revealed. Is this evidence for or against WHICH theory?
Against
Two Step Model
According to the Two-Step model, information that conflicts with existing information requires ____________?
Time to be consolidated
Two-Step Model
Cortical learning is possible for information that….
Is consistent with existing knowledge
How quick is the abstraction from Hippocampal regions to cortical regions, according to systems consolidation hypothesis?
Gradual
According to Systems Consolidation Hypothesis,
If there are overlapping episodic memories…
Gradually do make it to cortex
Specifics are lost/blended
According to Systems Consolidation Hypothesis,
If there are overlapping episodic memories, what happens to the specifics?
They are lost/blended
Two researchers in support of Two-Stage Model
1) Sharon et al.
2) Tse et al.
What did Sharon et al. find in support of the two stage model?
Rapid cortical learning in absence of episodic memory
What did Tse et al. find in support of the two stage model?
Schema consistent information is rapidly incorporated
More so than schema inconsistent
What is one piece of support for Systems Consolidation Hypothesis still maintaining links with hippocampal regions?
HC activation lower for distant vs recent memories
Episodic memory is ______, whereas semantic memory is ________
Unstable
Stable
Episodic memory is ______ (can be affected by lack of sleep etc)
Malleable
What are 5 things that episodic memory can be affected by?
Lack of sleep Semantic memory Suggestibility Misattribution Bias
What is a false memory?
Memories of events that did not actually occur (small scale)
Can memory be interfered with or changed?
Yes - on the basis of new info
Binding information from different memory systems can facilitate what?
False memories
What are 3 SINS of memory recall?
a) Suggestibility
b) Bias
c) Misattribution
2 Researchers who provided evidence for a malleable memory?
1) DeMaster and Ghetti
2) Hupbach et al.
DeMaster and Ghetti - Evidence for a malleable memory
What was the method?
Pps looked at a series of images with different borders (blue or red)
Task was to remember border colour
DeMaster and Ghetti - Evidence for a malleable memory
What were the results?
DIFFERENT results in children and adults
Hupbach et al. Evidence for a malleable memory
What was the method?
Learnt set of words in either familiar or unfamiliar room
Hupbach et al. Evidence for a malleable memory
What were the findings?
Pps had worse memory for words learnt in familiar room
Hupbach et al. Evidence for a malleable memory
Why did they find what they did?
Familiar room REACTIVATED memory trace
Memory came malleable
Why are memories malleable in a familiar room?
Memories become reactivated
Hupbach et al. Evidence for a malleable memory
Why did participants in the NEW room have bettere results?
New room opened a new memory trace
Hupbach et al. Evidence for a malleable memory
Ppts who learnt a set of rooms in a new room achieved more correct answers because the new room resulted in a new memory trace that was…
NOT open to suggestibility
Are thinking about the past and thinking about the future closely related processes?
Yes
Is memory organised to facilitate thinking about the future?
Yes
Is memory organised to facilitate thinking about the future?
What did Schachter et al. find regarding brain images?
Similar hippocampal brain activity for remembering past & imagining future
What mind processes require that we think towards the future? (3)
1) Decision making
2) Emotional regulation
3) Intention formation
Which is more stable - semantic or episodic?
Semantic
Which out of semantic and episodic is more malleable?
Episodic
Which region of the brain is involved in both remembering past and imagining future events?
Hippocampus
The capacity to imagine or simulate experiences that might occur in ones personal future
What type of thinking is this referring to ^
Episodic future thinking
Research into future thinking has been fuelled by demonstrations of striking cognitive and neural differences/similarities when people are asked to think about the past and the future?
Similarities
The constructive episodic simulation hypothesis posits that episodic memory supports future stimulation by…
Flexible retrieval/recombining details of past experiences into representations of future eveents
