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Cognitive Psychology > Cognitive Neuroscience > Flashcards

Cognitive Neuroscience Flashcards

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1
Q

Is neural activity chemical or electrical?

A

Both

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2
Q

How are neurotransmitters brought into the cell?

A

Dendrites

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3
Q

Neurotransmitters either provide _______ or _______ signals

A

Excitatory

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4
Q

If an excitatory signal is sufficient, what is elicited?

A

An action potential

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5
Q

What does an action potential create?

A

Electrical signal that travels down the axon

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6
Q

The terminal buttons release…

A

Neurotransmitters

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7
Q

Neurotransmitters are released into….

A

The synapse

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8
Q

What does an Action Potential do to ions?

A

Redistributes them

Creates a positive charge within the cell (hyper polarise)

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9
Q

The inside of the cell contains a resting state charge of…

A

-70mv

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10
Q

What does an action potential do the charge of the cell?

A

Hyper polarises it

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11
Q

How many lobes is the brain composed of?

A

Four

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12
Q

The lobes in the brain are organised according to…

A

Cognitive function

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13
Q

True or false

The lobes in the brain are organised according to size

A

False

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14
Q

Which of the following is NOT a lobe in the brain?

Frontal lobe
Medial lobe
Temporal lobe 
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
A

Medial lobe

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15
Q

Active neurons burn energy.

How is this energy replenished?

A

Blood

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16
Q

Why is it possible to distinguish between oxygen-rich blood and oxygen depleted blood?

A

Oxygen rich blood contains HAEMOGLOBIN which contains iron

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17
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

Protein which carries oxygen

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18
Q

What can measuring the BOLD response tell us?

A

Which parts of the brain were active recently

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19
Q

Which is the most common method of brain imaging?

A

fMRI

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20
Q

Why is it useful to see which parts of the brain were active recently, in BOLD?

A

Tells us which parts are used in tasks

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21
Q

Does fMRI have good or bad temporal resolution?

A

Good

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22
Q

What is temporal resolution?

A

Precision of a measurement in regard to time

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23
Q

Which of the following is NOT a drawback of fMRI?

Very noisy
Cannot use any metal based equipment
The same patient can only be tested ONCE due to radioactivity
Is not a direct measure of activity

A

Same patient can only be tested once - there is no radiation involved

24
Q

What is TMS

A

Method causing depolarisation or hyper-polaristion of neurons in the brain

25
Q

Does hyper polarisation increase or decrease brain activity?

A

Increase

26
Q

How is TMS used?

A

Electromagnets induce weak electric currents in cortex

27
Q

What two functions can TMS carry out?

A

a) motor evoked potential e.g. twitches

b) simulated temporary lesion

28
Q

What is a simulated temporary lesion?

A

(TMS)

Prevents normal function of a brain region temporarily

29
Q

What is one thing TMS can be used to treat, and what is it?

A

Spatial neglect

Patients who only acknowledge one side of their vision

30
Q

What are 3 benefits of using TMS?

A

1) Portable
2) Can stimulate/lesion
3) No adverse effects

31
Q

What are two drawbacks of TMS?

A

Difficult to specify precise regions

Only surface regions

32
Q

In EEG, where are the electrodes placed?

A

On scalp

33
Q

In EEG, what are the electrodes used to measure?

A

Electrical signals

Changes in voltage over time

34
Q

What is an example of a motion artefact, that might affect a brain imaging technique?

A

Blinking

35
Q

What is a major benefit of EEG?

A

Good temporal resolution

36
Q

What are two drawbacks of EEG?

A

Weak spatial resolution

How can you determine which brain regions caused a pattern of activity?

37
Q

What does ERP stand for?

A

Event related potential

38
Q

What is an ERP?

A

Measured brain response to a specific stimulus

39
Q

ERPs are difficult to separate from all background EEG data, so an …..

A

Average response is graphed

40
Q

With ERPs, why is the average response graphed?

A

To reduce any extraneous neural activity

41
Q

Where does early visual processing occur?

A

The Primary visual cortex

42
Q

What is the slight temporal delay after neuron activity referred to?

A

Haemodynamic response

43
Q

What does BOLD tell us?

A

Which parts of the brain most active/when

44
Q

Is TMS invasive or invasive?

A

Invasive

45
Q

TMS uses ______ induction to induce weak electric currents in the cortex

A

Electromagnetic

46
Q

Which brain-imaging method can be used to evoke limb twitches?

A

TMS

47
Q

Spatial neglect is the result of ________

A

A stroke

48
Q

How can TMS be used to treat spatial neglect?

A

Stimulates (activates) neurons on the neglected side

49
Q

Analysis of EEG signals may be task _______ or task ________

A

Dependent

Independent

50
Q

How are EEG signals detected?

A

Each electrode given diff code

Amplifier measures changes in voltage

51
Q

An ERP is the average of ___________

A

Many single trials

52
Q

Which imaging techniques tells us about where early visual processing occurs?

A

FMRI
EEG
ERP

53
Q

Where does early visual processing occur?

A

Primary visual cortex

54
Q

What is the N170

A

ERP component that detects differentiation in neural response to faces/other stimuli

55
Q

ERP inspection told us WHAT about the brain when processing faces/objects?

A

Diff ERP trace depending on category

Brain processes pics more deeply after 170ms

56
Q

What is number conservation? (Piaget)

A

Ability to understand that a quantity will stage the same despite adjustment of container

57
Q

In terms of number conservation, what was the difference between 5/6 year olds and 9/10 year olds?

A

99.7% of 9/10 year olds could conserve vs only 2.5% of 5/6 year olds

Cognitive Psychology (10 decks)

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