Language 2 Flashcards
Reading is a _________ process
Multifaceted
Each language has its own conventional writing system called
Orthography
The conventional writing system, found in every language is called its
Orthography
What is orthography?
Conventional writing system found in every language
What is a transparent writing system?
Spelling of each word maps directly onto its pronunciation e.g. Finnish
English has an _______ writing system, containing ______ and ______ words
Opaque
Regular, Irregular
The processes required to facilitate reading a sentence are (5)
1) Orthography
2) Phonology
3) Semantics
4) Syntax
5) Discourse integration
What is the computational, cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud?
Dual-Route Cascaded Model
What is the Dual Route Cascaded mode?
A parallel model of visual word recognition and reading aloud
The DRC predicts there are two routes through which we read…
1) Lexical route
2) Non lexical route
What does the lexical route of the DRC predict?
Activate a whole-word representation from the mental database
What does the non-lexical route of the DRC predict?
Words are ‘sounded out’ - graphemes into phonemes
Build a phonological representation
The irregular word ‘Pint’ cannot follow the lexical route/non-lexical route
Non-lexical
What are 3 benefits of the DRC?
+ Clear account of disordered reading
+ Imaging evidence
+ Can explain dyslexia
What does imaging evidence tells about the DRC?
Provides evidence of different routes of processing
The system accesses lexical items (visual word recognition) based on....(4) V L C P
Visual input
Lexical characteristics
Context
Prediction
Are written word recognition impacted temporally?
No - do not have to wait for a word to ‘unfold’
Why can skilled readers recognise words quicker than non words?
We already have the real word stored in our mental lexicon
A non-word would need to be ______ letter by letter.
Decoded
Real words can be read out _____ than pseudo-homophones
Faster
Real words can be read out faster than ___________
Pseudohomophones
Real words can be read out faster than pseudo homophones. What is this extra evidence for?
Pre-existing orthographical lexicon
Which words are processed and read quicker, by skilled readers?
High frequency words
RT time is faster for high frequency words, whereas RT is slower for…
Low frequency words
Pseudohomophones
What is neighbourhood density?
Number of words phonologically/orthographically similar to another word
It is most commonly calculated by deleting or substituting a single sound in a word.
^What is this referring to?^
Neighbourhood density
Sentences are likely to bias towards one meaning or another, with __________ meanings and __________ meanings
Dominant
Subordinate
Does context always shorten RTs?
No, not if the sentence is incongruent with the word
(Context)
___ significance difference in RT when sentences are biased towards subordinate/dominant meaning
No
How does the DRC predict an individual learns to read?
1) Words initially decoded non-lexically
2) Orthographic lexicon gradually built up
What is the Self Teaching Hypothesis?
SHARE - children learn to read by teaching themselves
According to the Self-Teaching Hypothesis, how do children learn to read?
Convert graphemes into phonemes
Develop orthographic representations
According to the Self-Teaching Hypothesis, is much external help required?
No - children mainly teach themselves
What are the three pieces of evidence in support of Share’s Self-Teaching Hypothesis?
1) Akunia study
2) Evidence of self teaching
3) Evidence - phonological recoding critical to development of representations
Evidence for Self-Teaching Hypothesis
Akunia study
What was the method?
Stories read aloud to children containing target word
Tested on ability to recognise word from list
Evidence for Self-Teaching Hypothesis
Akunia study
What were the results?
Children could accurately pick out target word, not affected by incorrect/homophonic spelling
Evidence for Self-Teaching Hypothesis
Akunia study
What do the results suggest?
Children had built up their own orthographic lexicon