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Cognitive Psychology > Language 2 > Flashcards

Language 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Reading is a _________ process

A

Multifaceted

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2
Q

Each language has its own conventional writing system called

A

Orthography

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3
Q

The conventional writing system, found in every language is called its

A

Orthography

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4
Q

What is orthography?

A

Conventional writing system found in every language

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5
Q

What is a transparent writing system?

A

Spelling of each word maps directly onto its pronunciation e.g. Finnish

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6
Q

English has an _______ writing system, containing ______ and ______ words

A

Opaque

Regular, Irregular

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7
Q

The processes required to facilitate reading a sentence are (5)

A

1) Orthography
2) Phonology
3) Semantics
4) Syntax
5) Discourse integration

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8
Q

What is the computational, cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud?

A

Dual-Route Cascaded Model

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9
Q

What is the Dual Route Cascaded mode?

A

A parallel model of visual word recognition and reading aloud

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10
Q

The DRC predicts there are two routes through which we read…

A

1) Lexical route

2) Non lexical route

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11
Q

What does the lexical route of the DRC predict?

A

Activate a whole-word representation from the mental database

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12
Q

What does the non-lexical route of the DRC predict?

A

Words are ‘sounded out’ - graphemes into phonemes

Build a phonological representation

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13
Q

The irregular word ‘Pint’ cannot follow the lexical route/non-lexical route

A

Non-lexical

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14
Q

What are 3 benefits of the DRC?

A

+ Clear account of disordered reading
+ Imaging evidence
+ Can explain dyslexia

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15
Q

What does imaging evidence tells about the DRC?

A

Provides evidence of different routes of processing

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16
Q 
The system accesses lexical items (visual word recognition) based on....(4)
V
L
C
P
A

Visual input
Lexical characteristics
Context
Prediction

17
Q

Are written word recognition impacted temporally?

A

No - do not have to wait for a word to ‘unfold’

18
Q

Why can skilled readers recognise words quicker than non words?

A

We already have the real word stored in our mental lexicon

19
Q

A non-word would need to be ______ letter by letter.

A

Decoded

20
Q

Real words can be read out _____ than pseudo-homophones

A

Faster

21
Q

Real words can be read out faster than ___________

A

Pseudohomophones

22
Q

Real words can be read out faster than pseudo homophones. What is this extra evidence for?

A

Pre-existing orthographical lexicon

23
Q

Which words are processed and read quicker, by skilled readers?

A

High frequency words

24
Q

RT time is faster for high frequency words, whereas RT is slower for…

A

Low frequency words

Pseudohomophones

25
Q

What is neighbourhood density?

A

Number of words phonologically/orthographically similar to another word

26
Q

It is most commonly calculated by deleting or substituting a single sound in a word.

^What is this referring to?^

A

Neighbourhood density

27
Q

Sentences are likely to bias towards one meaning or another, with __________ meanings and __________ meanings

A

Dominant

Subordinate

28
Q

Does context always shorten RTs?

A

No, not if the sentence is incongruent with the word

29
Q

(Context)

___ significance difference in RT when sentences are biased towards subordinate/dominant meaning

A

No

30
Q

How does the DRC predict an individual learns to read?

A

1) Words initially decoded non-lexically

2) Orthographic lexicon gradually built up

31
Q

What is the Self Teaching Hypothesis?

A

SHARE - children learn to read by teaching themselves

32
Q

According to the Self-Teaching Hypothesis, how do children learn to read?

A

Convert graphemes into phonemes

Develop orthographic representations

33
Q

According to the Self-Teaching Hypothesis, is much external help required?

A

No - children mainly teach themselves

34
Q

What are the three pieces of evidence in support of Share’s Self-Teaching Hypothesis?

A

1) Akunia study
2) Evidence of self teaching
3) Evidence - phonological recoding critical to development of representations

35
Q

Evidence for Self-Teaching Hypothesis
Akunia study

What was the method?

A

Stories read aloud to children containing target word

Tested on ability to recognise word from list

36
Q

Evidence for Self-Teaching Hypothesis
Akunia study

What were the results?

A

Children could accurately pick out target word, not affected by incorrect/homophonic spelling

37
Q

Evidence for Self-Teaching Hypothesis
Akunia study

What do the results suggest?

A

Children had built up their own orthographic lexicon

Cognitive Psychology (10 decks)

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