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Cognitive Psychology > Attention > Flashcards

Attention Flashcards

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1
Q

What is attention described as?

A

An information filter

A spotlight

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2
Q

What is the cocktail party effect?

A

Ones focus changes abruptly due to salient stimulus

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3
Q

Somebody enters the room and calls your name as you are talking with your friends. Your attention immediately diverts to the person who said your name. What effect is this?

A

Cocktail party effect

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4
Q

What is a KEY STUDY (2) of inattention blindness?

A

Running track study

Policeman court case

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5
Q

What is inattentional blindness?

A

When you fail to see something that is plainly visible

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6
Q

You are on a run and run past a car crash scene at the side of the road. You did not notice it until shown CCTV of you running past the scene. What is this an example of?

A

In-attentional blindness

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7
Q

Who is in-attentional blindness more likely to affect?

A

A novice over an expert

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8
Q

Can in-attentional blindness occur in anyone?

A

Yes, even intelligent/vigilant people

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9
Q

What is the key in-attentional blindness running study?

A

Students asked to follow runner round track
Fight occurred on route
Asked if they saw anything unusual

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10
Q

In the IAB running study, what percentage of students saw the fight in daytime
What percentage saw the fight at night time?

A

72%

35%

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11
Q

In the IAB running study, what effect did increasing cognitive demand (count how many times the runner tapped his head) have?

A

Had major influence on IAB

Dropped to 56%

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12
Q

What are 3 reasons for in-attentional blindness?

A

1) Increased cog demand
2) Individual diffs between people
3) Conspicuity of stimulus

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13
Q

How can expectations cause in-attentional blindness?

A

Past experiences teach us what is relevant

I.e. expecting something to have a bright label, but on one occasion having a plain label

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14
Q

What is the conspicuity of a stimulus?

A

The degree to which it jumps to your attention

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15
Q

How can mental workload/task interference affect IAB?

A

It is MORE LIKELY to occur if part of our attention is diverted to a secondary task

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16
Q

Where are most of our attentional resources directed towards?

A

The centre

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17
Q

What did Laberge find, when placing targets in the centre of a screen?

A

People react at a faster rate when purposely spotting it

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18
Q

We preferentially process whatever falls into our…

A

Beam of focus

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19
Q

What might cause us to shift our attentional spotlight around?

A

1) Envirnomental cues

2) Exogenous/endogenous cues

20
Q

What is cueing?

A

Being informed about an upcoming event

21
Q

An amber traffic light is an example of…

A

Cueing

22
Q

A cue is often followed by…

A

A target stimulus

23
Q

A cue is often followed by a target stimulus. This is called

A

A valid cue

24
Q

Why might cues show up at locations other than that target?

A

To be misleading

25
Q

Exogenous and endogenous cues cause…

A

The attention to shift around

26
Q

In an experiment, what might cause a ppt’s attention to shift around?

A

Endogenous and exogenous cues

27
Q

What are exogenous cues?

A

Cues in a location we are NOT CURRENTLY ATTENDING TO

28
Q

What are endogenous cues?

A

Cues within our current focus

29
Q

What is inhibition of return?

A

Slower RT for targets appearing in previously inspected locations

30
Q

What is an evolutionary advantage of IOR?

A

More efficient for foraging

Stops animals searching same spot more than once

31
Q

Inhibition of return helps us not fixate on one location, and -

A

View the scene as a whole

32
Q

Inhibiting responses only happen when there are both…

A

Valid and invalid cues

33
Q

When does inhibition of return occur (3)

A

1) long cue-stimulus gap
2) criterion shift
3) evolved response

34
Q

What brain imaging method has been used to assess attention?

A

fMRI

35
Q

fMRI study into global/local motion

A

Ppts asked to report whether they saw global/local

Diff areas of brain activated in global vs local

36
Q

What part of the brain was more active in global motion processing?

A

a-IPS

37
Q

Studies into global/local processing suggest that spatial/feature based attention are…

A

Closely related

38
Q

What is global processing?

A

Processing a visual stimulus holistically (as a whole)

39
Q

What is local processing?

A

Processing the individual details of a stimulus rather than whole

40
Q

ERPs can tell us (3)…

A

a) neural response/diff tasks
b) timing of attention processes
c) between group diffs in attention mechanisms

41
Q

The Navon task is an example of ….

A

Global vs local processing

42
Q

The Navon task found that people are…

A

FASTER at identifying features at the global than at the local level

43
Q

What does the STROOP test demonstrate?

A

Interference in RTs of a task

44
Q

The store task shows that it is difficult to name the ink colour of a word if there is an….

A

INCONGRUENCE between colour-word and word-colour

45
Q

Stroop test

It is difficult to suppress our…

A

Automatic tendency to read

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