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Cognitive Psychology > Memory 1 > Flashcards

Memory 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

When we hear a word we are familiar with…

A

A representation is excited
Resting threshold exceeded
Ready for conscious processing

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2
Q

What one can retrieve from the LTM at any time is ______

& Depends on many factors that ___________

A

Limited

Contributed to retrieval

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3
Q

What are the three components of the LTM?

A

Procedural
Semantic
Episodic

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4
Q

Which two LTM memory forms are declarative?

A

Episodic

Semantic

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5
Q

What are LTM memories that literally take you back to the moment you experienced them?

A

Autobiographical

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6
Q

What LTM memories hold strong emotional content?

A

Flashbulb memories

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7
Q

Out of the LTM memory stores, which is not declarative?

A

Procedural

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8
Q

Out of the LTM memory stores, which is implicit?

A

Procedural

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9
Q

Procedural memories are ______ and not ________

A

Implicit

Delcarative

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10
Q

Are procedural memories retrieved consciously or unconsciously?

A

Unconsciously

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11
Q

Which of the LTM stores is the largest?

A

Procedural

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12
Q

Which of the LTM stores is the smallest?

A

Semantic

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13
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Memory that stores information and meaning about the world

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14
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Memory that stores info about events

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15
Q

Which of the LTM stores may be perceptually encoded?

A

Episodic

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16
Q

What does perceptually encoded mean?

A

Cued by a sight/sound/smell

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17
Q

Semantic memories contribute to many of our _______ abilities and _____ formation

A

Cognitive abilities

Concept formation

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18
Q

Is semantic memory stable or unstable?

A

Stable & consistent

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19
Q

Which is the first LTM system to develop?

A

Procedural

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20
Q

Laws, principles, strategies and facts are all present in ______ memory.

A

Semantic

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21
Q

Remembering of information indicates….

A

Memory of the event of learning that information

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22
Q

What are lesions?

A

Brain damage that results in a loss of a specific function

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23
Q

3 Paradigms

LTM Theory

A

Lesions
Imaging
Cog Paradigms

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24
Q

What was it predicted that brain lesions would result in (LTM theory)

A

Should be able to encode info into semantic without forming an episodic memory

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25
Q

What was the true outcome - brain lesions (LTM theory)

A

Brain injury studies

Episodic memory loss but language/literacy knowledge acquired at school still there

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26
Q

What is brain lesion evidence proof of?

A

Distinct memory stores

Can work independently of each other

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27
Q

fMRI/other imaging techniques can show a difference in brain activation when people….

A

Process information from semantic or episodic memory

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28
Q

What were the findings regarding episodic and semantic information in brain imaging studies?

A

Different patterns of activation when recalling semantic vs episodic

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29
Q

Which is most convincing out of

a) lesion evidence
b) imaging evidence
c) cognitive paradigm evidence

A

All equally convincing

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30
Q

How is new episodic information learnt/transferred to LTM?

A

It is bound with existing LTM memory

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31
Q

Which memory system manages the links between memory systems?

A

Hippocampus

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32
Q

What is the hippocampus, in terms of memory storage?

A

The temporary memory store

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33
Q

Consolidation is the process of…

A

Stabilising a memory after the initial acquisition

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34
Q

Memory consolidation is thought to consist of… (2)

A

a) synaptic consolidation

b) system consolidationn

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35
Q

What is system consolidation?

A

Hippo-campus dependent memories gradually become independent of the hippocampus

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36
Q

What is a computational model of memory consolidation?

A

Two stage model of memory

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37
Q

What is the two stage model of memory consolidation?

A

Hippocampal systems –> neocortex over time

38
Q

What are the two components of the dual memory system?

A

Hippocampus

Neocortex

39
Q

What is catastrophic interference?

A

Tendency to completely/abruptly forget previous info upon learning new info

40
Q

The hippocampus and neocortex involved in order to overcome….

A

Catastrophic interference

41
Q

The two-step system ensures that memories aren’t….

A

Overwritten

42
Q

What does the Systems Consolidation Hypothesis propose?

A

Sleep is an OFFLINE MODEL of information processing

43
Q

What happens to newly encoded information during sleep, according to SCH?

A

Redistributed to neural networks serving as LTM during SWS

44
Q

At what stage of sleep does systems-consolidation occur?

A

Short wave sleep (SWS)

45
Q

What are the stages of systems consolidation hypothesis (SCH)?

A

Memories - reactivated selectively

Undergo qualitative changes for storage

46
Q

What kind of memories does SWS prefer?

A

Memories with relevance for future plans

47
Q

______ and ______ knowledge from implicitly learned materials is facilitated (SCH)

A

Explicit

Conscious

48
Q

Is there evidence for SWS playing a causal role in memory consolidation?

A

Yes

49
Q

What is an example of dual processes of cognition

A

Explicit and implicit thinking

50
Q

How many studies are there to provide support for the role of sleep in systems consolidation?

A

2

51
Q

Atizena & Cantero (SCH Study 1)

What were participants required to do?

A

Exposure to either emotional/non emotional images

Half pps were sleep deprived, control slept at home

52
Q

Atizena & Cantero (SCH Study 1)

What were the findings?

A

EMOTIONAL images gained preference during encoding

Sleep deprivation = memory impairment

53
Q

Atizena & Cantero (SCH Study 1)

What happened in the test phase, after 1 week?

A

Pps asked to classify pics as ‘know’ or ‘remember’

More likely to ‘remember’ if they had slept normally

54
Q

Rasch (SCH study 2)

What were the participants require dot do?

A

Learned location of pairs of cards while exposed to scent of roses

Slept to scent of roses/control: no scent

55
Q

Rasch (SCH study 2)

What were the findings

A

Exposure to scent resulted in BETTER memory compared to control

56
Q

Rasch (SCH study 2)

What was the effect if the participants were exposed to the scent whilst awake?

A

No effect

57
Q

What is the multiple trace theory?

A

The idea that links with the hippocampus are maintained

58
Q

In the multiple trace theory, what is stored in the neocortex?

A

The facts of an episode are extracted and stored in the neocortex

59
Q

What is the main difference between the two-step model and the multiple trace theory?

A

In MTT, links are not lost

60
Q

Multiple Trace Theory

Each time information is presented to a person, it is…

A

Neurally encoded in a unique memory trace

61
Q

Both the Two-Step model and Systems Consolidation hypothesis suggest information is…

A

Initially encoded in episodic memory

Then transferred to semantic

62
Q

Where did Clive Wearing suffer brain damage?

A

Hippocampus

63
Q

Clive Wearing suffered damage to his hippocampus, which resulted in…., a symptom of which is

A

Anterograde amnesia

Inability to make/keep memories

64
Q

The two stage model predicts that information won’t make it to semantic if…

A

It isn’t consolidated into episodic

65
Q

The two stage model predicts that information won’t make it to semantic if it isn’t encoded into episodic. What evidence is there against this

A

Children with episodic memory damage can still form semantic

66
Q

What are 3 of the seven sins of memory…

A

Misattribution
Suggestibility
Bias

67
Q

The two stage model of memory predicts that cortical learning/immediate consolidation into semantic memory is possible if…?

A

Info is consistent with existing knowledge

68
Q

Schema consistent information is learnt…

A

More quickly than schema inconsistent information

69
Q

In the systems consolidation hypothesis, is information gradually or rapidly extracted

A

Gradually

70
Q

Semantic memory functions best when…

A

Initially stored in episodic

Gradually consolidated in semantic over time

71
Q

Episodic memory facilitates semantic memory

Semantic memory facilitates episodic memory

A

Which is true?

72
Q

__________ of new with existing information facilitates learning

A

Interleaving

73
Q

What might forgetting be a result of?

A

Lack of consolidation

74
Q

Absentmindedness may be due to

A

Lack of encoding

75
Q

Lack of attention may affect

A

Ability to encode

76
Q

Spreading activation is a process that activates…

A

Semantically related information

77
Q

Spreading activation predicts that if lots of associations are active, this means

A

Memory will be better

78
Q

The two stage model was originally elaborated for declarative/non-declarative memories.

A

Declarative

79
Q

The SCH predicts that new memories are encoded into a ________( ) then gradually transferred into a _________( )

A

Temporary store (hippocampus)

LTM store
neocortex

80
Q

Does system consolidation take place during SWS or REM?

A

SWS

81
Q

SCH

Memories, when transferred to the long term store, undergo __________ changes

A

Qualitative

82
Q

Memories are reactivated/deactivated during SWS

A

Reactivated

83
Q

How does the brain prevent newly learned materials washing away old memories

A

Two parallel stores

Subsequent periods of consolidation where new memory traces are repeatedly reactivated & redistribute

84
Q

SCH

The s’slow learning’ store is the

A

Neocortex

85
Q

Neocortical networks gradually lose their dependence on hippocampal networks

True or false?

A

True

86
Q

Which, out of episodic and semantic memory are more likely to become independent of the hippocampus quicker?

A

Semantic (for episodic, HC function may be required even after years)

87
Q

What are the two types of consolidations for memory

A

System

Synaptic

88
Q

This type of consolidation implicates the strengthening of memory representations at the synaptic level

A

Synaptic consolidation

89
Q

Hippocampal to neocortical redistribution of memory representations is promoted by….

A

Sleep

90
Q

Sleep supports a passive/active process of system consolidation

A

Active

Cognitive Psychology (10 decks)

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