Memory 1 Flashcards
When we hear a word we are familiar with…
A representation is excited
Resting threshold exceeded
Ready for conscious processing
What one can retrieve from the LTM at any time is ______
& Depends on many factors that ___________
Limited
Contributed to retrieval
What are the three components of the LTM?
Procedural
Semantic
Episodic
Which two LTM memory forms are declarative?
Episodic
Semantic
What are LTM memories that literally take you back to the moment you experienced them?
Autobiographical
What LTM memories hold strong emotional content?
Flashbulb memories
Out of the LTM memory stores, which is not declarative?
Procedural
Out of the LTM memory stores, which is implicit?
Procedural
Procedural memories are ______ and not ________
Implicit
Delcarative
Are procedural memories retrieved consciously or unconsciously?
Unconsciously
Which of the LTM stores is the largest?
Procedural
Which of the LTM stores is the smallest?
Semantic
What is semantic memory?
Memory that stores information and meaning about the world
What is episodic memory?
Memory that stores info about events
Which of the LTM stores may be perceptually encoded?
Episodic
What does perceptually encoded mean?
Cued by a sight/sound/smell
Semantic memories contribute to many of our _______ abilities and _____ formation
Cognitive abilities
Concept formation
Is semantic memory stable or unstable?
Stable & consistent
Which is the first LTM system to develop?
Procedural
Laws, principles, strategies and facts are all present in ______ memory.
Semantic
Remembering of information indicates….
Memory of the event of learning that information
What are lesions?
Brain damage that results in a loss of a specific function
3 Paradigms
LTM Theory
Lesions
Imaging
Cog Paradigms
What was it predicted that brain lesions would result in (LTM theory)
Should be able to encode info into semantic without forming an episodic memory
What was the true outcome - brain lesions (LTM theory)
Brain injury studies
Episodic memory loss but language/literacy knowledge acquired at school still there
What is brain lesion evidence proof of?
Distinct memory stores
Can work independently of each other
fMRI/other imaging techniques can show a difference in brain activation when people….
Process information from semantic or episodic memory
What were the findings regarding episodic and semantic information in brain imaging studies?
Different patterns of activation when recalling semantic vs episodic
Which is most convincing out of
a) lesion evidence
b) imaging evidence
c) cognitive paradigm evidence
All equally convincing
How is new episodic information learnt/transferred to LTM?
It is bound with existing LTM memory
Which memory system manages the links between memory systems?
Hippocampus
What is the hippocampus, in terms of memory storage?
The temporary memory store
Consolidation is the process of…
Stabilising a memory after the initial acquisition
Memory consolidation is thought to consist of… (2)
a) synaptic consolidation
b) system consolidationn
What is system consolidation?
Hippo-campus dependent memories gradually become independent of the hippocampus
What is a computational model of memory consolidation?
Two stage model of memory
What is the two stage model of memory consolidation?
Hippocampal systems –> neocortex over time
What are the two components of the dual memory system?
Hippocampus
Neocortex
What is catastrophic interference?
Tendency to completely/abruptly forget previous info upon learning new info
The hippocampus and neocortex involved in order to overcome….
Catastrophic interference
The two-step system ensures that memories aren’t….
Overwritten
What does the Systems Consolidation Hypothesis propose?
Sleep is an OFFLINE MODEL of information processing
What happens to newly encoded information during sleep, according to SCH?
Redistributed to neural networks serving as LTM during SWS
At what stage of sleep does systems-consolidation occur?
Short wave sleep (SWS)
What are the stages of systems consolidation hypothesis (SCH)?
Memories - reactivated selectively
Undergo qualitative changes for storage
What kind of memories does SWS prefer?
Memories with relevance for future plans
______ and ______ knowledge from implicitly learned materials is facilitated (SCH)
Explicit
Conscious
Is there evidence for SWS playing a causal role in memory consolidation?
Yes
What is an example of dual processes of cognition
Explicit and implicit thinking
How many studies are there to provide support for the role of sleep in systems consolidation?
2
Atizena & Cantero (SCH Study 1)
What were participants required to do?
Exposure to either emotional/non emotional images
Half pps were sleep deprived, control slept at home
Atizena & Cantero (SCH Study 1)
What were the findings?
EMOTIONAL images gained preference during encoding
Sleep deprivation = memory impairment
Atizena & Cantero (SCH Study 1)
What happened in the test phase, after 1 week?
Pps asked to classify pics as ‘know’ or ‘remember’
More likely to ‘remember’ if they had slept normally
Rasch (SCH study 2)
What were the participants require dot do?
Learned location of pairs of cards while exposed to scent of roses
Slept to scent of roses/control: no scent
Rasch (SCH study 2)
What were the findings
Exposure to scent resulted in BETTER memory compared to control
Rasch (SCH study 2)
What was the effect if the participants were exposed to the scent whilst awake?
No effect
What is the multiple trace theory?
The idea that links with the hippocampus are maintained
In the multiple trace theory, what is stored in the neocortex?
The facts of an episode are extracted and stored in the neocortex
What is the main difference between the two-step model and the multiple trace theory?
In MTT, links are not lost
Multiple Trace Theory
Each time information is presented to a person, it is…
Neurally encoded in a unique memory trace
Both the Two-Step model and Systems Consolidation hypothesis suggest information is…
Initially encoded in episodic memory
Then transferred to semantic
Where did Clive Wearing suffer brain damage?
Hippocampus
Clive Wearing suffered damage to his hippocampus, which resulted in…., a symptom of which is
Anterograde amnesia
Inability to make/keep memories
The two stage model predicts that information won’t make it to semantic if…
It isn’t consolidated into episodic
The two stage model predicts that information won’t make it to semantic if it isn’t encoded into episodic. What evidence is there against this
Children with episodic memory damage can still form semantic
What are 3 of the seven sins of memory…
Misattribution
Suggestibility
Bias
The two stage model of memory predicts that cortical learning/immediate consolidation into semantic memory is possible if…?
Info is consistent with existing knowledge
Schema consistent information is learnt…
More quickly than schema inconsistent information
In the systems consolidation hypothesis, is information gradually or rapidly extracted
Gradually
Semantic memory functions best when…
Initially stored in episodic
Gradually consolidated in semantic over time
Episodic memory facilitates semantic memory
Semantic memory facilitates episodic memory
Which is true?
__________ of new with existing information facilitates learning
Interleaving
What might forgetting be a result of?
Lack of consolidation
Absentmindedness may be due to
Lack of encoding
Lack of attention may affect
Ability to encode
Spreading activation is a process that activates…
Semantically related information
Spreading activation predicts that if lots of associations are active, this means
Memory will be better
The two stage model was originally elaborated for declarative/non-declarative memories.
Declarative
The SCH predicts that new memories are encoded into a ________( ) then gradually transferred into a _________( )
Temporary store (hippocampus)
LTM store
neocortex
Does system consolidation take place during SWS or REM?
SWS
SCH
Memories, when transferred to the long term store, undergo __________ changes
Qualitative
Memories are reactivated/deactivated during SWS
Reactivated
How does the brain prevent newly learned materials washing away old memories
Two parallel stores
Subsequent periods of consolidation where new memory traces are repeatedly reactivated & redistribute
SCH
The s’slow learning’ store is the
Neocortex
Neocortical networks gradually lose their dependence on hippocampal networks
True or false?
True
Which, out of episodic and semantic memory are more likely to become independent of the hippocampus quicker?
Semantic (for episodic, HC function may be required even after years)
What are the two types of consolidations for memory
System
Synaptic
This type of consolidation implicates the strengthening of memory representations at the synaptic level
Synaptic consolidation
Hippocampal to neocortical redistribution of memory representations is promoted by….
Sleep
Sleep supports a passive/active process of system consolidation
Active
