Language 1 Flashcards
Do we prepare what we’re going to say before we say it? What evidence is there to support this?
Speech onset is LONGER when the sentence is more ADVANCED
Evidence from speech errors suggest that we plan…
Out a whole phrase before slotting words into it
Neural network
What is largely based on neural networks?
Models of speech
Models of speech are largely based on…
Neural networks
_____ represent groups of neurons firing in response to stimuli
Nodes
Activation of nodes spreads across the network once we have surpassed the…
Threshold of activation
What is a phoneme?
Distinct unit of sound i.e. p, b
The letter ‘B’ is an example of…
A phoneme
What is a grapheme?
Letter/number of letters representing a sound, i.e. ea, ph
What is lexis?
Complete set of words
What is syntax?
Grammatical arrangement of words in a sentence
The grammatical arrangement of words in a sentence.
What is this?
Syntax
The sound ‘ai’ is an example of…
A grapheme
What is morphology?
The structure of words, i.e. suffixes, prefixes
Can graphemes be represented by more than one phoneme?
Yes
Individual phonemes combine to create…
Syllables
The model is a cascaded, interactive model of speech production.
What model is the above description referring to?
Dell’s Spreading Activation Theory
The Spreading Activation Theory is a ______, _____ model of speech production
Cascaded, interactive
A cascaded model is where information flows downwards in a
Progressive fashion
An interactive model is where
Occurs at the same time across all levels (parallel)
What are the 4 levels of Dell’s Spreading Activation theory?
Semantic
Syntactic
Morphological
Phoneme
Which of the following (2) is NOT a level of Dell’s Spreading Activation Theory?
Semantic Orthographic Syntactic Morphological Phoneme Lexical
What is spreading activation?
When a node (word) is activated, activation spreads to other related words
Dell’s Model predicts that speech errors occur because…
Incorrect item is sometimes activated more than correct item
Dell predicts that items that overlap in terms of semantics or phonology should result in…
Higher error rate
Dell predicts that items that overlap in terms of ____ or_____ should result in a higher error rate
Semantics
Phonology
(DELL)
Items that overlap in terms of semantic or phonology should result in a higher error rate as __________
Numerous nodes activated at same time
What are two pieces of evidence in support of Dell’s Spreading Activation Theory?
1) Ferreira & Griffin
2) Speech errors
In support of Spreading Activation Theory,
Ferreira and Griffin found that pps…
Could inhibit match to say priest
Could not inhibit nun and say priest
What are two pieces of evidence against the Spreading Activation Theory?
1) Phonological interference effects EXPECTED but not found
2) Supportive research also supports other models
WEAVER stands for
Word-form encoding by activation and verification
Word-form encoding by activation and verification
What model is this?
WEAVER by Levelt
It is a feed-forward, top-down discrete model.
What model is this description referring to?
WEAVER - Levelt
Which of the models is top-down & discrete?
Levelt’s WEAVER
What does top-down, discrete model mean?
One process must be completed before progression onto the next
What are the 3 main levels of WEAVER?
Lexical concepts
Lemmas
Morphemes
What are the two main differences between Levelt’s and Dell’s model?
1) Cascaded vs discrete
2) Addition of lemma stage
Which level of Levelt’s model depends on competitive processes?
Lexical selection
Does Spreading Activation occur in Levelt’s model? If so, at which stage?
Yes - lexical selection stage
At what level of Levelt’s model are inhibitory signals sent out?
Lemma stage
What happens at the Lemma stage of Levelt’s model, which prevents us from making speech errors?
Inhibitory signals ‘checking mechanism’
Why aren’t speech errors possible at the Lemma level?
Only one word activated at this level
‘Checking mechanism’
According to Levelt’s model, speech errors are only really possible for…
Concepts very closely related so both viable for selection/processing
What are the 5 stages one goes through according to Levelt’s model of speech production?
1) Concept selected
2) Lemma
3) Morphological
4) Phonological
5) Articulation
What are the two pieces of evidence for Levelt’s WEAVER model?
1) Wheeldon & Monsell
2) TOT states
What evidence did Wheeldon & Monsell find in support of Level’ts WEAVER model?
RTs slower for semantically related words than unrelated
What are TOT states?
Tip of tongue
When you know a word but can’t quite articulate it
How do Italian speaker TOT states provide evidence for Levelt’s model?
Couldn’t quite articulate word
But knew the grammatical gender
Italian speaker TOT provides strong evidence for which stage of Levelt’s model?
Lemma stage
If Levelt’s model is discrete/top down, ________ processing should only occur for items that have been selected, not ‘non target’ information
Phonological
One research study used words that overlapped in phonology, such as dog and doll. Levelt would say…
There’d be no difference in RT
One research study used words that overlapped in phonology, such as dog and doll. Dell would say…
Phonology activated for both word forms
RT would be quicker
One research study used words that overlapped in phonology, such as dog and doll. It was found that…
Phonologically related RTs = faster
Is there evidence for the Lemma?
Yes
Japanese Kanji is an example of a
Logographic system (symbols represent words)
Which of the following are not a building block of language?
Semantics
Speech hesitations
Syntax
Morphology
Speech hesitations
A single unit of sound
Phoneme
A unit in a writing system
Grapheme
1 grapheme is represented by more than 1 phoneme
1 grapheme can be represented by more than 1 phoneme
Which is true?
1 grapheme CAN BE represented by more than 1 phoneme
In spreading activation model, semantically related items…
Will be activated
What do hesitations in the onset of speech say about speech?
Difficulty in speech planning process
What is a semantic substitution error?
Correct word replaced by word of similar meaning
4 Levels of Dell’s Spreading Activation theory
Semantic
Syntax
Morphology
Phoneme
What does the syntax level of Dell’s model involve
Grammatical structure
What does the semantic level of Dell’s model involve
Meaning/planning
Dell’s Model
Generally cascades down the model but is ______ and can be ____ ____ _____
Interactive
Up or down
According to Dell’s model, why do speech errors occur in terms of activation?
1) incorrect word more activated
2) both activated equally = blend errors?
Does Ferreira and Griffins nun/priest study support or go against Dell’s Spreading Activation theory?
Supports
Ferreria and Griffins nun/none/priest study show that semantically and…
Phonologically related items are all active at the same time
Lowest level of Levelts WEAVER?
Morpheme/phonological level
Which level is selected first for Levelt’s WEAVER model
Lexical concepts/selection level
Levelt assumes that speech errors occur because more than one…
Lexical unit may be selected at the lexical selection level
Is Levelt’s model interactive or non interactive?
Not interactive
According to Dell, are speech production processes flexible or not very flexible?
Very flexible
According to LEVELT, processing of items which are semantically similar will be _______
Inhibitive
TOT state
Semantic processing successful, we activate correct lemma but….
Phonological processing is unsuccessful (we cannot produce sound)
Italian speakers did/did not know the grammatical gender of the word +/but not the specific morpheme or phoneme
DID know grammatical gender
But not specific morpheme or phoneme
Evidence for AND against for Levelt’s TOT Lemma state?
Italian speakers vs German
What kind of words did Harley and Brown argue the TOT state generally tends to occur with?
Words that don’t sound similar to other words e.g. apron
Levelt predicted phonological similarity should/should not affect processing of competing items
should not
Self monitoring evidence
Speakers often correct themselves before producing incorrect word
