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Cognitive Psychology > Language 1 > Flashcards

Language 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Do we prepare what we’re going to say before we say it? What evidence is there to support this?

A

Speech onset is LONGER when the sentence is more ADVANCED

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2
Q

Evidence from speech errors suggest that we plan…

A

Out a whole phrase before slotting words into it

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3
Q

Neural network

What is largely based on neural networks?

A

Models of speech

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4
Q

Models of speech are largely based on…

A

Neural networks

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5
Q

_____ represent groups of neurons firing in response to stimuli

A

Nodes

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6
Q

Activation of nodes spreads across the network once we have surpassed the…

A

Threshold of activation

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7
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

Distinct unit of sound i.e. p, b

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8
Q

The letter ‘B’ is an example of…

A

A phoneme

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9
Q

What is a grapheme?

A

Letter/number of letters representing a sound, i.e. ea, ph

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10
Q

What is lexis?

A

Complete set of words

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11
Q

What is syntax?

A

Grammatical arrangement of words in a sentence

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12
Q

The grammatical arrangement of words in a sentence.

What is this?

A

Syntax

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13
Q

The sound ‘ai’ is an example of…

A

A grapheme

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14
Q

What is morphology?

A

The structure of words, i.e. suffixes, prefixes

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15
Q

Can graphemes be represented by more than one phoneme?

A

Yes

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16
Q

Individual phonemes combine to create…

A

Syllables

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17
Q

The model is a cascaded, interactive model of speech production.

What model is the above description referring to?

A

Dell’s Spreading Activation Theory

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18
Q

The Spreading Activation Theory is a ______, _____ model of speech production

A

Cascaded, interactive

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19
Q

A cascaded model is where information flows downwards in a

A

Progressive fashion

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20
Q

An interactive model is where

A

Occurs at the same time across all levels (parallel)

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21
Q

What are the 4 levels of Dell’s Spreading Activation theory?

A

Semantic
Syntactic
Morphological
Phoneme

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22
Q

Which of the following (2) is NOT a level of Dell’s Spreading Activation Theory?

A 
Semantic 
Orthographic 
Syntactic 
Morphological 
Phoneme 
Lexical
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23
Q

What is spreading activation?

A

When a node (word) is activated, activation spreads to other related words

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24
Q

Dell’s Model predicts that speech errors occur because…

A

Incorrect item is sometimes activated more than correct item

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25
Q

Dell predicts that items that overlap in terms of semantics or phonology should result in…

A

Higher error rate

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26
Q

Dell predicts that items that overlap in terms of ____ or_____ should result in a higher error rate

A

Semantics

Phonology

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27
Q

(DELL)

Items that overlap in terms of semantic or phonology should result in a higher error rate as __________

A

Numerous nodes activated at same time

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28
Q

What are two pieces of evidence in support of Dell’s Spreading Activation Theory?

A

1) Ferreira & Griffin

2) Speech errors

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29
Q

In support of Spreading Activation Theory,

Ferreira and Griffin found that pps…

A

Could inhibit match to say priest

Could not inhibit nun and say priest

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30
Q

What are two pieces of evidence against the Spreading Activation Theory?

A

1) Phonological interference effects EXPECTED but not found

2) Supportive research also supports other models

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31
Q

WEAVER stands for

A

Word-form encoding by activation and verification

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32
Q

Word-form encoding by activation and verification

What model is this?

A

WEAVER by Levelt

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33
Q

It is a feed-forward, top-down discrete model.

What model is this description referring to?

A

WEAVER - Levelt

34
Q

Which of the models is top-down & discrete?

A

Levelt’s WEAVER

35
Q

What does top-down, discrete model mean?

A

One process must be completed before progression onto the next

36
Q

What are the 3 main levels of WEAVER?

A

Lexical concepts
Lemmas
Morphemes

37
Q

What are the two main differences between Levelt’s and Dell’s model?

A

1) Cascaded vs discrete

2) Addition of lemma stage

38
Q

Which level of Levelt’s model depends on competitive processes?

A

Lexical selection

39
Q

Does Spreading Activation occur in Levelt’s model? If so, at which stage?

A

Yes - lexical selection stage

40
Q

At what level of Levelt’s model are inhibitory signals sent out?

A

Lemma stage

41
Q

What happens at the Lemma stage of Levelt’s model, which prevents us from making speech errors?

A

Inhibitory signals ‘checking mechanism’

42
Q

Why aren’t speech errors possible at the Lemma level?

A

Only one word activated at this level

‘Checking mechanism’

43
Q

According to Levelt’s model, speech errors are only really possible for…

A

Concepts very closely related so both viable for selection/processing

44
Q

What are the 5 stages one goes through according to Levelt’s model of speech production?

A

1) Concept selected
2) Lemma
3) Morphological
4) Phonological
5) Articulation

45
Q

What are the two pieces of evidence for Levelt’s WEAVER model?

A

1) Wheeldon & Monsell

2) TOT states

46
Q

What evidence did Wheeldon & Monsell find in support of Level’ts WEAVER model?

A

RTs slower for semantically related words than unrelated

47
Q

What are TOT states?

A

Tip of tongue

When you know a word but can’t quite articulate it

48
Q

How do Italian speaker TOT states provide evidence for Levelt’s model?

A

Couldn’t quite articulate word

But knew the grammatical gender

49
Q

Italian speaker TOT provides strong evidence for which stage of Levelt’s model?

A

Lemma stage

50
Q

If Levelt’s model is discrete/top down, ________ processing should only occur for items that have been selected, not ‘non target’ information

A

Phonological

51
Q

One research study used words that overlapped in phonology, such as dog and doll. Levelt would say…

A

There’d be no difference in RT

52
Q

One research study used words that overlapped in phonology, such as dog and doll. Dell would say…

A

Phonology activated for both word forms

RT would be quicker

53
Q

One research study used words that overlapped in phonology, such as dog and doll. It was found that…

A

Phonologically related RTs = faster

54
Q

Is there evidence for the Lemma?

A

Yes

55
Q

Japanese Kanji is an example of a

A

Logographic system (symbols represent words)

56
Q

Which of the following are not a building block of language?

Semantics
Speech hesitations
Syntax
Morphology

A

Speech hesitations

57
Q

A single unit of sound

A

Phoneme

58
Q

A unit in a writing system

A

Grapheme

59
Q

1 grapheme is represented by more than 1 phoneme

1 grapheme can be represented by more than 1 phoneme

Which is true?

A

1 grapheme CAN BE represented by more than 1 phoneme

60
Q

In spreading activation model, semantically related items…

A

Will be activated

61
Q

What do hesitations in the onset of speech say about speech?

A

Difficulty in speech planning process

62
Q

What is a semantic substitution error?

A

Correct word replaced by word of similar meaning

63
Q

4 Levels of Dell’s Spreading Activation theory

A

Semantic
Syntax
Morphology
Phoneme

64
Q

What does the syntax level of Dell’s model involve

A

Grammatical structure

65
Q

What does the semantic level of Dell’s model involve

A

Meaning/planning

66
Q

Dell’s Model

Generally cascades down the model but is ______ and can be ____ ____ _____

A

Interactive

Up or down

67
Q

According to Dell’s model, why do speech errors occur in terms of activation?

A

1) incorrect word more activated

2) both activated equally = blend errors?

68
Q

Does Ferreira and Griffins nun/priest study support or go against Dell’s Spreading Activation theory?

A

Supports

69
Q

Ferreria and Griffins nun/none/priest study show that semantically and…

A

Phonologically related items are all active at the same time

70
Q

Lowest level of Levelts WEAVER?

A

Morpheme/phonological level

71
Q

Which level is selected first for Levelt’s WEAVER model

A

Lexical concepts/selection level

72
Q

Levelt assumes that speech errors occur because more than one…

A

Lexical unit may be selected at the lexical selection level

73
Q

Is Levelt’s model interactive or non interactive?

A

Not interactive

74
Q

According to Dell, are speech production processes flexible or not very flexible?

A

Very flexible

75
Q

According to LEVELT, processing of items which are semantically similar will be _______

A

Inhibitive

76
Q

TOT state

Semantic processing successful, we activate correct lemma but….

A

Phonological processing is unsuccessful (we cannot produce sound)

77
Q

Italian speakers did/did not know the grammatical gender of the word +/but not the specific morpheme or phoneme

A

DID know grammatical gender

But not specific morpheme or phoneme

78
Q

Evidence for AND against for Levelt’s TOT Lemma state?

A

Italian speakers vs German

79
Q

What kind of words did Harley and Brown argue the TOT state generally tends to occur with?

A

Words that don’t sound similar to other words e.g. apron

80
Q

Levelt predicted phonological similarity should/should not affect processing of competing items

A

should not

81
Q

Self monitoring evidence

A

Speakers often correct themselves before producing incorrect word

Cognitive Psychology (10 decks)

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