Memory Flashcards
Memory to do a future action at a certain time.
Prospective Memory
The inability to retrieve episodic memories before about 3-4 years old.
Infantile Amnesia
A sensory memory involving the brief auditory storage of information.
Echoic Memory
Model of memory consisting of sensory, short-term & long-term memories.
Multi-Store Model
Unconscious encoding of secondary information (space, time, & frequency).
Automatic Processing
Basic level based on the structure or appearance of words.
Shallow Encoding
A type of explicit memory involving knowledge of facts.
Semantic Memory
Describes short-term memory processed. involves the central executive, phonological loop, & visuospatial sketchpad.
Working Memory Model
Memory technique involving thinking
deeper processing of the encoded item.
Elabortative Rehearsal
Short-term memories are transformed into stable, long-term memories.
Memory Consolidation
Retrieving information learned earlier without the aid of or external cues.
-Retrieving information from memory.
Recall
Creating associations between new
information & something already encoded.
Mnemonic Devices
The tendency to remember the first items in a list best.
Primacy Effect
Explicit memory involving specific situations - experiences.
Episodic Memory
Imagining an event that never happened increases confidence that the event actually occurred.
Imagination Inflation
The meaning of the words or their connection with other memories.
Deep Encoding
Newer memories block the recall of older
information.
Retroactice Interference
Inability to form new memories after the
onset of amnesia.
Anterograde Amnesia
Older memories hinder the recall of newer information.
Proactive Interference
General concept of memory of specific facts
& experiences.
Explicit Memory
Amnesia about how previously learned
information was acquired, but keeping the factual knowledge.
Source Amnesia
Enhanced memory due to testing it, rather than simply rereading, information.
Testing Effect
Encoding that requires attention & conscious effort.
Effortful Processing
Process of accessing & bringing stored information into
attention.
Retrevial
A graph showing retention & forgetting overtime.
Forgetting Curve
When a person’s recall of a memory is less accurate because of information received after the event.
Misinformation Effect
The continuous storage of
information, which is theoretically unlimited.
Long-Term Memory
The tendency to remember the last items in a list best.
Recency Effect
Transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory.
Encoding
Short-term memories are transformed into long-term memories. Occurs during sleep.
Memory Consolidation
Recall the first & last items in a list better than the middle items.
Serial Position Effect
Identifying previously learned information with the help of external cues.
Recognition
A memory device associating items to be
remembered with specific physical locations.
Method of Loci
Part of working memory that handles verbal &
auditory information.
Phonological Loop
Part of working memory that directs & coordinates the working memory.
Central Executive
Short-term memory, it involves information currently in use.
Primary Memory System
Influences behavior without awareness, such as skills & conditioned responses.
Implicit Memory
A sensory memory involving the brief visual
storage of information.
Iconic Memory
Brief storage of sensory information, lasting
only a few seconds.
Sensory Memory
Loss of memory for events that occurred
before the onset of amnesia.
Retrograde Amnesia
Part of working memory that handles visual & spatial information.
Visuospatial Sketchpad
“Cramming” studying for long periods, without interruption.
Mass Practice
Using general knowledge & experiences to fill in gaps & create a complete memory of an event.
Constructive Memory
A psychodynamic defense mechanism that ‘forgets’ anxiety-arousing memories.
Repression
The depth of processing
(shallow/ deep) affects how well information is remembered.
Levels of Processing Memory
When you can’t recall
something even though you know it & it’s just out of reach.
Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon
Type of implicit memory involving motor skills & behaviors.
- Muscle memory (riding a bike).
Procedural Memory
Repeating information over & over to keep
it in short-term memory.
Maintenance Rehearsal
Inability to recall specific information because of insufficient encoding.
Encoding Failure
Spreading out study activities over time.
Distributed Practice
A memory device of placing large items into manageable
blocks.
Chunking
Process of maintaining information in memory over time.
Storage
Increased recall of items leads to neural changes and gets closer & increased speed of recall.
Long-Term Potentiation
