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AP Psychology > Biology of the Brain > Flashcards

Biology of the Brain Flashcards

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1
Q

A bundle of nerve fibers connecting the brain’s two hemispheres and facilitating interhemispheric communication.

A

Corpus Callosum

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2
Q

The process of intentionally damaging brain tissue to study its effects on behavior.

A

Lesion

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3
Q

The brain’s relay station, transmitting sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex.

A

Thalamus

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4
Q

A work schedule that involves hours outside the traditional 9AM to 5PM, often disrupting normal sleep patterns.

A

Shift Work

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5
Q

A small brain region controlling autonomic functions like hunger and hormones.

A

Hypothalamus

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6
Q

A temporary sleep disorder that occurs when a person’s internal clock is out of sync with the time zone they are in.

A

Jet Lag

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7
Q

A region of the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movements.

A

Motor Cortex

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8
Q

A strip of the parietal lobe that processes sensory input from the body.

A

Somatosensory Cortex

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9
Q

Studies on patients with severed corpus callosum to understand hemispheric specialization.

A

Split Brain Research

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10
Q

A set of brain structures involved in emotion, motivation, memory, and behavior regulation

A

Limbic System

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11
Q

The deepest stage of non-rapid eye movement sleep, also known as slow-wave sleep.

A

NREM Stage 3

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12
Q

A stage of non-rapid eye movement sleep characterized by sleep spindles.

A

NREM Stage 2

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13
Q

Parts of the cerebral cortex involved in higher mental functions usually involve more than one lobe.

A

Association Areas

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14
Q

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep.

A

Insomnia

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15
Q

A disorder where individuals act out their dreams during REM sleep.

A

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

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16
Q

Big brain regions at the back of the head responsible for visual processing.

A

Occipital Lobe

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17
Q

Loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage.

A

Aphasia

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18
Q

A region in the temporal lobe involved in language comprehension.

A

Wernicke’s Area

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19
Q

The front part of the frontal lobes involved in complex behaviors like impulse control and personality

A

Prefrontal Lobe

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20
Q

Neural circuits in the brain that regulate motivation, reinforcement, and pleasure responses.

A

Reward Center

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21
Q

The part of the brain connecting the cerebrum with the spinal cord, responsible for automatic survival functions.

A

Brainstem

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22
Q

A network of neurons in the brainstem regulating wakefulness and sleep-wake cycles.

A

Reticular Activating System

23
Q

Big brain regions involved in processing auditory information and memory.

A

Temporal Lobes

24
Q

Mental skills involving managing oneself and one’s resources to achieve a goal.

A

Executive Functioning

25
Q

The lightest stage of non-rapid eye movement sleep, where one drifts in and out of sleep.

A

NREM Stage 1

26
Q

The brain’s ability to understand and produce language.

A

Linguistic Processing

27
Q

A sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep.

A

Sleep Apnea

28
Q

The process by which short-term memories are transformed into long-term memories.

A

Memory Consolidation

29
Q

Also known as sleepwalking, a disorder where individuals walk or perform other activities while asleep.

A

Somnambulism

30
Q

The state of being aware of and able to think about one’s own existence, thoughts, and surroundings.

A

Consciousness

31
Q

A pea-sized gland at the brain’s base, often called the “master gland” because it controls other glands.

A

Pituitary Gland

32
Q

Complex cognitive processes such as reasoning, problem-solving, and planning.

A

Higher-Order Thinking

33
Q

A limbic system structure involved in forming and storing long-term memories.

A

Hippocampus

34
Q

A theory that sleep helps to consolidate and strengthen memories.

A

Consolidation Theory

35
Q

A limbic system structure linked to emotion, particularly fear and aggression.

A

Amygdala

36
Q

A theory suggesting that dreams are the brain’s attempt to make sense of random neural activity during sleep.

A

Activation-Synthesis (dreams)

37
Q

The idea that each hemisphere of the brain is specialized for certain functions.

A

Hemisphere Specialization

38
Q

The base of the brainstem controlling heartbeat and breathing

A

Medulla

39
Q

Vivid sensory phenomena that occur during the transition from wakefulness to sleep.

A

Hypnogogic Sensations

40
Q

Each hemisphere of the brain controls the opposite side of the body.

A

Contralateral Hemispheric Organization

41
Q

The body’s internal clock regulating the -hour cycle of biological processes.

A

Circadian Rhythm (sleep/wake cycle)

42
Q

A region in the frontal lobe involved in the mechanical production of speech.

A

Brocas Area

43
Q

The theory that sleep helps to restore and rejuvenate the body’s resources.

A

Restoration of Resources

44
Q

The outer layer of the brain involved in complex cognitive processes like thought, perception, and language.

A

Cerebral Cortex

45
Q

A hindbrain structure controlling balance, coordination, and motor skills.

A

Cerebellum

46
Q

A sleep stage characterized by rapid eye movements and vivid dreams.

A

REM Sleep

47
Q

The increase in REM sleep following periods of sleep deprivation.

A

REM Rebound

48
Q

A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks.

A

Narcolepsy

49
Q

The brain’s ability to change and adapt as a result of experiences.

A

Plasticity

50
Q

A brain imaging technique that measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow.

A

fMRI

51
Q

Big brain regions involved in processing sensory information and spatial orientation.

A

Parietal Lobe

52
Q

Big brain regions involved in movement, planning, and judgment.

A

Frontal Lobe

53
Q

A test that measures electrical activity in the brain using electrodes attached to the scalp.

A

EEG

AP Psychology (3 decks)

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