Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Nature

A

Genetic and biological factors influencing development.

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2
Q

Nurture

A

Environmental factors influencing development.

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3
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

Explores how natural selection influences behavior and mental processes.

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4
Q

Natural Selection

A

Process where traits that enhance survival are passed on

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5
Q

Eugenics

A

The controversial practice of improving genetic quality by selective breeding

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6
Q

Genetic Predisposition

A

Increased likelihood of developing a condition based on genetics.

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7
Q

CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord. AKA The Central nervous system

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7
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Transmit sensory information to the CNS.

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7
Q

Adoption Studies

A

Research comparing adopted children to their biological and adoptive parents.

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7
Q

Twin Studies

A

Research comparing similarities between identical and fraternal twins.

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8
Q

Reflex Arc

A

Pathway for reflex actions

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8
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Transmit commands from the CNS to muscles.

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9
Q

Interneurons

A

Connect neurons within the CNS

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10
Q

PNS

A

Nerves outside the CNS. AKA The Peripheral nervous system

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10
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Controls voluntary movements.

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11
Q

ANS

A

Controls involuntary bodily functions AKA The Autonomic nervous system.

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12
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Activates fight-or-flight response.

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13
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Promotes rest and digestion.

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14
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells transmitting information.

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15
Q

Glial Cells

A

Support and protect neurons.

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16
Q

Neural Transmission

A

Process of sending signals between neurons.

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17
Q

Action Potential

A

Electrical impulse traveling down a neuron.

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18
Q

All or Nothing

A

Principle states that neurons either fire completely or not at all

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19
Q

Resting Potential

A

Electrical charge across the neuron membrane when not firing

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20
Q

Depolarization

A

Reduction in membrane potential making a neuron more likely to fire.

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21
Q

Refractory Period

A

Time after an action potential when a neuron can’t fire again.

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22
Q

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that stimulate neurons to fire.

23
Q

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that prevent neurons from firing.

24
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter involved in muscle action, learning, and memory.

25
Q

Serotonin

A

Neurotransmitter affecting mood, sleep, and appetite.

26
Q

Dopamine

A

Neurotransmitter involved in reward, motivation, and motor control

27
Q

Glutamate

A

Major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory.

28
Q

Gaba

A

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces neuronal excitability.

29
Q

Substance P

A

A neurotransmitter involved in pain perception.

30
Q

Endorphins

A

Neurotransmitters that act as natural painkillers and mood enhancers.

31
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Neurotransmitter involved in arousal and alertness.

32
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers released by glands to regulate bodily functions

33
Q

Leptin

A

Hormone that regulates hunger and energy balance.

34
Q

Ghrelin

A

Hormone that stimulates appetite

35
Q

Melatonin

A

Hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles.

36
Q

Oxytocin

A

Hormone involved in social bonding and childbirth.

37
Q

Agonist

A

Drugs that mimic or enhance neurotransmitter effects.

38
Q

Antagonists

A

Drugs that block or reduce neurotransmitter effects.

39
Q

Reuptake Inhibitors

A

Drugs that block the reabsorption of neurotransmitters.

40
Q

Alcohol

A

A depressant that affects motor skills and judgment.

41
Q

Heroin

A

An opioid that is highly addictive.

42
Q

Caffeine

A

A stimulant that increases alertness.

43
Q

Cocaine

A

A stimulant that increases dopamine levels.

44
Q

Marijuana

A

A drug that can act as a depressant, stimulant, or hallucinogen.

45
Q

Tolerance

A

The reduced response to a drug after repeated use.

46
Q

Withdrawal

A

The symptoms experienced when stopping or reducing drug use

47
Q

Addiction

A

The compulsive drug use despite harmful consequences

48
Q

Depressant

A

Drugs that decrease neural activity and slow body functions.

49
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Disease where the immune system attacks the myelin sheath of neurons

50
Q

Family Studies

A

Research examining traits among family members.

51
Q

Stimulants

A

Are drugs that increase neural activity and energy.

52
Q

Adrenaline

A

Hormone that prepares the body for fight-or-flight response.

53
Q

Reuptake

A

Reabsorption of neurotransmitters by the sending neuron

54
Q

Threshold

A

Minimum stimulus needed to trigger an action potential.

55
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

An autoimmune disorder causing muscle weakness.

56
Q

Opioids

A

Are drugs that relieve pain and produce euphoria.

57
Q

Heredity

A

Transmission of traits from parents to offspring.

58
Q

The Nervous System

A

Speedy
 Messages zip from the eye to the brain
to the hand in a second

59
Q

The Endocrine System

A

Slow
Takes several seconds for a message to
travel from a gland to tissue

60
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Drugs that cause perceptual distortions.