Development Flashcards
Erikson’s sixth stage, where young adults form intimate relationships or feel isolated and alone.
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Distress experienced by a child when separated from their primary caregiver.
Separation Anxiety
Patterns of attachment behavior shown by children in relationships with their caregivers.
Attachment Styles
The status of actively exploring different identities but not yet making a commitment.
Moratorium (in adolescent development)
Bronfenbrenner’s theory that development is influenced by different types of environmental systems.
Ecological System Theory
Traumatic events occurring before age 18 that can have negative, lasting effects on health and well-being.
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACES)
The patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as social circumstances.
-Socio-historical events that impact development
Chronosystem
The understanding that objects can remain the same despite changes in appearance.
Conservation
Attachment where the child is overly dependent on the caregiver and anxious about their availability.
-Clinging and distraught
Insecure Anxious Attachment
The onset of sperm production in males.
Spermarche
Erikson’s seventh stage, where middle-aged adults contribute to the next generation or feel a lack of purpose.
Generativity vs. Stagnation
A type of learning where an animal forms strong attachments during an early-life critical period like the ducklings did.
Imprinting
Erikson’s fifth stage, where adolescents explore different roles and integrate them to form a single identity, or become confused about who they are.
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Piaget’s third stage (7 to 10 years), where children develop logical thinking but still have difficulty with abstractions.
Concrete Operational Stage
The belief that one is the center of attention and that others are constantly watching and judging.
Imaginary Audience
The broader cultural and societal influences on development.
Macrosystem
The innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment.
Temperament
A form of play where children play adjacent to each other but do not directly interact.
Parallel Play
The status of having committed to an identity without having explored other options.
Foreclosure (In adolescent development)
The status of having neither explored nor committed to any particular identity or set of values.
Diffusion (In adolescent development)
Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development- birth to 2 years.
Sensorimotor Stage
A strong, healthy emotional bond with a caregiver, characterized by trust and comfort.
Secure Attachment
The immediate environment in which a person interacts, such as family and school.
Microsystem
Erikson’s eighth stage, where older adults reflect on their lives and feel a sense of fulfillment or regret.
Integrity vs. Despair
Piaget’s fourth stage (10 years and up), where individuals develop abstract and hypothetical thinking.
Formal Operational Stage
The natural process of growth and development, both physically and mentally.
Maturation
The status of having explored and committed to a specific identity or set of values.
Achievement (In adolescent development)
The ability to think logically and methodically about complex problems.
Systematic Thinking
Specific times during development when an organism is most sensitive to environmental influences or stimuli.
Critical Periods
Erikson’s second stage, where toddlers learn to exercise will and do things independently, or doubt their abilities
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial development, where infants learn to trust or mistrust based on the care they receive.
Trust vs. Mistrust
Supports provided by a more knowledgeable other helps a learner accomplish tasks they couldn’t do alone.
Scaffolding (Vygotsky)
The interconnections between different microsystems, like the relationship between family and school.
Mesosystem
The first menstrual cycle in female humans.
Menarche
Erikson’s third stage, where children begin to assert control and power over their environment, or feel guilty about their efforts.
Initiative vs. Guilt
Sex traits that emerge during puberty, like body hair.
Secondary Sex Characteristics
The biological process marking the end of menstrual cycles in women.
Menopause
The understanding that objects can be changed and then returned to their original form.
Reversibility
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen.
Object Performance
The belief in one’s own uniqueness and invincibility, often seen in adolescence.
Personal Fable
The inability to differentiate between one’s perspective and that of others.
Egocentrism
Substances or environmental factors that can cause developmental malformations in a fetus when the mother is exposed during pregnancy.
Teratogens
Attachment where the child avoids closeness and emotional connections.
Insecure Avoidant Attachment
The culturally preferred timing of social events, such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.
Social Clock
Biological features that differentiate male from female evident at birth.
Primary Sex Characteristics
Belief that inanimate objects are capable of action.
Animism
Erikson’s fourth stage, where children learn to be productive and competent, or feel inferior and unable to do tasks well.
Industry vs. Inferiority
A type of play where children use their imagination to create scenarios and act them out
Pretend Play
Vygotsky’s concept of the difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can achieve with guidance.
Zone of Proximal Development
Attachment characterized by a lack of clear attachment behavior. AKA attachment disorder.
Insecure Disorganized Attachment
External environmental settings that indirectly affect development, such as a parent’s workplace.
Exosystem
Piaget’s second stage (2 to 7), where children use language but lack reasoning.
Preoperational Stage
The ability to understand that others have thoughts and feelings different from one’s own.
Theory of Mind
