Language and Learning Flashcards
Early speech stage in which a child uses mostly nouns and verbs, resembling a telegram.
Telegraphic Speech
The smallest units in a language that carries meaning.
Ex: mini
Morphemes!
A behavior therapy technique that involves replacing an unwanted conditioned response with a desired response.
Counterconditioning
A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has become conditioned.
Conditioned Response (CR)
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.
Continous Reforcement
Reinforcement is given after an apparently random number of responses.
Variable Ratio Schedule
Reinforcement is given only after a fixed number of responses.
Fixed Ratio Schedule
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. Like mice in a maze.
Latent Learning
The diminishing of CR behaviors after the CS.
Extinction
Any event that decreases the likelihood of a behavior.
Punishment
A previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Gradually guiding behavior toward a desired goal by reinforcing successive approximations.
Shaping
The tendency for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar CR. Like being afraid of rats & Chihuahuas
Stimulus Generalizable
Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase a behavior.
Positive Reinforcement
The stage in infant language development where babies produce repetitive consonant-vowel sounds.
Babbling
A process in which a conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus.
Higher Order Conditioning
Reinforcement is given only after a fixed amount of time has passed.
Fixed Interval Schedule
A learning process where behavior is influenced by consequences like rewards or punishments.
Operant Conditioning
The smallest units of sound in a language that can distinguish words. Ex: Ing
Phonemes
Stimuli that gain reinforcing power through association with primary reinforcers, like money or praise.
Secondary Reinforcers
Learning that occurs by observing the reinforcement or punishment of another person.
Vicarious Conditioning
The tendency for animals to revert to instinctual behaviors after being conditioned.
Instinctive Drift
Any event that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior.
Reinforcement
An unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus.
Unconditioned Response (UR)
A sudden realization of a problem’s solution without trial-and-error behavior.
Insight Learning
A plan for how often a desired response will be reinforced.
Reinforcement Schedules
The ability to distinguish between different, similar stimuli and respond only to the one that is reinforced.
Reinfrocement Discrimination
Reinforcing a response only part of the time, leading to slower acquisition but greater resistance to extinction.
Partial Reinforcement
Behavior that is repeated because it is mistakenly believed to produce reinforcement. Like lucky socks before a game.
Superstitious Behavior
The reappearance of an extinct CR.
Spontaneous Recovery
Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences are more likely to recur.
Law of Effect
A learned avoidance of a particular food or taste that has been associated with nausea or illness.
Taste Aversion
A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior learning.
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Mental representations of physical locations, helping us navigate the environment.
Cognitive Maps
Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior.
Negative Reinforcement
Learning by imitating the behavior of others- a major part of social learning theory.
Modeling
Learning where a NS becomes paired with the UCS & it elicits a similar response. Works with body’s natural reflexes.
Classical Conditioning
The set of rules that govern how words and sentences are structured in a language.
Grammar
The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating others.
Social Learning Theory
The initial stage of learning when a response is first established and gradually strengthened. The NS becomes the CR.
Acquisition
Naturally reinforcing stimuli, such as food or water, that satisfy biological needs.
Primary Reinforcers
The tendency to respond to stimuli like the one that was reinforced.
Reinforcement Generalization
The ability to distinguish between a CS and other similar stimuli so that only the CS gets the CR behavior. Like being afraid of dogs, but not of Racoons.
Stimulus Discrimination
The study of meaning in language, including the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences.
Semantics
A condition in which repeated exposure to uncontrollable events leads to passive behavior.
Learned Helplessness
Reinforcement is given after apparently random amounts of time.
Variable Interval Schedule
