MEMORY Flashcards
what did Craik create
levels of processing (LOP): memorability depends on LOP at encoding, not store where held or time held
more attention, according to the levels of processing theory, means __ and __
deeper processing
better memory
what was Craik and Tulving study (1975)
word task (memory test)
-subjects given either structural code (shallow), phenomeic code (moderate) and a sematic code (deep) then tested on their recall
what were the results of Craik and Tulving study
semantic code (e.g., does word fit in sentence) produced the highest recall
phenomeic code (e.g., does word rhyme with Cat) produced the secondest highest recall
structural code (e.g., is word in capitals) produced the lowest recall
what is a schema
knowledge structure consisting of any organized body of stored information
-can direct our attention, which determines what we encode
what are the three processing strategies
- associations (elaboration, self-reference, visual imagery)
- organization (chunking, mnemonics)
- rehearsal (repeating, massed vs distributed learning, testing)
what three things is encoding influenced by
- availability of info (quantity/quality)
- attention
- method of processing
what is retrieval influenced by
schemas
familiarity
context
method of retrieval
why do we forget
*encoding failure
we can’t remember everything
attention controls what we encode
attention is limited and easily shifted
why do we forget
*interference
forgetting information because of competition from other sources
-retroactive
-proactive
what is retroactive
what is proactive
new information impairs retention of previously learned info
previously learned info impairs retention of new info
why do we forget
*decay
not all info is useful to maintain and sometimes we remember unwanted or not useful info
what is the decay theory
we have a dedicated, biological, forgetting mechanism that works primarily as we sleep
according to the decay theory, memory can be thought of as __
group of active neurons (and other biological materials)
-if that grouping losing integrity or the biological materials are reabsorbed, the memory would be lost
why do we forget
*retrieval failure
inability to access stored info
encoding specificity (retrieval cues consistent with [and distinctive to] original encoding better than inconsistent ones)
most forgetting occurs within __
forgetting can be due to __, __, __, __ and __
24 hours
encoding failure, interference, decay, motivation to forget and/or retrieval failure
what are the four types of non-declarative, long term memory
priming
skills and habits
classical/operational conditioning
habituation and sensitization
what is type 1 processing
repetitive rehearsal
-e.g., repeating phone number to keep in mind
according to the binding of item and context (BIC) model, the hippocampus is responsible for __
the perihinal cortex is responsible for __
the ventrolateral PFC is responsible for __
the parahippocampal cortex is responsible for __
the dorsolateral PFC is responsible for __
binding item and context
item representation
item specific, who/what info
context representation
relationships between items, where info
**diagram in notes
what is the binding of item and context (BIC) model
item specific (who/what) and relational (where) info from neocortex is sent via different anatomical routes to medial temporal lobe
**diagram in notes
what is another label for primary memory
what are the subsystems
what is the retrieval type
working memory
visual/auditory
explicit
what is another label for semantic memory
what are the subsystems
what is the retrieval type
general, factual and/or knowledge
spatial/relational
implicit
episodic memory or __ retrieval type is __
procedural memory or __ retrieval type is __
personal events
explicit
non-declarative
implicit
another label for perceptual representation memory is __
what are the subsystems
what is the retrieval type
non-declarative
visual/auditory word form and structural description
implicit
maintenance rehersal results in __ while semantic processing results in __
integration (employs item-specific processing)
elaboration (employs relational processing)
distinctiveness results from __
greater depth of processing and semantic elaboration
Craik theoretical perspective emphasized __ while the distinction between item-specific and relational processing emphasizes __
processing depth: perceptual to elaborative semantic processing)
processing focus (single to multiple items)
recognition obtains greater benefit from __ than free recall
further item-specific processing
what is an effective technique for encoding info into long-term memory (thus affecting recall/recognition)
linking information to the self (self reference effect/self memory bias)
what is a memory store
where non-active memory representations are held
what is declarative memory
memory for facts
-key feature= conscious awareness of info retrieved (explicit memory)
what is non-declarative memory
behaviours affected by stored info but no conscious awareness of info (implicit memory)
what is an explicit memory test
what is an implicit memory test
need to remember past (e.g., free/cued recall and recognition tests)
test performance influenced by past without intentionally remembering events or aware of their relevance (unintentional/subconscious)
what is the transfer appropriate processing (TAP) hypothesis
overlap between processes of encoding/retrieval and predicts best memory performance when processes at encoding transfer to retrieval
-emphasizes overlap between encoding and retrieval
memory retrieval determined by two factors, what are they
- constructibility: extent pertinent descriptions of memory targets can be constructed
- discriminability: extent target memory records can be discriminated by others
signal detection theory provides basis for single process account of recognition memory performance, explain
all events or items to be discriminated differently only in amplitude of quantitative measures (familiarity/strength of evidence)
what is the most influential theory (created by Yonelinas)
dual process signal detection theory (DPSD): one retrieval process provides assessment of familiarity while second retrieval process is similar to one underlying free-recall
the second retriebal process underlying recognition is __
recollection: takes longer to complete, benefits from relational processing at encoding (different routes/cues to target memory representation)
familarity based retrieval output predicted to be __
recollection predicts __
classic SDT ROC curve
straight line ROC, due to some info being recognized on basic of recollective retrieval while some is recognized on basis of familiarity cue
free call has greatest benefit from __ but little benefit from __, which promotes integration
relational processing
maintenance rehearsal (item-specific processing)
familiarity based recognition depends on __
degree of integration
-high degree of item-specific processing (maintenance rehearsal) benefits recognition better than free recall
Yonelinas suggests distinction between remembering and knowing reflects __
different phenomenological experiences resulting from recollective and familiarity-based retrieval
recollective retrieval provides __
familiarity-based retrieval provides __
qualitative info necessary for remembering
quantitative “feeling” about item
-feeling of knowing
the word fragment task (Tulving) is an example of a __
perceptual incidental (implicit) test: resolve displays perceptually impoverished due to short/incomplete stimulus presentation
what is a conceptual incidental test
employ semantic knowledge to answer question or respond to cue
-e.g., word association, category exemplar generation and answering general knowledge questions
retrieval intentionality criterion distinguishes between __
intention to retrieve and awareness of retrieval
-addresses issue of contamination from explicit memory
TAP account argues __
match between type of processing (perceptual/conceptual) engaged at encoding and when stimuli are tested are key, rather than difference between memory store retrieval characteristics
what does TAP predict
perceptual incidental tests will benefit most from encoding that engages similar perceptual processes
Squire attributes performance on intentional tests to __ and performance on incidental to __
declarative memory systems
non-declarative memory system
multi memory systems perspective attributes performance incidental memory to __, while picture priming attributed to __
unspecified nature of visual word form sub-system of the perceptual representation system
unspecified nature of structural description sub system of perceptual representation system
