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Sexuality > LECTURE > Flashcards

LECTURE Flashcards

1
Q

Vasey (instructor) research uses __

A

triangulate: different methods for same hypothesis

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2
Q

what is sexual attraction

what is receptivity

what is proceoptivity

A

increased sexual interest in a target

willingness to engage in sexual activity

active solicitation of sexual activity

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3
Q

the subjective perspective on sexual orientation rejects __ and rejects __

A

idea of objective knowledge (truth) is attainable thus anti-empirical and anti-radical (e.g., Queer Theory)

psychological and behavioural sex differences/orientation have any biological component

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3
Q

the subjective perspective holds all psychological and behavioural differences are social constructs thus is intersubjective thus __

A

knowledge always restricted to culturally and historically specific intersubjectives (limited to emic vs etic viewpoint)
-emic=perspective of insider
-etic=perspective of outsider

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3
Q

what is queer theory

A

variant of social constructionism, which claims special expertise in relation to sex differences and sexual orientation
-seeks to subvert whatever is deemed “normal”
-political strategy

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3
Q

as social constructs, sexuality is infinite, unstable and arbitrary thus __

A

any universal categories we create to characterize sexuality is illusory (e.g., male typical vs female typical)

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3
Q

cannot meaningfully compare culturally and historically specific intersubjectivies thus __

A

are equally valid (cultural relativism)

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4
Q

those with socio-political power controls __

A

what counts as knowledge and truth (episteme)
-“power knowledge”, which relates to Queer theory

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5
Q

what is the goal of Queer Theory

A

push “queer” political agenda by disrupting what counts as normative knowledge to create confusion (obfuscation)
-believe language policing will cause us to think and behave differently thus eliminating oppression caused by categories

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6
Q

what is the Euphemism Treadmill

A

offensive words replaced with non-offensive words
-e.g., homosexual replaced with gay

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7
Q

sexual orientation categories are __ characterized by __

A

objectively real (natural kinds)

objective characteristics (intrinsic properties)
-will emerge regardless of subjective beliefs and historical/cultural context

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8
Q

sexual development begins with __

A

fusion of two anisogamous (unequal) gamates

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9
Q

gamates are __ sex cells meaning __

A

hapoid

they contain single set of 23 chromosomes

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10
Q

fusion of two gamates produces __, that develops into a new individual
these cells contain __

A

diploid cell (zygote)

46 chromosomes (23 pairs: 22 pairs of autosomes + 1 pair of sex chromosomes)

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11
Q

the developing XX and XY embryos have 3 characteristics, what are they

A
  1. one bipotential embryonic gonad
  2. one bipotential embryonic gential (genital ridge)
  3. two embryonic reproductive tracts (Mullerian duct system and Wolffian duct system)
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12
Q

Y chromosomes contain __ and at about 6 weeks post-conception, this triggers __

A

SRY gene

embryonic gonadal tissue to develop into testes

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13
Q

if the SRY gene is absent, __ direct embryonic gonadal tissue to develop into __

A

DAX-1

ovaries

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14
Q

developing embryonic testes produce __ and __

A

testosterone
mullerian inhibiting hormone (MIH)

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15
Q

at about 8 weeks post-conception, what four things can occur

A
  1. MIH causes mullerian duct system to regress
  2. T promotes development of Wolffian duct system into male reproductive tract
  3. in absence of T, wolffian duct system regresses
  4. in absence of MIH, mullerian duct system develops into female internal reproductive tract
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16
Q

during embryonic development, __ exists
this has two ridges of skin called the __ and these folds surround the __

A

single bipotential (homologous) protogenital

urethral folds (labia minor or shaft of penis)

urogenital sinus (urinary and genital tracts)

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17
Q

urethral folds meet anteriorly to form __

surround the urethral folds is __

A

genital tubercle (embryonic glans)

genital swelling (labia majora or scrotal sack)

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18
Q

what occurs around 10 weeks post-conception

A

testosterone causes fetal genital tissue to develop into male external genitalia (penis, scrotum)

in absence of T, fetal genital tissues develop into female external genitalia (clit, labial folds)

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19
Q

what are the two types of gamates produced by gonads

they are __, meaning they differ in size and function, explain

A

eggs and sperm

anisogamous (unequal)

eggs are large, nutrient rich and immobile whereas sperm are small, nutrient poor and mobile

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20
Q

in biological terms, how is sex defined

A

production of one type of gamete or the other thus sex refers to reproductive strategies
-strategies represent potentials that are not necessarily realized

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21
Q

females are sex defined by __ and males are sex defined by __

thus sex is __ by sex chromosomes

A

egg production which occurs in ovaries

sperm production which occurs in testes

determined (not defined)

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22
Q

structures that arise from organizational effects of gonads during development are __ but do not define sex

A

phenotypic markers that denote sex
-include gonads, internal reproductive tracts and genitals

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23
Q

primary markers that denote sex develop __

around 10-18, humans undergo __

A

in utero

secondary sexual development (puberty)

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24
Q

the second divergence in morphology evolved to __

A

enhance sexes ability to behaviourally enact one of two broad reporductive strategies:
1. be attractive (female evolutionary strategy)
2. be dominate (male evolutionary strategy)

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25
Q

not all species have a sex, give an example

A

prokaryotes
-unicelluar organisms lacking nuclei and mitochondria

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26
Q

some species have one sex, give an example
some species are simultaneously two sexes, give an example
some species are sequentially two sexes, give an example
no species has more than two sexes***

A

whiptail lizards (cloning)

corpse snail

clownfish

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27
Q

what is intersexuality sometimes referred to as

A

Disorders of Sexual Development (DSD)

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28
Q

how sex is conceptualized varies __

A

cross-culturally based on external morphological criteria

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29
Q

no change in how we choose to define sex is going to change fact that __

A

gamete production is an objective and binary biological/reproductive phenomenon, not a socially constructed one

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30
Q

intersex conditions are categorical, explain

A

relative to each other, they are not expressed as continuous gradient from male to female
-gamete production is completely dichotomous thus sex does not exist on continuum

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31
Q

what is the confirmation bias

A

tendency to search for, interpret, favor and recall information that confirms or supports one’s beliefs and values

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32
Q

what is motivated reasoning

A

tendency to make decisions that are desired (emotionally-motivated) rather than those that are evidence-based

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33
Q

what is gender

A

belief system used to construct categories based on concepts of masculinity and feminity
-anything can be “gendered” by attributing masculine or feminine characteristics to it

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34
Q

inter-subjective ideas about what counts as masculine or feminine vary __

A

across historical times and cultural space

35
Q

when we gender bodies, we create __

give an example

A

gendered categories of personhood

a female who has masculine body is viewed as male

36
Q

in many non-western cultures, gender is __

in these cultures __

A

conceptualized in non-binary manner

transgender, same-sex attracted individuals often identify and are identified by others as non-binary gender

37
Q

what are gender role expectations

what is gender role enactment/presentation

A

culturally prescribed rules associated with how individuals that are perceived to occupy gender category of personhood should behave

constellation of masculine and feminine behaviours that individuals manifest

38
Q

there are __ on average between males and females independent of any post-natal socialization that relates to gender role expectations

A

differences in personality, cognition and behaviour

39
Q

some psycho-behavioural sex difference do not originate as result of gender role expectations, rather they __
however, their expression can be __

A

precede such socialization

influenced by those expectations

40
Q

what is gynephilic
what is androphilic
what is ambiphilic

these are terms for sexual orientation __

A

sexual attraction to adult females
sexual attraction to adult males
sexual attraction to adults of both sexes

independent of one’s own sex

41
Q

what is heterosexual
what is homosexual
what is bisexual

these are terms for sexual orientation __

A

attraction to opposite sex
attraction to same sex
attraction to both sexes

in relation to one’s own sex

42
Q

what are four commonly employed indices of sexual orientation

sexual orientation is a __ when conceptualized as something that encompasses all four of these indices

A
  1. sexual identity (orientation)
  2. sexual behaviour
  3. sexual feelings (attractions/fantasies)
  4. sexual (physiological) arousal

social construct

43
Q

what two measures are used for sexual feelings as an index of sexual orientation

A

Kinsley scale
self report (subjective)

44
Q

what are two pitfalls involved in assessing sexual feelings

A
  1. people can lie
  2. people can unintentionally misreport sexual behaviour and feelings (confabulate)
    -produce explanation but not one that accounts for real factors underlying one’s behaviour or psychology
45
Q

some forms of love are probably closely linked to sexual orientation, what are they?

A
  1. infatuation (passion)
  2. romantic love (passion+intimacy)
  3. fatuous love (passion+commitment)
  4. consummate love (all three components)
46
Q

many types of love do not include sexual feelings, what are they

A
  1. liking (intimacy)
  2. empty love (commitment)
  3. companionate love (intimacy+commitment)
47
Q

another dimension of sexual orientation is location, explain

A

external: focusing on allosexual targets

internal: focusing on oneself

48
Q

what is the measurement of male genital arousal discussed in lecture

A

penile plethysmograph

49
Q

heterosexual male’s pattern of genital arousal and subjective sexual attraction in response to stimuli is __

A

sex specific
-sexual arousal dependent on sex of human stimulus

50
Q

heterosexual men’s genital arousal and subjective sexual attraction are __

A

sexually concordant
-pattern whereby genital arousal and subjective sexual attraction match each other

51
Q

homosexual men’s direction of genital arousal is toward men thus __

homosexual men exhibit pattern of genital arousal that is sex-specific thus __

A

sex a-typical

sex-typical

52
Q

what is the sexual attraction rating

what is viewing time

*methods of samoan research

A

“how would you feel about having sex with person (image)”
1=very unpleasant
5=very pleasant

time between stimuli presentation and response to text prompt

53
Q

through research, it was found that samoan males exhibit __ and __

A

sex specific attractiveness ratings and sex specific viewing time patterns

54
Q

what is sexual orientation in men

A

maximum value along an erotic stimulus generalization gradient
-morphological distances

55
Q

what is the measurement of sexual arousal for women (vaginal arousal)

A

vaginal photoplethysmograph

56
Q

heterosexual women’s vaginal arousal and subjective sexual attraction are __

A

NOT sexually concordant

57
Q

heterosexual women are vaginally aroused to __

A

non-preferred sexual activities
-e.g., sex violence no consent/consent

58
Q

lesbians are __ sex specific (sexually concordant) than heterosexual women in terms of __

A

more
subjective sexual attraction

59
Q

lesbians __ sex specific than heterosexual women in terms of vaginal arousal when shown __

A

more
low intensitiy sexual stimuli

60
Q

lesbians and heterosexual women are both sexually non-concordant when __

A

shown higher sexual intensity stimuli

61
Q

lesbian genital arousal shifted in __

A

male-typical direction

62
Q

what are two important measures in eye-tracking experiments

A
  1. latency to first fixation (LFF) [automatic attention]
  2. total fixation duration (TFD) and total fixation count (TFC) [controlled attention]
63
Q

LFF (latency to first fixation) is NOT sex specific in __ and __

LFF IS sex specific in __ and __

A

androphilic women/Kinsey 1

ambiphilic women and gynephilic women

64
Q

in monosexual women, controlled attention is __

in ambiphilic women, controlled attention is __

A

sex specific

NOT sex specific

65
Q

in all females, controlled attention is __ with self-reported sexual orientation in the TFD test

A

concordant

66
Q

female sexual orienting toward stimuli appears to be __

A

less coupled to automatic physiological processes compared to male sexual orientation
-thus, greater cognitive component

67
Q

greater cognitive control in sexual/reproductive realm may be adaptive for heterosexual women because __

A

they risk incurring relatively greater costs if they make poor sexual/reproductive decisions

68
Q

across cultures and history, individuals who are attracted to same-sex adults are commonly __

they are distinguished by __

A

categorized into two groups

their presentation and behaviour
-include cisgender and transgender individuals

69
Q

what is cisgender

A

person whose presentation and identity is relatively typical for their sex and corresponds to the gender they were assigned at birth

70
Q

what is transgender

A

person whose presentation and identity is atypical for their sex and does NOT correspond to the gender that they were assigned at birth

71
Q

many cultures categorize androphilic males into transgender and cisgender types, give an example

binary categorization of gynephilic females occurs outside the west, give an example

A

woubi and yossi

thai dee and tom

72
Q

binary categorization of androphilic males occurred in ancient past, explain

A

two types of androphilic males (klibas) were recognized in ancient India (masculine and feminine)

73
Q

binary categorization of gynephilic females have occurred since at least 19th century, explain

A

in critical arrows (1879), ulrich described how gynephilic females could be very masculine (Mannlingin) or very feminine (Weiblingin)

74
Q

what is binary bias

A

treating gradients of information as binary
-intersubjectivity: binary categorization/social construction

75
Q

what does Whitam (1987) claim

A

male homosexual and heterosexual tranvesitities (cross dressers) and transsexuals are “two seperate spectra, not one”

76
Q

there are two types of male to female transgenders, what are they

A
  1. homosexual/androphilic
  2. heterosexual/gynephilic
77
Q

what are the homosexual/androphilic transgender characteristics

A

extremely feminine in childhood (cross-dressing)
extremely feminine in adulthood
exclusively sexually attracted to men (homosexual/androphilic)
transition early in life

78
Q

what are the heterosexual/gynephilic transgender characteristics

A

not feminine in childhood
sexually attracted to women (sometimes engage with men)
often marry/father children
sexually aroused to thought of themselves as women (autogynephilia)
fetish cross-dressing
transition later in life

79
Q

cisgender androphilic “gay” man and androphilic transgender are considered __

androphilic transwoman and gynephilic transwoman are considered __

A

same natural kind

different natural kind

80
Q

same-sex attracted individuals form two primary types of relationships, what are they

A
  1. homogendered
  2. heterogendered
81
Q

homogendered sexual/romantic relationships involve __

A

two partners who share similar gender roles and gender identities

82
Q

when partners in homogendered relationships are the same age, they often treat each other as __

most common expression of these relationships is __

A

social equals
-such relationships sometimes called egalitarian

between two cisgender males or two cisgender female

83
Q

what are two examples of homogendered relationships that are uncommon

A
  1. two masculine/transgender gynephilic females
  2. two feminine/transgender androphilic males
84
Q

what are heterogendered sexual/romantic relationships

A

partners who have different gender roles and gender identities and thus do not treat each other as social equals

85
Q

transgender male androphiles and transgender female gynephiles typically form __

A

heterogendered relationships with cisgender, same-sex partners

86
Q

the relationship between a “butch” and “femme” women could be characterized as _-

A

type of heterogendered relationship

87
Q

what are age-graded relationships

when partners in homogendered relationships are age-graded, they sometimes __

A

two partners who differ in age by at least one generation (10 years)

do NOT treat each other as social equals

88
Q

androphilic males prefer __

gynephilic females prefer __

A

masculinity

femininity

89
Q

what are the two relationship formations by androphilic males

A

two men or man with transgender female (i.e., used to be male)

90
Q

what are the two relationship formations by gynephilic females

A

two women or women with transgender male (i.e., used to be female)

Sexuality (9 decks)

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