Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sexuality > ARTICLE > Flashcards

ARTICLE Flashcards

1
Q

why are humans able to cooperate

A

due to shared myths, which provides needed social links
-cooperation networks are imagined orders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what did Babylon created in 1776

A

Code of Hammurabi: collection of laws and judicial decisions whose aim was to present Hammurabi as role model, asserting social order is universal and eternal principles of justic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the code of hammurabi argued society was __, and people were divided by __ and __

A

dicated by gods

gender (two) and social classes (three), which all held different values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the code of hammurabi was based on premise that __

A

if all subjects accepted position and acted accordingly, they could cooperate
-thought man as unequal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what did the declaration of independence proclaim

A

universal and eternal principles of justice inspired by divine power
-thought man as equal that had unalienable rights

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how did the americans get idea of equality? what does this mean?

A

christianity

myths are imagined (have no objective reality) thus liberty is created (only exists in mind)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why are humans innately unequal

A

based on evolution, which is based on differences thus created equal should be seen as “evolved differently”
-no rights in biology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what three factors prevent people from realizing order is imagined

A
  1. imagined order embedded in material world
  2. imagine order shapes desires
  3. imagined order in intersubjective (shared imagination)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

to change an existing imagined order, must __

A

believe in an alternative imagined order
-also have to “convince” the mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sexuality is NOT dichotomy but rather a __

A

continuum
-current notions of masculine/feminine are cultural conceits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is an intersex

what percent of human births are intersex

A

individual who deviates from Platonic ideal of physical dimorphism at chromosomal, genital, gonadal or hormonal level

1.7%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how did Weiner define intersex

A

discordance between phenotypical/chromosomal sex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the most common conditions that are to be argued as intersex

without such conditions, intersexuality is rare, only occurring in __

A

congenital adrenal hyperplasia
androgen insensitivity syndrome

0.018%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is complete androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

genetically male (XY), cells do not respond to testosterone (androgen receptor defect)

do not form male genitalia (born with female) thus genotypical MALE phenotypically FEMALE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

defect in enzymes that synthesize adrenal hormones leading to block in synthetic pathway thus excessive hormones in different pathway (masculine female in utero)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is late onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

defect in enzymatic pathways that manifests later (~24 in women) thus many go undetected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is Klinefelter syndrome

A

normal genitalia (testies small), normal secondary male characteristics

47, XXY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is Turner syndrome

A

infertile, short, no change to genitalia or sexual identity

45, X

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is vaginal agensis

A

distal third of vagina fails to develop and replaced by 2cm of fibrous tissue (XX with normal ovaries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

females are superior in sociability, explain

A

greater eye contact
superior social understanding
sensitivity to emotional expressions
better comprehension of social themes in stories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the four reasons why sexual dimorphism in sociability is biological

A
  1. eye contact shown by infants at 12 months inversly correlated with prenatal testosterone, which is higher in males
  2. children with autism show reduced attention to face and eyes
  3. autism predominately male condition (defining social impairment sex-linked)
  4. those with Turner syndrome who inherit X paternally are more sociable than whose who inherit in maternally
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

a study examined the sociability sexual dimorphism using neonates (babies) who were presented with a face and a mobile seperately, in a randomized order

what did the research show

A

male babies prefer mobile whereas females wither had no preference or prefer real face

males show stronger interest in mechanical objects whereas females show stronger interest in face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the three components of love

what is this called

A

intimacy, passion and decision/commitment

triangular theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is intamcy

A

close, connected and bonded feelings
-feelings that create warmth in relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is passion

A

drives that lead to romance, physical attraction and sexual consummation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is decision/commitment

A

consists of two aspects: 1. short term (decision that one loves another)
2. long term (commitment to maintain love)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is liking

A

only intimacy

set of feelings and experiences that are true friendships (close, bondedness and warmth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is infatuated love (love at first sight)

A

only passion

obsession; partner viewed as idealized object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is empty love

A

only commitment/decision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is romantic love

A

combo of passion and intimacy

can be considered liking with element of attraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is companionate love

A

combo of intimacy and commitment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is fatuous love

A

combo of passion and commitment

does not contain stabilizing element (intimacy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is consummate love (complete love)

A

all three components present

“relationship goals”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is non love

A

absence of all three components

characterizes majority of interpersonal relationships (i.e., not meangingful)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

the geometry of the triangle of love depends on two factors, what are they

A
  1. intensity of love
  2. balance of love
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

relating to the geometry of the triangle, the greater the intensity= __

greater given component of love, __

A

larger (greater in area) the triangle

further vertex lies from center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

love is not a single triangle but many, what are the four main triangles

A
  1. real vs ideal
  2. self vs others
  3. self-perceived vs others perceived
  4. thoughts vs actions
38
Q

the greater mismatch between __, the less satisfaction one experiences in relationship

A

real vs ideal triangle

39
Q

what is the time course of intimacy

A

increase steadily, then grows at slow rate then levels off

40
Q

what is the time course of passion

A

rapid development followed by habituation (not as stimulating)

41
Q

what is the time course of decision/commitment

A

depends on success of relationship
-starts at zero then increases

42
Q

male sexual arousal is __

A

category specific: show greatest arousal to categories of people with whom the prefer to have sex with

43
Q

__ important source of information for men as they formulate sexual idenitities

A

sexual arousal patterns

44
Q

women’s sexual preference may not be related to arousal patterns like men, why

A
  1. arousal less important signal of nonheterosexual orientation in women than men
  2. female sexuality more flexible, with greater intra-individual variation in preferences, behaviours and attitudes
45
Q

relation between self-reported preference and arousal pattern __ for women than men

all trans and nearly all men had __ to their preferred sex but women did not

A

weaker

stronger genital arousal

46
Q

studies suggest women have __

A

non specific pattern of sexual arousal

47
Q

women’s subjective and genital responses only modestly related to their preferred category, explain

A

heterosexual and lesbian women experienced arousal to both male-male and female-female stimuli

48
Q

regardless of sexual orientation, women reported more arousal to __ stimuli whereas men and trans __

A

female-female stimuli

showed more arousal to their preferred category

49
Q

trans reject male gender role but continue to show __

A

category specific pattern of arousal that is characteristic of genetic sex
-biological and social factors do not affect male-typical pattern of sexual arousal

50
Q

female sexuality more motivated by __ than __

A

extrinsic factors (desire to initiate/maintain relationship)

intrinsic (genital arousal)

51
Q

male and females cues elicit similar magnitudes of response in women, what does this mean

A

they have a gender nonspecific pattern of sexual response
-response patterns do not correspond with self-stated sexual attraction

52
Q

women reporting any gynephilic sexual activity exhibit __

A

greater genital responses to female sexual stimuli than male stimuli and exhibit greater gender specificity compared to androphilic women

53
Q

what is the information processing model (IPM)

A

automatic and controlled cognitive processing of sexual cues intiates and sustains sexual response

54
Q

what is automatic processing (according to IPM)

A

preattentive, unconscious detection of sexual features within stimulus
-genital response follows when and if these features correspond with contents in persons sexual memory

55
Q

once response is activated, __ ensues whereby __

A

controlled processing of sexual information

focal attention is directed towards stimulus, which activates explicit processing of sexual meaning of individual

56
Q

based on IPM, two types of attention (__) have ability to impact two main components of sexual response (__) differently

A

automatic/controlled

genital/subjective arousal

57
Q

automatic processing, according to IPM, is responsible for __ whereas controlled is associated with __

A

activating physiological genital response

conscious experience of arousal (subjective)

58
Q

androphilic women appraise male and female cues as sexual (__) whereas gynephilic women only appraise female cues as sexual (__)

A

gender non-specific automatic appraisal/attention

gender specific automatic appraisal/attention

59
Q

androphilic and ambiphilic women exhibit __ whereas gynephilic women exhibit __ thus __

A

gender non-specific viewing times
gender specific viewing times

within gender variability in controlled attentional processing of male/female gender cues

60
Q

using eye tracking and controlled attention measure (e.g., __) observed __ which suggests __

A

total fixation duration

androphilic women look similarly long at male/female targets when presented with image of hetero couple

preferred and nonpreferred sexual cues (based on subjective sexual attractions) capture and sustain androphilic women’s attention

61
Q

controlled attentional processes may be more related to __

A

self-reported experiences of arousal

62
Q

exclusively and predominantly androphilic women reported __
ambiphilic women reported __

A

greater sexual attraction toward male targets than female

similiar sexual attraction toward male and female targets

63
Q

exclusively androphilic women oriented similarly quickly to __ indicating __

A

male/female targets

gender non-specific pattern of initial attention

64
Q

women with predom. gynephilia and concurrent androphilia exhibit controlled attentional bias toward __ whereas other groups exhibited __

A

female targets

gender nonspecific patterns of controlled attention (similarly long at both male and female targets)

65
Q

what is Singers (1984) phasic model of sexual responses

A

begins with aesthetic phase whereby person fixates on object of interest with some hedonic value thus degree of attention devoted to cues represents an index of hedonic quality associated with such cues

66
Q

attention to sexual cues elicit genital response via __

A

activation of sexual meanings

67
Q

stimuli acquire hedonic and sexual value through experience, what are four experiences

A
  1. sexual arousal
  2. presence of sexual fantasy
  3. feelings of sexual desire/attraction
  4. prior sexual experiences with stimuli
68
Q

androphilic women show variation in __, __, __ and __, which suggests flexibility in their sexuality

A
  1. cues that elicit arousal
  2. gender of target within sexual fantasy
  3. degree of self-reported sexual desire elicited by targets
  4. their sexual experience with male/female partners
69
Q

experiences shape degree to which __ and likely influence __

A

male/female cues become associated with reward

capacity of such cues to attract visual attention

70
Q

women aroused by variety of cues (leading to __) but motivated by __

A

degrees of non-specificity for response measures

sexual cues associated with sexual reward only (leading to specificity for other response measures)

71
Q

women’s motivation to attend to female cues may be driven by __, __ or __

A

social comparison
threat of unwanted sexual activity
intrasexual mate competition

72
Q

if homosexuals, transvesties and transgenders appear in all socieities and behaviour manifests similarily in both childhood and adulthood in different cultural settings, then __

A

biological basis for these variant sexuality is suggested

73
Q

all people in societies are socialised to be heterosexual, so the universal apperance of homosexuality suggest __

A

homosexual orientation is biologically based and sexual orientation itself is biologically derived

74
Q

what are kinsley 5s and what are kinsley 6s

A

predominantly homosexual with incidental heterosexual interest

exclusively homosexual

75
Q

all people are unique in gender behaviour and sexual make-up, however __

A

homosexuality manifests certain behavioural characteristic similarly despite different cultural contexts

76
Q

what is an argument against the cultural transmission theory

A

early apperance in all socieities of elements of homosexuality subculture in childhood, long before exposure (interest in “women” activities)

77
Q

core of nonsexual behaviour (__) appears regardless of culture

core of sexual behaviour (__) appears regardless of culture

thus __

A

gender behaviour

genital activity

components of general culture determines specific outward core elements take

78
Q

__ is a core element of gender behaviour

A

cross-gender behaviour

79
Q

philippine society does not create cross-gender phenonomen, explain

A

reacts to core behaviour that appears apart from socialisation and social structural factors, amplifying core gender behaviour and determine through its cultural traditions the specific forms that behaviour takes

80
Q

culture may impinge on core behaviours but __

A

neither creates them nor has the power to eliminate them

81
Q

on the male homosexuality continuum, 10% of population consists of __

A

masculine homosexuals
-as children, indistinguishable from heterosexual behaviour/interest

82
Q

on the male homosexuality continuum, the largest group (65%) are __

A

men of average masculinity who as children were cross-gendered at varying degrees
-at puberty, masculine influence occurs (pressures of puberty/society) thus many abandon it

83
Q

another group on the continuum, about 25% are __

A

transvestic homosexuals (embody female traits thus as effeminate)

84
Q

small subgroup on the male homosexuality continuum (less than 1%) are __

A

transexuals
-as children, highly effeminate and show strong cross-gender behaviour

85
Q

study of homosexuality cross culturally offers insight into nature of __

A

paraphilic behaviour
-subject to shaping by culture and culture structure

86
Q

heterosexual trans people __ whereas homosexual trans people __

A

do not change mannerisms (do not imitate female speech patterns/gestures)

do (become effeminate)

87
Q

rates of homosexuality do not vary in society but _-

A

rates of heterosexual engaging with homosexual vary culturally
-varies with socio-sexual tradition and economic conditions

88
Q

what are the three main types of homosexual contact

A
  1. homosexual with other homosexual
  2. contact between heterosexual (ritual homosexuality)
  3. homosexual with homosexual (most common form of contact)
89
Q

there is a complex system of social and sexual relations between heterosexuals and homosexuals in Philippines, explain

A

permanent feature of society and which for the homosexual male is dominate feature in his social/sexual life
-people tolerate homosexuals

90
Q

a common term for male homosexual in Cebuano is a __

what activities are popular among these people

A

bayot

fashion shows/beauty contests (female impersonation shows)
-viewed as family entertainment

91
Q

what is the callboy system

A

complex and extensive network of sexual and social relations which homosexuals have with heterosexual males
-hetero pay young bayot to have relations for money

92
Q

why is the callboy system common/tolerated

A

way for economic gain

acceptable outlet for young sexual activity (offsets frustration of not achieving real object of sexual desires, females)

Sexuality (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions