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A-Level Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is The Multi-Store Model of Memory

A
  • A Theoretical Model
  • Shows link between SR, STM and LTM
  • Discovered by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
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2
Q

What are the three stages of the Multi-Store Model

A

SR - Sensory Register
STM - Short Term Memory
LTM - Long Term Memory

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3
Q

Define Unitary

A

Single form that stands alone (Nothing else affecting another)

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4
Q

What is the duration for each stage in regards to holding information before it decays

A

Sensory Register - Up to 1.5 seconds
Short Term Memory - Up to 30 Seconds
Long Term Memory - Possibly Lifetime

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5
Q

What happens during the following stage - SR

A
  • External Stimuli presents information
  • We pay attention to observe the info
  • We must attend to info to allow it to be moved onto our STM
  • Info comes from the 5 senses (coding)
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6
Q

What happens during the following stage - STM - LTM

A
  • Information is fragile, easy to be lost
  • Interference can disrupt pattern of stage
  • Subvocal Repetition (Repeat Information) is required to recall info
  • Information must be understood to move onto LTM
    Rehearsal helps keep information in memory
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7
Q

What happens during the following stage - LTM Onwards

A
  • Memory trace is necessary to revisit information
  • Information must stay in the LTM or it can decay
  • Duration can last lifetime
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8
Q

What is an important factor in regards to keeping information in the LTM

A
  • Information must be understood
  • Information must be rehearsed with methods such as sub-vocal repetition etc.
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9
Q

Define Capacity

A

A measure of how much information that can be stored in memory

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10
Q

Define Duration

A

How long the information can be held in a store

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11
Q

Define Coding

A

How we take in information = Our 5 senses

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12
Q

What is the Capacity of the STM, and accoring to which research

A

5-9 Words according to Miller’s Magic 7

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13
Q

Explain Miller’s Magic 7

A

Miller researched the capacity of the STM
He thought that short-term memory could hold 7 (plus or minus 2) items

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14
Q

What is a positive and negative to Miller’s Magic 7

A

Negative - Miller’s research lacks ecological validity. It is not a generic thing to recall words and numbers randomly, meaning it cannot be generalised to real life

Positive - Miller conducted his research under lab conditions which would imply that he was able to rule out any extraneous variables

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15
Q

What is the capacity of the LTM

A

Capacity of the LTM is thought to be unlimited

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16
Q

What factor can affect memory between different people

A

Individual Differences
Some people may have exceptions or majorly intellectually affected memories that have affected them in their long term thought processes

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17
Q

What is the Duration of the STM, and accoring to which research

A

30 seconds, Peterson and Peterson

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18
Q

Explain Peterson and Peterson’s Research

Triad

A

Aim - Investigate duration of STM
Students were asked to read a random triad and then immediately count backwards in 3’s from a random 3 digit number
Students were able to correctly recall 80% of trigrams after a 3 seconds delay; 50% after 6 seconds. After 18 seconds less than 10%
Shows that the STM declines rapidly without rehearsal

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19
Q

What is a positive and negative to Peterson’s Triad Study

A

Negative - Recalling Triads do not reflect most everyday memory activities. Lacks external validity as it does not generalise to how we use memory in the real world

Positive - The experiment took place in a lab which would imply that it cleared any possible extraneous variables, to further validate results

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20
Q

What is the duration of the LTM, and according to what research

A

Lifetime, Bahrick et al

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21
Q

Explain Bahrick’s method of his study

Yearbook

A

Bahrick (1975) investigated the duration of long-term memory using American university graduates. The graduates were shown photographs from their high-school yearbook and for each photograph participants were given a group of names and asked to select the name that matched the photographs.

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22
Q

Evaluate Bahricks Study

Photobook

A

We are unable to conclude whether other populations apart from US would demonstrate the same ability to recall names and faces after 47 years
Personal Differences - Some students may not have enjoyed the way they grew up on the school, or may have some form of post trauma.

High levels of ecological validity as it uses real life memories with no interpretation. Can be applied to everyday human memory

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23
Q

How does the Sensory Registor take in information

A

It takes it in from a sense organ and keeps it in that form

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24
Q

Define Acoustically similar

A

Words that sound the same

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25
Q

According to Baddeley, what happens when there is an overload of accoustically similar words

A

The STM cannot handle words that are awfully similar so they get mixed up and some may decay

26
Q

What is the coding format in LTM and why

A

Semantically (meaning), words with similar meanings are more likely to be rehearsed easier

27
Q

Outline the MSM (6 marks)

A

3 memory stores SR, STM, LTM
Each store has a different capacity (how much can be held), Duration (How long it holds), and coding (form its stored+processed)
The MSM suggests each store is unitary (single)
SR, Incoming info from 5 senses , Duration of up to 30 seconds
STM, Duration up to 30 secs, Capacity = 5-9 items, Coding = acoustically
LTM, Capacity and Duration - Unlimited, Coding = Semantically

28
Q

Who suggested that the LTM was not Unitary and why

A

Tulvin - Said that MSM’s view of LTM was too simplistic
Proposed there was 3 types of LTM stores

29
Q

What are the 3 different types of LTM

A

Episodic
Procedural
Semantic

30
Q

What is an Episodic Memory

A

Episodes from our lives
We actively think of or mention

31
Q

What is a Procedural Memory

A

Memory of actions, skills - How we do things
Includes memory of previsouly learned skills
Implicit Memory

32
Q

What is a Semantic Memory

A

Pure general knowledge of the world
People, Places, facts etc.

33
Q

Which part of the brain plays a major role in Memory

A

Hippocampus - Plays major role in forming new memories

34
Q

Case study evidence for prescence of hippocampus present during LTM Process

Epilepsy

A

HM
Tried to improve Epilepsy by surgery of removing hippocampus
Can - Could learn new procedures
Draw shape using mirror
Could perform Motor Skills (Procedural LTM)
Remember past experiences (Episodic LTM)
Can’t - Doesn’t remember learning processes recently
Hold onto information for more than a few minutes

35
Q

Why does HM’s case study go against MSM

A

Supports the idea of separate stores for different types of memory
Shows that they are not ‘Unitary’

36
Q

What about HM’s study showed MSM is not unitary

A

His personality and intellect remained intact, but he could not
form new long term memories. Shows there are different parts of LTM. Research shows hippocampus is active during tasks with the involvement of LTM. Therefore could go against the MSM

37
Q

Which part of the brain is Semantic memory linked with

PC

A

Prefrontal Cortex

38
Q

Explain Clive Wearing case study

Piano, Infection

A

Clive W - Viral Infection which attacked brain and caused Amnesia
Can do - Play piano
Can recognise wife
Understand Words
Can’t do - Renew recent memories
Relay information from STM

39
Q

Explain KF’s study

Motorcycle accident

A

KF - Suffered brain damage as result of motorcycle accident (Phonological store damaged)
Had no problem with LTM
Shows STM has sub-components (Not Unitary)
Can’t - Remember words after read out (auditory)
Can - Remember with a visual stimuli
His memory for visual stimuli shows that STM is not unitary (Supports WMM)

40
Q

What do the cases of HM and Clive W show about LTM

A

The cases of HM and Clive Wearing show there are types of LTM and how one type of LTM may be impaired (episodic in their cases), but the other types of LTM will be unaffected

41
Q

What about HM and Clive W show the Multi-Store Memory Model is not Unitary

A

HM and Clive Wearing both had brain damage which severely affected their episodic memory but semantic and procedural memories were relatively intact. Clive could read and play very complex pieces of piano. They show that procedural is distinct from both semantic and episodic memory, which is a breakdown of the LTM therefore showing LTM has more sub-components so is not unitary

42
Q

What is the Working Memory Model

A

Exclusive Model
Made in rejection to MSM

43
Q

Who proposed the WMM

A

Baddeley and Hitch

44
Q

According to the WMM, what is the STM made up of

A

Central Executive
Phonological Loop
Visuo-spatial Sketchpad
Episodic Buffer

45
Q

Why does the WMM not support the MSM’s concept

Single Standing

A

The different components of the STM suggests that the MSM is not Unitary

46
Q

What is the role of the Central Executive

A

Coordinator of the Working Memory
Attends to and filters stimuli from the SR and allocates the information to the 3 subsystems
- Limited Capacity

It is the most important component of working memory, although little is known about how it functions.

47
Q

What is the role of the Episodic Buffer

A

Temporarily stores and integrates information from other stores
- Storage component of the Central Executive

48
Q

What is the role of the Visual-Spatial Scratchpad

A

Combines the Visual and Spatial information processed by other stores
- ‘Inner eye’
How we replay things from the past in our minds

49
Q

Why is the Central Executive still questioned as a store of the STM

A

Minimal to no research has been conducted
So remains a mystery, its function

50
Q

Research for VSS

A

Baddeley asked participants to track moving light (Visual) and angles on a letter (spatial)
- Compared performance whilst doing verbal and visual tasks (PL and VSS)
- Performance dropped when using VSS twice, however was better when 2 seperate systems were in use

Suggests there are 2 seperate components to the model

51
Q

What is the role of the Phonological Loop

IV+IE

A

Temporary acoustic storage system
- Inner voice and inner ear
Speech based information (reading book quietly)

52
Q

What is the Phonolgical Loop broken down into

A
  • Phonological store (inner ear), which stores words you hear
  • The articulatory process (inner voice), which allows maintenance rehearsal
53
Q

Duration for the Phonological Loop

A

2 seconds

54
Q

Braver et al (1997)

C.E

A

Brain scan while carrying out cognitive tasks
- Evidence of Central Executive
Most complex and least understood component of WM

55
Q

Why does Braver’s study support the
existence of the central executive?

A

It demonstrates that there is a specific area associated with the tasks carried out by
the central executive. This suggests that there is a specific, separate component that
can be called the central executive.

56
Q

Why was the episodic buffer added after the originial model of the WM

A

Episodic buffer added in 2000 because of criticisms that the model didn’t explain LTM or how STM integrated into the LTM

57
Q

What is a similarity between MSM and WMM

A

Information is still fragile, can still be Overloaded or Distracted in both models

58
Q

What is the main concept of Dual Task Performance

A

Dual Task Performance
- Baddely and Hitch state that people can perform two tasks at the same time as long as the tasks use different components of the working memory system
- However, if they are using the same parts of the same component,
processing will slow down.

59
Q

What was a criticism of research of Dual Task Performance

A

Tasks asked to complete do not generalise to every day use of Memory
Cannot assume memory works the same way for useful information and random information

60
Q

Strengths of the WMM

A

Real Lif Application

The working memory applies to real-life tasks:

Reading (phonological loop)
Problem-solving (central executive)
Navigation (visual and spatial processing)

61
Q
A
62
Q
A

A-Level Psychology (19 decks)

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