Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Define recall

A

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, so, for example, a fill in the blank test

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2
Q

Define recognition

A

A measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

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3
Q

Define relearning

A

A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.

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4
Q

Multiple-choice questions test our ______. Fill-in-the-blank questions test our ______.

A

Recognition, recall.

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5
Q

If you want to be sure to remember what you’re learning for an upcoming test, would it be better to use recall or recognition to check your memory? Why?

A

It would be better to use recall because it’s more challenging to recall information. So recall would broaden your depth of memory on the material.

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6
Q

What are the three memory models?

A

Encoding- to get information into our brain.
Storage- retain that information.
Retrieval- later get that information back out.

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7
Q

What is the information-processing model?

A

It’s a comparison of memory and computer operations. It involves encoding, storage, and retrieval.

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8
Q

Define the connectionism information-processing model.

A

It’s a memory model that focuses on multi-track, parallel processing, and it views products as interconnected neural networks.

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9
Q

Define working memory

A

Working memory is a newer understanding of STM and information retrieved from LTM. It’s an active process that uses auditory and visual while simultaneously retrieving LTM information.

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10
Q

What are the two basic functions of working memory?

A

The processing of auditory and visual information.

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11
Q

Define explicit memories

A

Also known as declarative memories, it’s the retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.”

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12
Q

Define implicit memories.

A

Also known as non-declarative memories, retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection.

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13
Q

What are the processes of encoding memories through explicit memories and implicit memories?

A

With experiences and practice, explicit memories become automatic.
For implicit memories, they include automatic skills and classically conditioned associations.

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14
Q

Define the sensory memories.

A

Iconic memory: Picture-image memory (a tenth of a second)

Echoic memory: Sound memory (3-4 seconds)

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15
Q

Define short-term memory

A

Activated memory that holds items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten.

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16
Q

What is the magic number that most people can remember

A

Magic number 7

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17
Q

Name the seven dwarfs

A

Dopey, Doc, Bashful, Sneezy, Happy, Grumpy, Sleepy.

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18
Q

Name the three effortful processing strategies.

A

Chunking- organizing items, into familiar, manageable units.
Mnemonics- memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
Hierarchies- organization of items into a few broad categories that are divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts.

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19
Q

At which of Atkinson-Shiffrin’s three memory stages would iconic and echoic memory occur?

A

Sensory memory.

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20
Q

Define spacing effect

A

We retain information better when our encoding is spread over time.

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21
Q

Define testing effect

A

Repeated self-testing protects our memory from the effects of stress.

22
Q

Which strategies are better for long-term retention: cramming and rereading material, or spreading out learning overtime and repeatedly testing yourself.

A

Spreading out learning over time, the testing effect expands further memory and improves long-term retention.

23
Q

If you try to make the material you are learning personally meaningful, are you processing it at a shallow or deep level? Which level leads to greater retention?

A

Making material personally meaningful involves processing at a deep level because you process semantically - based on the meaning of words. Deep processing leads to greater retention.

24
Q

A psychologist who asks you to write down as many objects as you can remember having seen a few minutes earlier is testing your ______.

A

Recall

25
Q

The psychological terms for taking information, retaining it, and later getting it back out are ______, _______, and _______.

A

Encoding, storage, and retrieval

26
Q

The concept of working memory
A) Clarifies the idea of short-term memory by focusing on the active processing that occurs in this stage.
B) splits short-term memory into two substages - sensory memory and iconic memory.
C) Splits short-term memory into two types: implicit and explicit memory.
D) Clarifies the idea of short-term memory by focusing on space, time and frequency.

A

A - Clarifies the idea of short-term memory by focusing on the active processing that occurs in this stage.

27
Q

Sensory memory may be (_____ memory) or auditory (_____ memory).

A

Iconic memory, and echoic memory

28
Q

Memory aids that use visual imagery or other organization devices (such as acronyms) are called _________.

A

mnemonics

29
Q

Which parts of the brain are important for implicit memory processing, and which parts play a key role in explicit memory processing?

A

The cerebellum and the basal ganglia are essential for implicit memory processing. And the frontal lobes and hippocampus are key to explicit memory formation.

30
Q

What important role does the cerebellum play in the implicit system?

A

Forming and storing memories created by classical conditioning.

31
Q

Define what the basal ganglia does for memory

A

It helps form memories for physical skills.

32
Q

Define what the anterograde amneisa does

A

The ability to remember old memories but not new memories.

33
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

Conscious memory of the first three years of life is blank; command of language and well-developed hippocampus are needed to form memories.

34
Q

Define flashbulb memories

A

A clear moment of an emotionally significant moment or event. These memories occur via emotion-triggered hormonal changes and rehearsal

35
Q

Explain the explicit memory system

A

It’s dedicated to explicit memories. These memories are processed through the hippocampus and frontal lobes, and the memory processed is semantic memory and episodic memory.

36
Q

Explain the implicit memory system

A

Implicit memories are processed through the cerebellum and basal ganglia: processing space, time and frequency; motor and cognitive skills; and classical conditioning.

37
Q

What information was learned by Kandel and Schwartz when doing an experiment with sea slugs?

A

They learned that more serotonin is released with learning, and cell efficiency increases (i.e., the number of synapses increases).

38
Q

Define Long-term potentiation

A

An increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory. After LTP, the brain will not erase memories.

39
Q

How do memory cues best come from?

A

Associations that have been formed at the same time a memory is encoded.

40
Q

Define priming

A

Priming is the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.
Ex- After seeing or hearing the rabbit, we are more likely to spell the broken word as h-a-r-e.

41
Q

Define context-dependent memory cues and give an example.

A

Putting yourself in the context of the memory can prime memory retrieval (e.g., chewing gum while studying and chewing gum while writing a test).

42
Q

Define state-dependent memory cues

A

Recall best in the same state as when information is learned.

43
Q

Define mood-congruent memory cue

A

We retrieve memories consistent with that mood (e.g., hard to remember happy times when depressed).

44
Q

Define the encoding specificity principle

A

Cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping recall.

45
Q

Define the serial position effect

A

The tendency to recall best the last (recent effect) and first (primacy effect) items on a list.

46
Q

What is priming?

A

priming is the activation (often without awareness) of associations. Seeing a gun, for example, might temporarily predispose someone to interpret an ambiguous face as threatening or to recall a boss as nasty.

47
Q

When we are tested immediately after viewing a list of words, we tend to recall the first and last items best, which is known ass the _______ _______ effect.

A

Serial position effect.

48
Q

The hippocampus seems to function as a

A

temporary processing site for explicit memories

49
Q

Hippocampus damage typically leaves people unable to learn new facts or recall recent events. However, they may be able to learn new skills, such as riding a bike, which is an ______ memory,

A

Implicit memory

50
Q

Long term potentiation refers to

A

An increase in the cell’s firing potential

51
Q

Specific odors, visual images, emotions, or other associations that help us access a memory are examples of _________.

A

Retrieval cues.

52
Q

Define proactive interference

A

old memories make it difficult to remember new memories.

EX- a friends phone number.