Memory Flashcards
Define recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, so, for example, a fill in the blank test
Define recognition
A measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.
Define relearning
A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.
Multiple-choice questions test our ______. Fill-in-the-blank questions test our ______.
Recognition, recall.
If you want to be sure to remember what you’re learning for an upcoming test, would it be better to use recall or recognition to check your memory? Why?
It would be better to use recall because it’s more challenging to recall information. So recall would broaden your depth of memory on the material.
What are the three memory models?
Encoding- to get information into our brain.
Storage- retain that information.
Retrieval- later get that information back out.
What is the information-processing model?
It’s a comparison of memory and computer operations. It involves encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Define the connectionism information-processing model.
It’s a memory model that focuses on multi-track, parallel processing, and it views products as interconnected neural networks.
Define working memory
Working memory is a newer understanding of STM and information retrieved from LTM. It’s an active process that uses auditory and visual while simultaneously retrieving LTM information.
What are the two basic functions of working memory?
The processing of auditory and visual information.
Define explicit memories
Also known as declarative memories, it’s the retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.”
Define implicit memories.
Also known as non-declarative memories, retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection.
What are the processes of encoding memories through explicit memories and implicit memories?
With experiences and practice, explicit memories become automatic.
For implicit memories, they include automatic skills and classically conditioned associations.
Define the sensory memories.
Iconic memory: Picture-image memory (a tenth of a second)
Echoic memory: Sound memory (3-4 seconds)
Define short-term memory
Activated memory that holds items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten.
What is the magic number that most people can remember
Magic number 7
Name the seven dwarfs
Dopey, Doc, Bashful, Sneezy, Happy, Grumpy, Sleepy.
Name the three effortful processing strategies.
Chunking- organizing items, into familiar, manageable units.
Mnemonics- memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
Hierarchies- organization of items into a few broad categories that are divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts.
At which of Atkinson-Shiffrin’s three memory stages would iconic and echoic memory occur?
Sensory memory.
Define spacing effect
We retain information better when our encoding is spread over time.