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Psychology 110 > Chapter 3,4,6 > Flashcards

Chapter 3,4,6 Flashcards

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1
Q

cognitive neuro science

A

the inter-disciplinary study of brain activity linked to cognition, perception, thinking, memory, and language.

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2
Q

Dual processing

A

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.

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3
Q

blindsight awareness

A

when people can see stimuli, but not actually be experiencing them.

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4
Q

selective attention, and give an example.

A

focusing on a particular stimulus

ex - listening to your fav pod cast while driving.

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5
Q

inattentional blindness, and give an example.

A

failing to see visible objects when our mind is elsewhere.

ex - texting while driving.

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6
Q

Change blindness

A

failing to see changes in the environment.

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7
Q

circadian rhythum

A

the bodies 24 hour biological clock.

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8
Q

Waking beta

A

alert waking state

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9
Q

waking alpha

A

relaxed awake state

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10
Q

What happens at NREM-1

A

vivid hallucinations

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11
Q

what happens at NREM-2

A

periodic sleep spindles; easy to arouse.

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12
Q

What happens at NREM-3

A

the first stage of deep sleep, this is where delta waves form; difficult to rouse

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13
Q

what happens at REM

A

Deep sleep stage where vivid dreams occur

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14
Q

What are delta waves?

A

Delta waves are large slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

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15
Q

Hypnagogic sensations

A

Hallucinations that occur at NREM-1 sleep stage

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16
Q

What are the five theories of sleep.

A

To protect, sleep helps recuperate, sleep helps restore memories from daily experiences, sleep feeds creative thinking, and sleep supports growth.

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17
Q

Lack of sleep results in what?

A

Health problems, obesity, depression, lowered immune system, and sex drive.

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18
Q

What are the four sleep disorders symptoms?

A

Insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and night terrors

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19
Q

What are the five themes for dreams?

A 
To satisfy our own wishes (latent and manifest content)
file away memories
develop and preserve neural pathways
make sense of neural static
to reflect cognitive development
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20
Q

Manifest content

A

The remembered story line of a dream

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21
Q

Latent content

A

the underlining symbolic meaning behind a dream

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22
Q

Substance use disorder

A

continued use and craving despite life-altering and physical risks.

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23
Q

Addiction

A

compulsive cravings of a drug or certain behaviors despite bad circumstances.

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24
Q

What are the three Depressants, and what do they do?

A

Barbiturates, alcohol, and opiates, they slow body functions.

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25
Q

What are the five stimulants, and what do they do?

A

Cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, amphetamine, ecstasy; they speed body functions

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26
Q

what are the two Hallucinogens?

A

LSD, and marijuana, they distort perceptions.

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27
Q

what causes hallucinations?

A

Drugs, seizures, withdrawal, sleep disorders, anxiety, mental health conditions.

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28
Q

_______ is the genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring.

A

Heritability

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29
Q

Molecular genetics is the

A

study of molecular structure and function of genes.

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30
Q

Behavior genetics is the study of______?

A

how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behavior.

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31
Q

Identical twins are ______ fertilized _____.

A

one fertilized egg.

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32
Q

Fraternal twins are ____ eggs and ____ cells

A

two, sperm

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33
Q

What traits are more genetically related?

A

Body features

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34
Q

What are the similarities and differences between biological and adopted parents?

A

Adopted children are more similar to their genetic parents than their adopted environmental parents.
Adopted children share extraversion, agreeableness, and physical features with their biological parents; and adopted children share political views, daily living tasks.

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35
Q

How do genes and environments interact?

A

They interact by self-regulation, genes turn each other on and off in responses to environmental conditions.

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36
Q

Genes

A

A small section of chromosomes made of DNA cells, that are passed down from parents to offspring.

37
Q

Chromosomes

A

A thread-like structure made of DNA molecules that contain genes.

38
Q

DNA

A

a complex molecule containing the genetic info that makes up our chromosomes.

39
Q

the epigenetic mark does what?

A

Tells your genes to switch on and off

40
Q

What is a genome?

A

the complete instructions of an organism, consisting of genetic material in that organisms chromosome.

41
Q

Temperament

A

is a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity, that is genetically influenced.

42
Q

what are social norms?

A

an understood rule accepted and expected behavior

43
Q

Individualists value _______

A

independence

44
Q

Collectivists value

A

Interdependence

45
Q

Gender roles

A

How we are expected to act, speak, dress, and conduct ourselves based upon sex.

46
Q

Gender typing

A

our sense of being male, female or some combination of the two.

47
Q

Gender identity

A

each person’s internal and individual experience of gender

48
Q

Transgender

A

Having a gender identity or gender expression that differs from the sex they’re assigned.

49
Q

In social connectedness how do males and females differ?

A

females stick to shorter groups, while males stick to larger groups.

50
Q

Perception is the process of….

A

organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to organize meaningful objects and things.

51
Q

Sensation is the process by which …..

A

Our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.

52
Q

Sensory transduction is the process ….

A

Converting sensory signals into a neural impulse.

53
Q

Eyes sensory receptors are called…

A

Rods and cones

54
Q

Ear receptor cells are called ____ cells

A

cochlear hair cells

55
Q

Touch cell receptors are the ____ and ____.

A

dermis, and epidermis, and nociceptors

56
Q

Taste receptors are called _____ _____.

A

taste buds

57
Q

How do we measure sensation?

A

detecting the presence or absence of signals.

58
Q

The absolute threshold is the _____ stimulation to detect a _____.

A

minimum stimulation to detect a stimulus

59
Q

Subliminal messages are

A

below the absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

60
Q

Difference threshold is the ______ difference a person can detect between any ______ stimulus half of the time. And is also known as …….

A

minimum difference, two stimulus, just noticeable difference

61
Q

Weber’s law

A

For an average person to perceive a difference, two stimuli must differ by constant minimum percentage.

62
Q

what does the Signal detection theory predict?

A

how and when we detect stimulus amid background noise.

63
Q

sensory adaptation

A

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant sensitivity
ex - having shoes on for a while and not noticing them.

64
Q

How do context effects impact perception?

A

When environmental factors affect how things are perceived.
Ex - a cop with a gun is pointing it at a person; the individual with the gun pointed to him pulls his phone out. The context effect in this scenario is the cop probably thinks the individual is pulling a gun out because of the environment of the situation.

65
Q

Perceptual set

A

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. - top-down processing

66
Q

Rods

A

Black and white vision; dim lighting and peripheral vision; several rods to bipolar rods

67
Q

Cones

A

color vision and fine detail; single cone to bipolar cell

68
Q

Cones are the eye’s receptor cells that are especially sensitive to _____ light and are responsible for our _____ vision.

A

bright light, color vision.

69
Q

Two theories account for color vision. The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory shows that the eye contains _______ and Hering’s theory accounts for the nervous system’s having ______.

A

Three types of color receptors, opposing retinal process.

70
Q

The visual cliff experiment suggests that…..

A

crawling infants and young animals perceive depth.

71
Q

In listening to a concert, you attend to the solo instrument and perceive the orchestra as accompaniment. This illustrates the organizing principle of _______.

A

Figure-ground.

72
Q

In what order does light pass through different cells of the eye?

A

Light first passes through the cornea, pupil, and lens; furthermore, this light then hits the retina, where receptors transduce this sensory energy into neural impulses sent to the brain.

73
Q

Wave length is the…..

A

Distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next.

74
Q

Hue

A

The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light.

75
Q

Intensity is the

A

amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave (brightness or loudness).

76
Q

Visual accommodation is the process by which…

A

the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects of the retina.

77
Q

Binocular cue is a depth cue, such as _______ ______, that depends on the use of ______ _____.

A

Retinal disparity, two eyes.

78
Q

Two examples of _______ depth cues are interposition, and linear perspective.

A

monocular cues

79
Q

What are nocireceptors?

A

A sensory receptor that responds to pain.

80
Q

What are the four ways to handle pain?

A

Distraction, hypnosis. Placebos and endorphins.

81
Q

Smell receptor cells are called _______ cells.

A

Olfactory receptor cells.

82
Q

Where is smell processed in the brain?

A

The olfactory bulb, which is located under the frontal lobe, and beside the temporal lobe.

83
Q

Where is taste processed in the brain?

A

Between frontal and temporal lobe.

84
Q

Where is touch processed in the brain?

A

somatosensory cortex

85
Q

Embodied cognition is

A

an approach to cognition that is rooted to motor behavior

86
Q

Sensory interaction

A

The principle that one sense reacts to another.

For example, smelling food triggers taste.

87
Q

What are the four basic senses of touch?

A

pressure, warmth, cold and pain

88
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss is located where?

A

auditory nerve

89
Q

conduction hearing loss damage locations are where?

A

the mechanical system that sends waves to the cochlea.

Psychology 110 (17 decks)

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