Chapter 3,4,6 Flashcards
cognitive neuro science
the inter-disciplinary study of brain activity linked to cognition, perception, thinking, memory, and language.
Dual processing
the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.
blindsight awareness
when people can see stimuli, but not actually be experiencing them.
selective attention, and give an example.
focusing on a particular stimulus
ex - listening to your fav pod cast while driving.
inattentional blindness, and give an example.
failing to see visible objects when our mind is elsewhere.
ex - texting while driving.
Change blindness
failing to see changes in the environment.
circadian rhythum
the bodies 24 hour biological clock.
Waking beta
alert waking state
waking alpha
relaxed awake state
What happens at NREM-1
vivid hallucinations
what happens at NREM-2
periodic sleep spindles; easy to arouse.
What happens at NREM-3
the first stage of deep sleep, this is where delta waves form; difficult to rouse
what happens at REM
Deep sleep stage where vivid dreams occur
What are delta waves?
Delta waves are large slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
Hypnagogic sensations
Hallucinations that occur at NREM-1 sleep stage
What are the five theories of sleep.
To protect, sleep helps recuperate, sleep helps restore memories from daily experiences, sleep feeds creative thinking, and sleep supports growth.
Lack of sleep results in what?
Health problems, obesity, depression, lowered immune system, and sex drive.
What are the four sleep disorders symptoms?
Insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and night terrors
What are the five themes for dreams?
To satisfy our own wishes (latent and manifest content) file away memories develop and preserve neural pathways make sense of neural static to reflect cognitive development
Manifest content
The remembered story line of a dream
Latent content
the underlining symbolic meaning behind a dream
Substance use disorder
continued use and craving despite life-altering and physical risks.
Addiction
compulsive cravings of a drug or certain behaviors despite bad circumstances.
What are the three Depressants, and what do they do?
Barbiturates, alcohol, and opiates, they slow body functions.
What are the five stimulants, and what do they do?
Cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, amphetamine, ecstasy; they speed body functions
what are the two Hallucinogens?
LSD, and marijuana, they distort perceptions.
what causes hallucinations?
Drugs, seizures, withdrawal, sleep disorders, anxiety, mental health conditions.
_______ is the genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring.
Heritability
Molecular genetics is the
study of molecular structure and function of genes.
Behavior genetics is the study of______?
how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behavior.
Identical twins are ______ fertilized _____.
one fertilized egg.
Fraternal twins are ____ eggs and ____ cells
two, sperm
What traits are more genetically related?
Body features
What are the similarities and differences between biological and adopted parents?
Adopted children are more similar to their genetic parents than their adopted environmental parents.
Adopted children share extraversion, agreeableness, and physical features with their biological parents; and adopted children share political views, daily living tasks.
How do genes and environments interact?
They interact by self-regulation, genes turn each other on and off in responses to environmental conditions.
Genes
A small section of chromosomes made of DNA cells, that are passed down from parents to offspring.
Chromosomes
A thread-like structure made of DNA molecules that contain genes.
DNA
a complex molecule containing the genetic info that makes up our chromosomes.
the epigenetic mark does what?
Tells your genes to switch on and off
What is a genome?
the complete instructions of an organism, consisting of genetic material in that organisms chromosome.
Temperament
is a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity, that is genetically influenced.
what are social norms?
an understood rule accepted and expected behavior
Individualists value _______
independence
Collectivists value
Interdependence
Gender roles
How we are expected to act, speak, dress, and conduct ourselves based upon sex.
Gender typing
our sense of being male, female or some combination of the two.
Gender identity
each person’s internal and individual experience of gender
Transgender
Having a gender identity or gender expression that differs from the sex they’re assigned.
In social connectedness how do males and females differ?
females stick to shorter groups, while males stick to larger groups.
Perception is the process of….
organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to organize meaningful objects and things.
Sensation is the process by which …..
Our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.
Sensory transduction is the process ….
Converting sensory signals into a neural impulse.
Eyes sensory receptors are called…
Rods and cones
Ear receptor cells are called ____ cells
cochlear hair cells
Touch cell receptors are the ____ and ____.
dermis, and epidermis, and nociceptors
Taste receptors are called _____ _____.
taste buds
How do we measure sensation?
detecting the presence or absence of signals.
The absolute threshold is the _____ stimulation to detect a _____.
minimum stimulation to detect a stimulus
Subliminal messages are
below the absolute threshold for conscious awareness.
Difference threshold is the ______ difference a person can detect between any ______ stimulus half of the time. And is also known as …….
minimum difference, two stimulus, just noticeable difference
Weber’s law
For an average person to perceive a difference, two stimuli must differ by constant minimum percentage.
what does the Signal detection theory predict?
how and when we detect stimulus amid background noise.
sensory adaptation
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant sensitivity
ex - having shoes on for a while and not noticing them.
How do context effects impact perception?
When environmental factors affect how things are perceived.
Ex - a cop with a gun is pointing it at a person; the individual with the gun pointed to him pulls his phone out. The context effect in this scenario is the cop probably thinks the individual is pulling a gun out because of the environment of the situation.
Perceptual set
a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. - top-down processing
Rods
Black and white vision; dim lighting and peripheral vision; several rods to bipolar rods
Cones
color vision and fine detail; single cone to bipolar cell
Cones are the eye’s receptor cells that are especially sensitive to _____ light and are responsible for our _____ vision.
bright light, color vision.
Two theories account for color vision. The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory shows that the eye contains _______ and Hering’s theory accounts for the nervous system’s having ______.
Three types of color receptors, opposing retinal process.
The visual cliff experiment suggests that…..
crawling infants and young animals perceive depth.
In listening to a concert, you attend to the solo instrument and perceive the orchestra as accompaniment. This illustrates the organizing principle of _______.
Figure-ground.
In what order does light pass through different cells of the eye?
Light first passes through the cornea, pupil, and lens; furthermore, this light then hits the retina, where receptors transduce this sensory energy into neural impulses sent to the brain.
Wave length is the…..
Distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next.
Hue
The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light.
Intensity is the
amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave (brightness or loudness).
Visual accommodation is the process by which…
the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects of the retina.
Binocular cue is a depth cue, such as _______ ______, that depends on the use of ______ _____.
Retinal disparity, two eyes.
Two examples of _______ depth cues are interposition, and linear perspective.
monocular cues
What are nocireceptors?
A sensory receptor that responds to pain.
What are the four ways to handle pain?
Distraction, hypnosis. Placebos and endorphins.
Smell receptor cells are called _______ cells.
Olfactory receptor cells.
Where is smell processed in the brain?
The olfactory bulb, which is located under the frontal lobe, and beside the temporal lobe.
Where is taste processed in the brain?
Between frontal and temporal lobe.
Where is touch processed in the brain?
somatosensory cortex
Embodied cognition is
an approach to cognition that is rooted to motor behavior
Sensory interaction
The principle that one sense reacts to another.
For example, smelling food triggers taste.
What are the four basic senses of touch?
pressure, warmth, cold and pain
Sensorineural hearing loss is located where?
auditory nerve
conduction hearing loss damage locations are where?
the mechanical system that sends waves to the cochlea.
