Chapter 4 - nature, nurture, and human diversity

Question 1

Behavior genetics

Answer 1

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

Question 2

Heredity

Answer 2

The genetic transfer of characteristics from the parents to offspring

Question 3

Environment

Answer 3

every non-genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.

Question 4

chromosomes

Answer 4

the thread-like structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.

Question 5

DNA

Answer 5

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

Question 6

Genome

Answer 6

The complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all genetic material in that organism’s chromosome.

Question 7

The thread-like structures made largely of DNA molecules are called _______.

Answer 7

Chromosomes.

Question 8

A small segment of DNA that codes for particular proteins is referred to as a _______.

Answer 8

Gene

Question 9

When a mother’s egg and the father’s sperm unite, each contributes _______.

Answer 9

23 chromosomes

Question 10

Fraternal twins occur when _________.

Answer 10

Two eggs are fertilized by two sperm.

Question 11

________ twins share the same DNA.

Answer 11

Identical

Question 12

Adoption studies seek to understand genetic influences on personality. They do this mainly by ….?

Answer 12

Evaluating whether the adopted children’s personalities are more similar to their adoptive parents or biological parents

Question 13

From the first weeks of life, infants differ in their characteristic emotional reactions, with some infants being intense and anxious, while others are easygoing and relaxed. These differences are usually explained as differences in ________.

Answer 13

Temperament

Question 14

________ is the proportion of variation among individuals in groups that we can attribute to genes

Answer 14

Heritability

Question 15

Epigenetics is the study of the molecular mechanisms by which ______ trigger or block genetic expression.

Answer 15

Environment

Question 16

What is the order of cell structures from smallest to largest genes, nucleus, and chromosomes?

Answer 16

Gene, chromosomes, and nucleus.

Question 17

Why do researchers use twin and adoption studies to learn about psychological principles?

Answer 17

To understand how much variation among individuals is due to genetic makeup and how much is due to environmental factors.

Question 18

Behavior geneticists are most interested in exploring _______ (commonalities/differences) in our behaviors. Evolutionary psychologists are most interested in exploring ________ (commonalities/differences).

Answer 18

Differences, commonalities.

Question 19

Evolutionary psychologists are most likely to focus on _________.

Answer 19

The natural selection of traits that helped our ancestors survive and reproduce.

Question 20

How do people in individualist and collectivist cultures differ?

Answer 20

Individualists value independence, and collectivists value interdependence.

Question 21

Males and females share what chromosome?

Answer 21

X chromosome.

Question 22

Males typically have a ____ chromosome.

Answer 22

Y chromosome

Question 23

Prenatal sexual development occurs about _____ after conception. Adolescence is marked by the onset of _____.

Answer 23

Six weeks, puberty.

Question 24

What are gender roles?

Answer 24

Gender roles are social rules or norms for accepted and expected female and male behaviors.

Question 25

In psychology, ______ is the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male and female. The social influenced characteristics by which people define as boy, girl, man, and woman is _______

Answer 25

Sex, and gender.

Question 26

Females and males are very similar to each other. But one way they differ is that _______.

Answer 26

as children, females tend to play in small groups, while males tend to play in larger groups.

Question 27

Primary sex characteristics relate to _______; secondary sex characteristics refer to ________.

Answer 27

reproductive organs, and none reproductive traits.

Question 28

On average girls tend to begin puberty at the age ___, while males begin at age ___.

Answer 28

11, 12

Question 29

A person born with a sexual anatomy that differs from typical male or female anatomy may be considered _____.

Answer 29

Intersex

Question 30

Gender roles refers to our _____.
A) personal sense of being male or female.
B) culture’s expectations about the “right” way for males and females to behave.
C) assigned birth sex - our chromosomes and anatomy.
D) unisex characteristics.

Answer 30

B) Cultures expectations about the right way for males and females to behave.

Question 31

Our sense of being male, female, or some combination of the two is known as our _______ _______.

Answer 31

Gender identity.