Meiosis Flashcards
0
Q
What was mendel and what did he do
A
a monk
worked with pea plants
1
Q
Who is the father of genetics
A
Mendel
2
Q
parent generation
A
the parent that produces offspring
3
Q
F1
A
first filial generation
offspring from parents
4
Q
F2
A
2nd filial generation
offspring of F1
grandchildren of parent
5
Q
loci
A
the location of a gene on a chromosome
6
Q
allele
A
a trait from a gene that you physically see
7
Q
red hair color - show gene and allele
A
gene - hair color
allele-red
8
Q
what are alleles represented by
A
a letter
9
Q
dominant trait
A
an allele that is expressed even if a lesser allele is present
10
Q
what is dominant represented by
A
capital letter
11
Q
what does the dominant allele do to the recessive allele
A
masks it and does not let it show up
12
Q
recessive
A
allele that does not show up if a dominant allele is present
13
Q
what is recessive represented by
A
lowercase letter
14
Q
homozygous means
A
purebred
15
Q
homozygous
A
where both alleles of the gene are the same
16
Q
another word for heterozygous
A
hybrid
17
Q
what is heterozygous
A
when the dominant allele always masks the recessive allele
18
Q
phenotype
A
the physical description of the 2 alleles
19
Q
example of phenotype
A
red hair
20
Q
genotype
with example
A
the gene description using the letters of the 2 alleles
Aa
21
Q
2 types of ratio
A
genotypic ratio
phenotypic ratio
22
Q
genotypic ratio
A
the number of similar genotypes produced by a Punnett square
23
Q
order of listing in genotypic ratio
A
AA:Aa:aa (number)
24
phenotypic ratio
the number of physical characteristics produced by a Punnett square
25
order of phenotypic ratio
DOMINANT:recessive (numbers)
26
what does a Punnett square do
gives the possible allele pairings from Mom and Dad for potential offspring
27
What is a dihybrid cross
where 2 sets of heterozygous alleles are crossed at the same time
28
example of dihybrid cross, and how many squares in Punnett square
YyRr x YyRr (yellow, green, round, wrinkled)
16
29
How do you do the tops of the Punnett square with dihybrid cross
foil
30
what is the phenotypic ratio for dihybrid cross always
9:3:3:1
31
law of segregation
where alleles for the same trait separate from each other when forming egg or sperm
32
what does segregate mean
separate
33
when is the law of segregation shown
alleles splitting for a Punnett square
34
law of independent assortment
alleles for different traits are distributed in two sex cells independently of each other
35
most genes .......
are not linked together and do not affect each other
36
example of law of independent assortment
red hair and long teeth are independent of each other
37
Rule of and is the
rule of multiplication
38
what is the rule of multiplication
a probability that an event that is independent occurs in a sequence
39
what does a rule of multiplication question state
and
40
example of rule of multiplication
blue eyes and blonde hair
41
how to form numbers in rule of multiplication
of thing you are looking for
__________________________
number of total that you took it out of in that bit
42
PpxPp what is the probability of getting p and then p
1 1 number of ps
- X -
2 2 number of alleles from one parent
43
rule of addition
rule of or
| the probability that two or more events do not occur at the same time
44
2 variations of mendel's law
incomplete dominance
| co dominance
45
incomplete dominance
no dominant or recessive, so the traits mix
46
example of incomplete dominance
red and white equals pink
47
how are alleles represented in incomplete dominance
letter exponent and the gene as a capital letter
48
example of incomplete dominance letter wise
w
C
c-color gene
w-white allele
49
codominance
| how represented
shares the dominance
both alleles are dominant and expressed individually
both capital letters for alleles
50
example of codominance
roan - red and white hairs
51
example of codominance in life
blood type
52
multiple alleles
many alleles for one trait in a population
53
example of multiple alleles
blood type
54
pleiotropy
where a single gene affects more than one characteristic
55
example of pleiotropy
white cat with green eyes is deaf
56
polygenic inheritance
where many genes affect a single trait
57
examples of polygenic inheritance
skin color
| hair color
58
linked genes
genes that are on the same chromosome that are close together so when crossing over occurs so they cross over together
59
what increases the frequency of genes crossing together
genes being far apart
60
what is frequency
how likely genes are to separate from each other
61
low frequency is
| high frequency is
low - linked genes close together
| high - not linked genes far apart
62
what are sex linked genes
genes found only on the sex chromosomes x or y
63
what can mom give
| what can dad give
mom - x
| dad - x or y
64
about the Y chromosome
smaller than the x and folded so we can't obtain certain genes
65
why does mom often determine the phenotype of boys
mom's X chromosome has all the genes and dad's Y chromosome is folded therefore missing some
66
karyotype
a picture of all the cell's chromosomes during metaphase
| chromosomes are paired up with their homologue then arranged by size and gene location
67
homologous pair
2 chromosomes with identical gene locations one from mom one from dad
68
example of homologous pair
X <------ eye color
| chromosome 11
69
diploid
2n
2 chromosomes for every trait
all cells but egg and sperm
70
meiosis
the making of egg an sperm
71
gamete
an egg or sperm cell
72
sperm
male gamete
73
ovum
egg
| female gamete
74
spermatogenesis
the creation of sperm
| meiosis for males
75
oogenesis
the creation of eggs
| meiosis for females
76
haploid
n
a cell with one chromosome from every homologous pair
23 chromosomes in egg and sperm
77
zygote
fertilized egg
| diploid cell formed by the union of 2 haploid cells - egg and sperm
78
phases of meiosis
```
stage 1
interphase 1
prophase 1
metaphase 1
anaphase 1
telophase 1/cytokinesis 1
stage 2 meiosis
interphase 2
prophase 2
metaphase 2
anaphase 2
telophase 2
```
79
interphase 1
the DNA replicates and the chromatin begins to wind to become chromatids
80
prophase 1
crhomatids have completely wound up
homologous pairs find each other and form a tetrad
crossing over occurs
81
what is a tetrad
a homologous pair of 4 chromatids
| basically 2 xs
82
what occurs in crossing over
the inner tetrads of the homologues cross at the top, bottom, or both and exchange genes
83
what is chiasmata
where the homologues cross and break
84
what does crossing over do
make people different from their parents
85
metaphase 1
homologous chromosomes line up next to each other at the equator
each homologue attaches to the spindle
86
when homologous pairs line up in any order
independent assortment
87
anaphase 1
the homologues separate
| spindles pull the homologous chromosomes apart to the opposite poles
88
telophase 1/cytokinesis
the chromatids unwind to become chromatin
| cytokinesis occurs resulting in 2 cells genetically different from each other
89
3 points about Interphase 2
short in time
not all animal cells go through this
females form eggs as fetuses and complete stage 2 at fertilization
90
prophase 2
the spindles move the sister chromatids to the equator
91
metaphase 2
the spindles move the sister chromatids to the equator
92
anaphase 2
the sister chromatids are pulled apart and pulled toward the opposite poles
93
telophase 2 and cytokinesis
chromatids unwind and become chromatin
| cytokinesis occurs creating 4 genetically different haploid cells with 23 chromosomes
94
what happens every time males go through meiosis
4 sperm are made
