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Biology > Chapters 16-17 > Flashcards

Chapters 16-17 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

what is descent with modification

A

evolution

progression of the human race and how it has changed throughout the years

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1
Q

what is evolution

A

change

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2
Q

what is adaptation

A

an increase in frequency of a trait because the mutation doesn’t let it die
when a random gene mutation helps an organism’s life or their life expectancy increase

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3
Q

What book did Darwin write?

A

On the Origin of Species

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4
Q

2 parts to the book

A

species change because the environment allows a mutation to become an adaptation
natural selection

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5
Q

another term for natural selection

A

survival of the fittest

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6
Q

what is survival of the fittest

A

populations change over generations
individuals have certain inheritable traits that leave their offspring stronger than other offspring
results in a change of the population’s genetic composition over time

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7
Q

what is fitness

A

how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment

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8
Q

What is the fossil record

A

the record of fossils over time

the chronology of fossils and their appearance in the strata shows how species have changed over time

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9
Q

what is a fossil

A

a preserved organism or an impression of an organism left over time

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10
Q

what is strata

A

layers of the earth

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11
Q

the deeper the strata…

A

the older the object is

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12
Q

chronology means

A

time

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13
Q

what is biogeography

A

where life is found and how species are distributed on the earth

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14
Q

what is a eutharian

A

they give birth after a period of time from a uterus

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15
Q

what is a marsupial

A

they give birth to an underdeveloped fetus which crawls into the pouch to develop to maturity

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16
Q

why are the squirrel and sugar glider not related

A

the 2 nonrelated species develop in similar environments and needs, however Australia is a better environment for marsupials and North America is a better environment for Eutharians

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17
Q

what is comparative anatomy

A

the comparison of body parts between different species

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18
Q

what is homology

A

the same body part form with a different function

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19
Q

examples of homology

A

arm and wing

leg and flipper

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20
Q

What do different sorts of scientists say about homology

A

without God - common ancestor

with God - common Creator

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21
Q

What is comparative embryology?

A

the comparison of structures that appear during fetal development of different organisms

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22
Q

How do different animals’ embryos compare?

A

they are similar

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23
Q

what do all animals have when a fetus?

A

pharyngeal slits

post anal tail

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24
Q

What do pharyngeal slits develop into?

A

gills or ear tunnels

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25
Q

What does the post anal tail form?

A

tail or tail bone - coccyx

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26
Q

What is survival of the fittest?

A

the ability to survive an environment, reproduce, and have your offspring reproduce

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27
Q

story of black and peppered moths

A

peppered moths could blend into trees and their population grew
factories came and blackened the trees - peppered died off and black increased
black now more fit than peppered

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28
Q

what is adaption

A

when a mutation helps an organism in its environment

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29
Q

about DDT pesticide resistance

A

DDT sprayed on crops to kill bugs

99% of bugs died, but survivors passed on mutation against it

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30
Q

what is a population?

A

a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time

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31
Q

what is a gene pod

A

all the alleles in a population

32
Q

what is an allele

A

one letter in the genotype

33
Q

what is the Hardy Weinburg equation

A

an equation that tells us if evolution is occurring

34
Q

What will cause us to not be evolving and remain in equilibrium

A

a disturbance

35
Q

5 evolution causing disturbances

A 
small population
non-random mating
mutations
gene flow
natural selection
36
Q

what does small population size do

A

cause evolution

37
Q

what is small population size

A

decreases the number of alleles available in a population, increasing how fast change occurs

38
Q

what finger is small population

A

pinky

39
Q

what is non random mating, and what finger does it represent?

A

picking a mate with a specific characteristic

ring finger

40
Q

what do mutations do and what finger are they

A

change DNA and allow for adaptation which causes evolution

middle

41
Q

what do you say with gene flow, and what finger is it

A

into my country, out of my country - immigration emigration

pointer

42
Q

what does gene flow do

A

causes small population

immigration allows organisms to enter, adding new alleles to the population causing evolution

43
Q

What finger is natural selection with meaning?

A

thumb, die or live

44
Q

what is natural selection

A

if the organism is fit for their environment, they survive to reproduce, they pass on alleles to help them live

45
Q

3 hardy weinburg equations

A

psquared plus 2pq +qsquared=1
p=1-q
q=1-p

46
Q

What do the hardy weinburg variables mean

A 
psquared is homozygous dominant
qsquared is homozygous recessive
2pq is heterozygous
p is dominant allele
q is recessive allele
47
Q

If the equation does not add up to one?

A

evolution is occuring

48
Q

what is species

A

a group of organisms that can have fertile offspring

49
Q

what is microevolution

A

evolution that occurs generation to generation that will eventually change the population’s frequency of alleles
how often an allele shows up in a population

50
Q

what evolves in microevolution

A

populations

51
Q

four ways gene pools change and microevolution occurs

A

genetic drift
gene flow
mutations
non-random mating

52
Q

what is genetic drift

A

a change in the gene pool by chance

53
Q

2 types of genetic drift

A

bottleneck effect

founder effect

54
Q

what is the bottleneck effect

A

a population is dramatically reduced in size by something other than natural selection

55
Q

examples of bottleneck causes

A

flood
fire
volcano

56
Q

What happens to survivors of the bottleneck effect

A

survivors with rare alleles increase in number because they’re the only ones around to reproduce

57
Q

what is the founder effect

A

population decreases in size by forming a new colony and only mates with those in the colony

58
Q

Why are their problems with founder effect

A

some alleles are lost while others are over represented

59
Q

example of founder effect

A

dwarfism allele prominent in founder population

60
Q

what is gene flow

A

movement of alleles in and out of a population

immigration and emigration

61
Q

what is a mutation

A

change in the DNA

62
Q

what must the mutation be able to do to be a mutation

A

pass on to the next generation

63
Q

what is non-random mating

A

when individuals pick mates with certain phenotypes

64
Q

what is macroevolution

A

the main events in the history of the earth that have allowed evolution

65
Q

what is speciation

A

making of a new species

66
Q

what is species

A

any organism that can reproduce and make young that can also reproduce

67
Q

two types of reproductive barriers

A

pre-zygotic

post-zygotic

68
Q

what is a pre-zygotic barrier

A

something that keeps an egg from being fertilized

69
Q

5 types of prezygotic barriers

A 
temporal isolation
habitat isolation
behavioral isolation
mechanical isolation
gametic isolation
70
Q

what is temporal isolation

A

the time of fertility and mating seasons between animals is different

71
Q

what is habitat isolation

A

similar species live close to each other but in different enough areas that they don’t interact enough to mate

72
Q

example of habitat isolation

A

squirrels that live on opposite sides of the Grand Canyon

73
Q

what is behavioral isolation with example

A

different species are not attracted to the same behaviors

blue footed booby dance

74
Q

mechanical isolation what is it with example

A

reproductive organs of different species don’t fit together

Great Dane and chihuahua

75
Q

what is gametic isolation with example

A

egg and sperm aren’t compatible or gene locations do not match up, therefore no homologous chromosomes
elephant and chimpanzee

76
Q

what does post-zygotic mean

A

after fertilization so baby is growing

77
Q

what are post-zygotic barriers with example

A

egg and sperm unite to form zygote, but produce infertile young
horse and donkey =mule

Biology (9 decks)

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