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Biology > Chapters 16-17 > Flashcards

Chapters 16-17 Flashcards

0
Q

what is descent with modification

A

evolution

progression of the human race and how it has changed throughout the years

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1
Q

what is evolution

A

change

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2
Q

what is adaptation

A

an increase in frequency of a trait because the mutation doesn’t let it die
when a random gene mutation helps an organism’s life or their life expectancy increase

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3
Q

What book did Darwin write?

A

On the Origin of Species

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4
Q

2 parts to the book

A

species change because the environment allows a mutation to become an adaptation
natural selection

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5
Q

another term for natural selection

A

survival of the fittest

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6
Q

what is survival of the fittest

A

populations change over generations
individuals have certain inheritable traits that leave their offspring stronger than other offspring
results in a change of the population’s genetic composition over time

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7
Q

what is fitness

A

how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment

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8
Q

What is the fossil record

A

the record of fossils over time

the chronology of fossils and their appearance in the strata shows how species have changed over time

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9
Q

what is a fossil

A

a preserved organism or an impression of an organism left over time

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10
Q

what is strata

A

layers of the earth

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11
Q

the deeper the strata…

A

the older the object is

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12
Q

chronology means

A

time

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13
Q

what is biogeography

A

where life is found and how species are distributed on the earth

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14
Q

what is a eutharian

A

they give birth after a period of time from a uterus

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15
Q

what is a marsupial

A

they give birth to an underdeveloped fetus which crawls into the pouch to develop to maturity

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16
Q

why are the squirrel and sugar glider not related

A

the 2 nonrelated species develop in similar environments and needs, however Australia is a better environment for marsupials and North America is a better environment for Eutharians

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17
Q

what is comparative anatomy

A

the comparison of body parts between different species

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18
Q

what is homology

A

the same body part form with a different function

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19
Q

examples of homology

A

arm and wing

leg and flipper

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20
Q

What do different sorts of scientists say about homology

A

without God - common ancestor

with God - common Creator

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21
Q

What is comparative embryology?

A

the comparison of structures that appear during fetal development of different organisms

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22
Q

How do different animals’ embryos compare?

A

they are similar

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23
Q

what do all animals have when a fetus?

A

pharyngeal slits

post anal tail

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24
What do pharyngeal slits develop into?
gills or ear tunnels
25
What does the post anal tail form?
tail or tail bone - coccyx
26
What is survival of the fittest?
the ability to survive an environment, reproduce, and have your offspring reproduce
27
story of black and peppered moths
peppered moths could blend into trees and their population grew factories came and blackened the trees - peppered died off and black increased black now more fit than peppered
28
what is adaption
when a mutation helps an organism in its environment
29
about DDT pesticide resistance
DDT sprayed on crops to kill bugs | 99% of bugs died, but survivors passed on mutation against it
30
what is a population?
a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time
31
what is a gene pod
all the alleles in a population
32
what is an allele
one letter in the genotype
33
what is the Hardy Weinburg equation
an equation that tells us if evolution is occurring
34
What will cause us to not be evolving and remain in equilibrium
a disturbance
35
5 evolution causing disturbances
``` small population non-random mating mutations gene flow natural selection ```
36
what does small population size do
cause evolution
37
what is small population size
decreases the number of alleles available in a population, increasing how fast change occurs
38
what finger is small population
pinky
39
what is non random mating, and what finger does it represent?
picking a mate with a specific characteristic | ring finger
40
what do mutations do and what finger are they
change DNA and allow for adaptation which causes evolution | middle
41
what do you say with gene flow, and what finger is it
into my country, out of my country - immigration emigration | pointer
42
what does gene flow do
causes small population | immigration allows organisms to enter, adding new alleles to the population causing evolution
43
What finger is natural selection with meaning?
thumb, die or live
44
what is natural selection
if the organism is fit for their environment, they survive to reproduce, they pass on alleles to help them live
45
3 hardy weinburg equations
psquared plus 2pq +qsquared=1 p=1-q q=1-p
46
What do the hardy weinburg variables mean
``` psquared is homozygous dominant qsquared is homozygous recessive 2pq is heterozygous p is dominant allele q is recessive allele ```
47
If the equation does not add up to one?
evolution is occuring
48
what is species
a group of organisms that can have fertile offspring
49
what is microevolution
evolution that occurs generation to generation that will eventually change the population's frequency of alleles how often an allele shows up in a population
50
what evolves in microevolution
populations
51
four ways gene pools change and microevolution occurs
genetic drift gene flow mutations non-random mating
52
what is genetic drift
a change in the gene pool by chance
53
2 types of genetic drift
bottleneck effect | founder effect
54
what is the bottleneck effect
a population is dramatically reduced in size by something other than natural selection
55
examples of bottleneck causes
flood fire volcano
56
What happens to survivors of the bottleneck effect
survivors with rare alleles increase in number because they're the only ones around to reproduce
57
what is the founder effect
population decreases in size by forming a new colony and only mates with those in the colony
58
Why are their problems with founder effect
some alleles are lost while others are over represented
59
example of founder effect
dwarfism allele prominent in founder population
60
what is gene flow
movement of alleles in and out of a population | immigration and emigration
61
what is a mutation
change in the DNA
62
what must the mutation be able to do to be a mutation
pass on to the next generation
63
what is non-random mating
when individuals pick mates with certain phenotypes
64
what is macroevolution
the main events in the history of the earth that have allowed evolution
65
what is speciation
making of a new species
66
what is species
any organism that can reproduce and make young that can also reproduce
67
two types of reproductive barriers
pre-zygotic | post-zygotic
68
what is a pre-zygotic barrier
something that keeps an egg from being fertilized
69
5 types of prezygotic barriers
``` temporal isolation habitat isolation behavioral isolation mechanical isolation gametic isolation ```
70
what is temporal isolation
the time of fertility and mating seasons between animals is different
71
what is habitat isolation
similar species live close to each other but in different enough areas that they don't interact enough to mate
72
example of habitat isolation
squirrels that live on opposite sides of the Grand Canyon
73
what is behavioral isolation with example
different species are not attracted to the same behaviors | blue footed booby dance
74
mechanical isolation what is it with example
reproductive organs of different species don't fit together | Great Dane and chihuahua
75
what is gametic isolation with example
egg and sperm aren't compatible or gene locations do not match up, therefore no homologous chromosomes elephant and chimpanzee
76
what does post-zygotic mean
after fertilization so baby is growing
77
what are post-zygotic barriers with example
egg and sperm unite to form zygote, but produce infertile young horse and donkey =mule

Biology (9 decks)

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