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Biology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

0
Q

Ratio for volume

A

Length times width times height

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1
Q

Why are cells so small?

A

Shorter communication distance between nucleus and organelles
If cell is too big, it produces too much waste and needs too much food
Surface area needs to be big enough to let things in and out

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2
Q

Surface area formula

A

Number of sides times the lengths

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3
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

Bacteria only

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4
Q

What are the parts of a prokaryote?

A 
Capsule
Capsid
Nucleiod
Cell wall
Ribosomes
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5
Q

What is the capsule?

A

The sticky mucousy coating that allows bacteria to stick to other cells
Keeps human immune system from breaking it down before reproduction

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6
Q

What is the capsid?

A

Hard outer shell for stressed out bacteria
Capsule changes into capsid
Allows bacteria to survive harsh environments

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7
Q

What is the nucleiod?

A

Area where bacteria keeps DNA

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8
Q

Where is the prokaryote’s cell wall?

A

Underneath capsule

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9
Q

What is a eukaryote?

A

All abacterial living things

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10
Q

What protects the DNA in a eukaryote?

A

Nucleus

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11
Q

What do ribosomes do in prokaryotes?

A

Make protein

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12
Q

What do all cells have?

A

Cell membrane
Ribosomes
DNA
Cytosol

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13
Q

What is the only organelle in eukaryotes?

A

Ribosomes

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14
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Area of the cell outside the nucleus

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15
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Thick liquid that fills the cell

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16
Q

Where do organelles lie?

A

Floating in the cytosol

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17
Q

What is an organelle?

A

Special structures that perform specific cell functions

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18
Q

What does organelle mean?

A

Tiny organ

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19
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Control center for the cell

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20
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

House DNA

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21
Q

What are the 4 ways to say DNA?

A

Chromosomes, chromatids, chromatin, genes

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22
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

Double membrane around nucleus

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23
Q

One thing about the nuclear envelope?

A

Semi permeable

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24
What does semi permeable mean?
Only lets some things in or out of the nucleus
25
What is the nucleolus and what does it do?
Small dense region inside nucleus | Makes ribosomes
26
Which organelles store things, clean up, and support?
``` Vacuoles Vesicles Lysosomes Cytoskeleton centrioles ```
27
What does the vacuole store?
Food Pigment Water Salt
28
What is one characteristic of vacuole structure?
Double membrane made out of same thing as cell membrane
29
Vesicles do what?
Move materials to other cells
30
What sort of membrane does a vehicle have?
Double
31
What is a lysosome?
Double membrane filled with digestive enzymes to break down lipids, carbs, and proteins, so they're small enough to be used by the cell
32
What else do lysosomes do?
Break down organelles that are damaged or no longer needed
33
What does the cytoskeleton do?
Gives cell structure and helps it move
34
What makes up the cytoskeleton?
2 fibers called micro filament and micro tubules
35
What is the microfilament?
Thread like fibers that stretch and shrink to give the cell its shape Aids in movement
36
What are micro tubules?
Hollow tubes that help in cell division
37
What is a centriole?
Organelle that organizes cell division | Assembles micro tubules into strands that attach to chromosomes
38
How many centrioles are in cells, and what kind of cells?
2 or 4 in animal cells
39
What organelles build proteins?
Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus
40
What are ribosomes and what do they do?
Glob or RNA and protein made by the nucleolus that help make proteins
41
Where are ribosomes found?
All throughout the cell
42
What is a free floating ribosome's protein used for?
The cell
43
What happens to the protein of the ribosome attached to the er?
Transported out of the cell
44
What does the er look like?
Flattened balloons
45
Where is the rough er found?
Near the nucleus
46
What happens in the rough er?
Proteins made bh by attached ribosomes move towards the center of the er
47
What happens to the protein in the er?
Chemical changes if necessary
48
What does the smooth er do?
Makes lipids | Detoxifies cell
49
Where are a lot of smooth er found?
The liver
50
Where is the smooth er located?
Attached to the rough er
51
What does the Golgi look like?
Flattened footballs
52
What does the Golgi do?
Receives protein containing vesicles from the rough er and changes the protein, labels it and sends it off
53
What can the Golgi be compared to?
Fed ex
54
What are the two sides of Golgi?
Cis and trans
55
What does CIs do?
Receives vesicles from er
56
What does trans do?
Transports changed protein
57
Which organelles capture and release energy?
Chloroplast and mitochondria
58
Where are chloroplast found
Plant cells
59
What do chloroplasts do?
Capture solar energy and convert it into stored energy sugar
60
What color is chloroplast?
Green
61
What does chloroplast contain?
The pigment chlorophyll | It's own DNA
62
What other thing does chloroplast have?
Double membrane
63
Where is mitochondria found?
Plant and animal cells
64
What is the mitochondria?
Powerhouse of the cell that makes atp energy
65
What sort of membrane does mitochondria have?
Double membrane | Inner one folded
66
What is one thing about mitochondria?
It's own DNA that comes identical to your mom
67
One special thing about mitochondria
Only organelle that can make itself
68
Cell boundaries?
Cell wall | Cell membrane
69
What beings have cell walls?
Prokaryotes and some eukaryotes
70
What does cell wall do?
Supports, shapes, and protects
71
What makes up a large portion of the cell wall
Beta glucose
72
What cells have cell membranes?
All
73
What is cell membrane made out of
Two layers of phospholipids
74
What is a phospholipid?
Phosphate hydrophilic head | Two Fatty acid lipid hydrophobic legs
75
What does fluid mosaic model mean?
Phospholipids in constant motion
76
What moves besides phospholipids?
Protein
77
What does mosaic mean scientifically?
Random placement of moving phospholipids and proteins
78
What can go through a semi permeable membrane
Small | Hydrophobic (whatever dissolves in fat)
79
What is passive transport?
Moving anything across a membrane without energy
80
What are the types of passive transport?
Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis
81
What is diffusion?
Movement of anything across a membrane without energy | Movement from high to low concentration
82
What is concentration gradient?
Difference in concentration between inside and outside of cell
83
What is equilibrium?
When concentration on each side of membrane is equal
84
What is facilitated diffusion?
Movement of particles across a membrane with a protein using no energy
85
What uses facilitated diffusion?
Glucose Water Ions
86
What is osmosis?
Movement of water through a membrane without energy
87
What is aquaporin?
Water pore Protein used to let water through a membrane Water channel
88
What is the solute?
What is dissolved into water
89
What is hypertonic?
High solute concentration | Low water concentration
90
What is hypotonic?
High water concentration | Low solute concentrations
91
What is isotonic?
Equal concentrations
92
What happens when a cell is isotonic?
The water still moves, just in equal amounts
93
What is active transport?
Movement of particles from low to high concentration against gradient
94
How does active transport occur?
Transport protein and ATP energy
95
Why would active transport be used?
Hydrophilic - glucose and sucrose Large molecules Hard to find molecules Anything that moves against gradient

Biology (9 decks)

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