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Year 3 Medicine > Meeran Book Renal > Flashcards

Meeran Book Renal Flashcards

1
Q

How can haematuria indicate where the pathology is?

A
  • Present throughout the stream = pathology above the bladder
  • Present just at the beginning of the stream = urethral pathology
  • Present at the end of the stream = prostatic pathology
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2
Q

What do red cell casts indicate?

A

Glomerular pathology

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3
Q

What is hyponatraemia due to fluid overload?

A

A common complication following surgery where the fluid resuscitation is incorrectly balanced, patients will have hypoosomlar blood and urine

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4
Q

What is tubulointerstitial nephritis?

A

Most commonly a hypersensitivity reaction to drugs such as NSAIDs

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5
Q

How does tubulointerstitial nephritis present?

A
  • Fever
  • Arthralgia
  • Maculopapular rash
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6
Q

What is renal failure?

A

Acute loss of renal function, presenting with non-systemic symptoms withijn 48 hours

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7
Q

What is the management of nephrotic syndrome?

A
  1. Conservative eg. reduce Na+ intake
  2. Furosemide
  3. ACEi
  4. Albumin adjunct (if other measures haven’t been successful)
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8
Q

What is the first line imaging for renal calculi?

A

Adults and non-pregnant patients

  • CTKUB

Young people (<16) and pregnant patients

  • Abdominal USS
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9
Q

How does renal tuberculosis present?

A
  • Flank pain
  • Suprapubic pain
  • Haematuria
  • Increased frequency
  • Nocturia
  • Sterile pyuria
    • White cells in urine without positive MC&S
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10
Q

What is the triad for renal cell carcinoma?

A
  • Haematuria
  • Flank pain
  • Abdominal/ renal mass

+ FLAWS as with any malignancy

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11
Q

What is a Von Grawitz tumour?

A

Renal cell carcinoma (another name)

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12
Q

What is the management of UTI in pregnancy?

A
  1. Nitrofurantoin
  2. Cephalexin
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13
Q

Why can trimethoprim not be given in pregnancy?

A

It’s a folic acid antagonist, therefore can contribute to spinal cord pathologies in the bebe

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14
Q

How can renal failure lead to breathlessness?

A

Tachypnoea to compensate for metabolic acidosis

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15
Q

What is the first line investigation for suspected renal failure?

A

Us&Es

(But if the patient is in GP and urinalysis is an option that would be first line according to the bedside, bloods and imaging approach)

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16
Q

Which mutation is associated with polycystic kidney disease?

A

PKD1 on chromosome 16

17
Q

What is the first line imaging for polycystic kidney disease?

A

Abdominal USS

(MRI is better for differentiating soft tissue, therefore would be gold standard but is expensive and not readily availbale in practise)

18
Q

What is the presentation of polycystic kidney disease?

A
  • Loin or abdominal pain
    • Kidneys atrophying
  • Haematuria or pyelonephritis symptoms
    • Cyst rupture or infection
  • Renal failure
19
Q

What is the management of diabetic patients with new onset proteinuria?

A

Aggressive blood pressure control to <130/80 mmHg

  1. ACEi/ ARBs
20
Q

What is the presentation of a renal abscess?

A
  • Spiking fevers
  • Loin pain
  • Weight loss
  • Malaise

Renal USS used as diagnostic imaging

(Can also use CT, but always better to avoid unnecessary exposure to radiation)

21
Q

What is a meduallary sponge kidney?

A

A congenital condition characterised by cysts forming in the papillary zone, obstructing urinary outflow and increasing risk of UTI and renal calculi formation

  • Rarely presents before 30
  • Diagnosed via excretion urography
22
Q

What is the first line imaging for acute interstitial nephritis?

A

Abdominal USS

Can also be diagnosed by CT but radiation :(

23
Q

What imaging is used to investigation obstructions via a catheter?

A

Retrograde pyleography

24
Q

What is acute hyperuricaemic nephropathy?

A

Uric acid crystallising in the renal system predisposing to infection, it’s common in patients with uraemia

  • Tumour lysis syndrome
  • Myeloproliferative conditions (particularly haem)
  • Chemotherapy
25
Q

What is the presentation of renal infarction?

A

Patients will have predisposing factors such as AF presenting with flank/ back pain

26
Q

What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children and young people?

A

Minimal changes nephropathy

27
Q

What is the triad of Goodpasture’s syndrome?

A
  • Anti-GBM antibodies
    • Type IV collagen
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Pulmonary damage cause haemorrhage
    • Haemoptysis
28
Q

What is alport syndrome?

A

Mutation with type IV collagen synthesis

  • Nephritis
  • Ocular defects
    • Cataracts
    • Macular retinal flecks
  • Sensorineural hearing loss

(I think this is super niche, I’ve only ever done one question on it…)

29
Q

What is the most common cause of acute tubular necrosis?

A

Renal ischaemia (pre-renal leading to intra-renal)

30
Q

What is the most useful investigation for diagnosing diabetic nephropathy?

A

Urinalysis testing for microalbuminuria

31
Q

What is the management of minimal changes disease?

A

Full dose corticosteroids

32
Q

What are the complications associated with polycycstic kidney disease?

A
  • SAH
    • Berry aneurysms
  • Mitral valve prolapse
    • Mid-systolic click high pitched murmur
    • Barlow syndrome

Year 3 Medicine (22 decks)

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