Laz Paper 6 Flashcards
What are the A-J signs of liver failure?
- Asterixis/ Ascites
- Bruising
- Clubbing
- Dupuytren’s contracture
- Erythema (palmar)
- Fecor Hepatis
- Gynaecomastia
- Hepatitis
- Icterus (scleral)/ itching
- Jaundice
What is the sign on x-ray for hyper-expanded lungs?
>6 anterior ribs
What are the CHESS organisms?
- Campylobacter jejuni
- Haemorrhagic e.coli
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Salmonella
- Shigella
What is the gram stain of campylobacter jejuni?
Gram negative rod shaped
What is the management of campylobacter jejuni?
Self limiting, bed rest and oral rehydration
What is the gram stain of haemorrhagic e.coli (0157h7)?
Gram negative rod shaped
What is the management of haemorrhagic e.coli?
Azithromycin
What is the gram stain of salmonella?
Gram negative rods
What is the management of entamoeba histolytica?
Metronidazole
What is the management of salmonella?
Ciprofloxacin and azithromycin
What is the gram stain of shigella?
Gram negative rods
What is the management of shigella?
- Ampicillin/ amoxicillin
- Ciprofloxacin
- Azithromycin
What is the management of hyperkalaemia?
- 10ml 10% IV calcium gluconate
- 50ml 50% dextrose with 10U insulin
What is a tonic seizure?
When the patient goes completely stiff
What is a clonic seizure?
When the patient has involuntary muscle jerks
What is a myoclonic seizure?
A generalised seizure involving one/ two muscle groups that tends to occur when the individual has just woken up
What is an atonic seizure?
A seizure where the patient goes completely floppy
What is hepatopulmonary syndrome?
A rare complication of liver failure leading to pulmonary vasodilation due to the lack of vasodilatory factor clearance by the liver
Vasodilation increases the diffusion distance between the alveoli and RBCs and therefore leads to hypoxaemia, this tends to occur at lung bases and is therefore improved on lying flat
What is symbicort?
Budesonide (ICS) + Formoterol (LABA)
What is the triad of granulomatosis with polyangiitis?
- Glomerulonephritis
- Haemoptysis
- Epistaxis
What is the clinical difference between granulomatosis with polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis?
Microscopic polyangiitis has skin involvement, whereas granulomatosis with polyangiitis does not
What is the triad in Behcet’s disease?
- Oral ulcers
- Genital ulcers
- Uveitis
What are the three phases of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis?
- Allergic phase
- Eosinophilic phase
- Vascular phase
Which organism most commonly causes gas gangrene?
Clostridium perfringens
Which two organisms are responsible for necrotising fasciitis?
- Staph aureus
- Strep pyogenes
Which organism is the most common cause of orbital cellulitis?
Haemophilus influenzae
What is the mechanism of orlistat?
Pancreatic lipase inhibitor
How do lung abscesses present?
- Swining fevers
- Night sweats
- Prurulent coughing
What is a giant V wave on JVP?
Tricuspid regurgitation
What are the features of tricuspid regurg?
- Pansystolic murmur
- V waves JVP
- Hepatic venous congestion
- Tender, pulsatile hepatomegaly
- Right sided heave
- Ankle oedema
What is the most common cause of tricuspid regurg?
IV drug use
What does the Romberg’s test assess?
- Proprioception
- Vestibular function
Which cells degranulate in anaphylaxis?
Mast cells
What type of cells are Reed Sternberg cells?
Mainly derived from B lymphocytes
What drugs can lead to gynaecomastia?
- Cimetidine
- Oestrogen
- Digoxin
- Sulphonylurea
What is the gait associated with Parkinson’s disease?
Narrow based, shuffling gait
What is the gaze impairment associated with Parkinson’s?
Up-gaze
