medicine - a revolution in medicine 1800:1900

Question 1

when was the microscope invented

Answer 1

1677

Question 2

what happened in 1840 [henle]

Answer 2

Henle challenged the spontaneous generation, he suggested microbes were the cause of infection but was dismissed at the time

Question 3

what was the lifespan of pasteur and who was he

Answer 3

• 1822 – 1895, French Scientist

Question 4

when did pasteur publish the germ theory

Answer 4

1861

Question 5

what did pasteur help to develop and when

Answer 5

the anthrax vaccine (1881) and the rabies vaccine (1885)

Question 6

what did the germ theory help koch with

Answer 6

to make important discoveries esp 1876-1883

Question 7

what was the lifespan of koch

Answer 7

1843 - 1910

Question 8

what did koch discover

Answer 8

the specific germs that caused:
 1876 – anthrax
 1882 – TB
 1883 - cholera

Question 9

what did koch prove

Answer 9

cholera was spread in water as he found cholera in drinking water in India (1884)
 Confirmed Snow’s theory of why cholera spread in London

Question 10

when did koch and pasteur fall out

Answer 10

1882

Question 11

when was the franco-prussian war

Answer 11

1870-1871

Question 12

what did lister introduce which was influenced by both koch and pasteur

Answer 12

Lister introduced the French serum for diphtheria and within 10 years, the morality rate dropped to less than half

Question 13

what was the reaction to koch’s work in britain

Answer 13

1876 – Tyndall lectured to British doctors on his discoveries
1879 – Cheyne translated his work into English and wrote a paper on Kochs findings

Question 14

what was the reaction to pasteur’s work in britain

Answer 14

 Started to accept the Germ Theory
 1873-75 many British germ studies were published
 Robert developed a doctor’s version of his Germ Theory of disease – linked laboratory research to practical evidence
 1880s British Doctors accepted the Germ Theory and its role in explaining infection (surgery and public health benefitted)

Question 15

what did ehrlich discover a magic bullet and what could it kill

Answer 15

1909 which could kill syphillis

Question 16

when was nitrous oxide discovered and by who

Answer 16

1795 - beddoes and davy

Question 17

what did clark do with ether

Answer 17

1842 - tooth extraction

Question 18

who discovered chloroform as an anaesthetic and when

Answer 18

simpson 1847

Question 19

who died due to chloroform and when

Answer 19

greener 1848

Question 20

why was opposition to chloroform overcome

Answer 20

 1853 Dr Snow convinced Queen Victoria to use it while giving birth
 1858 Snow published ‘On Chloroform and other Anaesthetics’

Question 21

what was the lifespan of lister

Answer 21

1827 - 1912

Question 22

what did lister realise in 1860

Answer 22

operations went well if the wound was kept free from infection

Question 23

what did lister do in 1867

Answer 23

o March 1867 – published his results and the Germ Theory as an explanation of antiseptic technique
o August 1867 – lectured doctors about his tecnhnique

Question 24

who was the first person to apply the germ theory to surgery

Answer 24

lister

Question 25

due to lister, death rate among patients dropped from what to what

Answer 25

46% to 15%

Question 26

what was the average age of death for a working man in 1800s

Answer 26

30

Question 27

in 1750 what was the population fo sheffield and what did it grow to in 1850

Answer 27

12k to 150k

Question 28

what was the name for the attitude the government had to public health

Answer 28

laissez faire

Question 29

in 1831 how many people died of cholera

Answer 29

32k

Question 30

when was chadwick’s report published

Answer 30

1842

Question 31

how many copies of chadwick’s report were handed out

Answer 31

over 30k

Question 32

what did the chadwick’s report lead to

Answer 32

first public health act in 1848

Question 33

what did dr snow do and when

Answer 33

1854 - link cholera to water supply

Question 34

when was the great stink

Answer 34

summer of 1858

Question 35

how much did london’s sewer system cost

Answer 35

£1 billion

Question 36

when was london’s sewer system officially opened

Answer 36

1865

Question 37

when could working men vote

Answer 37

1867

Question 38

death rate fell from what in 1800 to what in 1900

Answer 38

39 to 18

Question 39

the average age of death rose from 30 to 50 due to what

Answer 39

the great stink [sewage system built]

Question 40

state 5 public health reforms that were brought in and when, then if possible what it was about

Answer 40

1848 – First Public Health Act
1853 – Compulsory vaccination against smallpox
1866 – Sanitary Act
o Local councils were responsible for sewers, water and street cleaning
o Every town had to have a health inspector
1875
- Sale of Food and Drugs Act
 Guideline for quality and sale of food and medicines
- Artisans Dwelling Act (Housing Act)
 Homeowners were responsible for keeping their properties in good order
- Second Public Health Act

Question 41

when did pasteur publish the next stage of the theory, germs caused infection

Answer 41

1878

Question 42

when did pasteur discover the vaccine for chicken cholera by chance thanks to his assistant Chamberland

Answer 42

1879